International Scientific Indexing (ISI)

1 Assessment and Biomonitoring of the Effect of Rapeseeds Oil on Wister Rat Organs , Imdadul Haque Sharif1, Saheda Tamanna2, Md. Golam Mosaib3, Nasrin Tamanna1, Md. Anwarul Haque1, Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, and Md Ekhlas Uddin3 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; and 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Bangladesh Correspondence: sharifbtge07@gmail.com Rapeseed oil is one of the important and cheapest vegetable oil in Bangladesh and many other countries. It is commonly used as cooking oil in Bangladesh particularly in rural areas and also used as other food items. This study evaluated the physiological effects of four type’s rapeseeds namely Mustard (Wild), Mustard (hybrid), Rai (Wild), Rai (hybrid) oil on six strains of bacteria in addition to studying the effects of two varieties of rapeseeds oil Mustard (Wild) and Rai (hybrid) oil on Wistar rat’s organs including liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscles. Firstly, we examined the effects of these Rapeseeds oil on bacteria and found that these Rapeseeds oils possess antibacterial activities. Six bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, S. lutea, X. campestris, E. coli, K. Pneumonia, P. denitrificans was used to test the effect of these rapeseeds oil and observed that rapeseed oil showed inhibition against tested microorganisms in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the effects of oil obtained from these two varieties were investigated after feeding rats for 8 weeks. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, each group contains 4 rats. Group A was considered as a control diet group, while Group B was a mustard (Wild) oil group and Group C was the Rai (hybrid) oil group. Group A was containing 0.6gram oil plus 14.4gm diet. We found that rats of both experimental groups exhibit weight loss, reduction of food efficiency ratio, and increase cardiac and hepatic enzymes including CK-MB, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT compared to the rats fed a controlled diet. Furthermore, we also found that the body weight loss, food efficiency ratio markedly decreased, and tested enzymes increased in rats fed Mustard (Wild) oil compared to rat fed Rai (hybrid) oil.
2 Study on Ambient Particulate Matter (PM2.5) with Different Mode of Transportation in Dhaka City, Bangladesh , Md. Maruf Hossain1, Ahmad Kamruzzaman Majumder2, Mahmuda Islam3, and Abdullah Al Nayeem4 1Program Manager, Work for a Better Bangladesh Trust (WBBT); 2Founder and President, Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh; 3Senior Lecturer, Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh; and 4Research Assistant, Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh Corresponding: kamrul_sub@hotmail.com Air pollution is considered a threat to the environment in developing countries. This study aims to quantify the concentration of PM2.5 in relation to the mode of transportation in the different areas of Dhaka city. For this, the concentration of PM2.5 was measured in ambient air with Ecotech Mini 2.5 Sampler and a traffic volume survey was conducted in 12 sites across the city in August 2017. The study found that PM2.5 concentrations in mixed and motorized areas were on average higher than non-motorized and vehicle-free areas. The maximum concentration of PM2.5 was found in Mirpur-10 (172.2 µg/m3) while minimum concentration was in B.C. das street (40 µg/m3). This study concluded that increasing the number of vehicles is one of the major sources of pollution of air in Dhaka city. Hence, a well-developed public transportation service instead of a private car may contribute to reducing air pollution in Dhaka city.
3 Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella spp from Locally Isolated Egg Samples , Md. Atikur Rahman, Azizul Haque, Tasnim Ahmad, Shahriar Mahmud, Shaharuq Nahid Sohana, Md. Rajib Hossain, Nirmal Chandra Barman, Md Badiruzzaman, Tofajjal Hossain, Md. Sherajul Haque, Md. Ekhlas Uddin, and Rokeya Ahmed Salmonella has been found to be the major foodborne disease in the world with a serious public health problem. The presence of any serotype of Salmonella in food under that food unfit for human consumption. Poultry eggs are considered as major sources for these pathogenic microorganisms. The current study was carried out to isolate and identify the Salmonella spp from egg samples collected from different retailer markets and farms of the Savar area, Bangladesh. Antibiotic susceptibility test was also done to determine the resistance pattern. A total of 50 poultry eggs were examined. Salmonella spp were isolated by culturing on the selective plate and characterized by biochemical tests. In the present study, the average prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 100% from the outer surface of eggs and 20% from eggs yolk. All identified isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to six commonly used antimicrobials by the disk diffusion technique. The highest percentage of resistance (60%) was found in Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Tetracycline. Salmonella isolated from egg surface were found more antibiotic-resistant than that of egg yolk. The present study suggests that poultry eggs are a potential reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella.
4 Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on the Growth and High Yield of Heat Tolerant Tomato Variety (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) , Syed Moazzem Hossain1, Chinmoy Sarker 2, and Sarif Mahmud3 1National Food Safety Consultant-Horticulture, FAO of the UN, Bangladesh; 2Department of Food Technology & Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and 3National Consultant Food Safety Analyst, FAO Bangladesh. Correspondence: moazzem144@gmail.com An investigation was undertaken with a view to observing the performance of two heat-tolerant varieties of tomato under polytunnel with and without plant growth regulator application during the summer rainy season. The present study was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Two heat-tolerant tomato varieties Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Tomato-4, and BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with and without plant growth regulator applications were included in this experiment. The larger fruit set percentage (42.52%) was observed from BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 which was also larger in case of pollen viability (42.75%), the figure of fruits every cluster (3.01), the figure of fruits every plant (12.70), and yield every plant (460 g). The better yield was showed in spraying of 4-CPA at 40 ppm concentration in respect of percent fruit set (45.38%), the figure of fruits every plant (16.45), and yield (39.39 t/ha) under high-temperature condition. In integrate treatment, BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with 40 ppm 4-CPA performed a significant role in the figure of fruits every cluster (3.41), the figure of fruits every plant (22.48), the figure of fruits every plot (144.00), yield every plant (621.68 g), yield every plot (15.23 kg) and above all fruit yield (50.57 t/ha). This indicates that there is a bright scope of tomato production during summer through with and without plant yield regulator application, though the application of plant growth regulator had a positive impact on tomato yield.
5 Dengue and Recent Mosquito-borne Viral Fever Outbreak in Bangladesh: Concern, Causes and Control , Shazeed-Ul-Karim1, 2* 1Dept. of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh; and 2Center for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: shazeed0412@gmail.com Bangladesh is struggling with dreadful outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases for the past few years. Disease Control Division of Directorate General (DG) of Health Service considered the capital of Bangladesh as the breeding ground for mosquitos. The recent incidence of Dengue and Chikungunya outbreaks have surpassed all past records of the outbreak. Thus, the country is witnessing an elevated rate of viral fever incidence alarmingly. Though symptoms of mosquito-borne viral infection are very typical, the recent incidence of fatalities is growing great public health concern. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends practical control measures to minimize the breeding within the community of Bangladesh. The actions of Kolkata City Corporation to control Dengue are also suggestive for Bangladesh. There is no medication to treat Dengue, and Chikungunya infection, but initial recognition and apposite medical care can reduce the death threat.
6 Physico-chemical Characterization of Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake Water Quality Parameters in Chittagong, Bangladesh , Md. Rubel1, Didarul Alam Chowdhury1, Mohammad Jamal Uddin Ahmed1, and Mohammad Helal Uddin2 1Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; and 2Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rubelcu90@gmail.com In order to protect the quality of the environment and human health, freshwater assets are tremendously important in various ways. To ensure the freshwater resources in the Chittagong region of Bangladesh, we have studied the water quality parameters of Kaptai and Foy’s Lake. This research has done based on the essential surface water standard parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, TS, EC, hardness, turbidity, salinity, total alkalinity, total acidity, SO42-, PO43-, NO3--N, NO2-, CO2, and most of the heavy and toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) of two lakes namely Foy’s (Chittagong) and Kaptai (Rangamati) Lakes in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The statistical approaches to sampling were utilized for collecting samples. The samples were assembled from ten different locations of each lake. Samples were conserved using a satisfactory preservation procedure. Water samples from the surface-water assets were collected from various locations, and tide conditions and at various seasons for continual monitoring during the hydrological years 2014-2015. The results showed that Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake all physicochemical parameters are within the permissible limit of WHO guidelines. The results also supplied data to view, and quantify the enemy of the impact of climate alter on freshwater resources of this region. The outcomes further showed data for water quality of surface-water resources of greater Chittagong zone to match national and international quality for drinking, agricultural, manufacture, and livestock requirements. A strategic water quality management plan has been proposed.
7 Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Cassia obtusifolia L. (Chakunda) Leaf Extract on Selected Pathogenic Microbes , Mehadi Hasan Rony1, Md. Abu Sayeed Imran1, Rabiul Islam1, Faisal Ahmed2, Bushra Binte Zaker3, Pinki Akter4, Md. Golam Mosaib5, Rintu Kumar Sarker1, and Md. Ramjan Sheikh5 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: ronymehadi@gmail.com Pathogenic microorganisms are major health concerns of infectious diseases. In the present study ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Cassia obtusifolia leaves from Kushtia region (Bangladesh) were subjected to evaluate the in vitro microbial activity against six important human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis (001-1), Sarcina lutea (002-1), Xanthomonas campestris (004-1), Escherichia coli (005-1), Klebsiella pneumonia (006-1) and Pseudomonas sp. (010-1) employing disc diffusion method. The crude methanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced a maximum area of inhibition (14 mm) against S. lutea (002-1) and crude ethanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced the largest area of inhibition (11 mm) against K. pneumonia (006-1). The MIC values (256 μg/ml, 512 μg/ml) were obtained from the methanolic isolate and ethanolic extract that produced 4 mm and 3 mm area of inhibition against S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). The methanol extract showed greater activity than ethanol extract. The most susceptible bacterial strains to ethanol and methanol extracts were S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). So, it may be possible that the production of a new antibiotic from C. obtusifolia L. leaf may be recommended for meningitis and pneumonia. The findings of this research suggest that the extracts of C. obtusifolia L. can be a source of natural antibacterial agents with pivotal applications in pharmaceutical companies to control pathogenic bacteria causing severe illness in humans.
8 Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Impact of Socio-economic Factors, Food Intake and Micronutrient Supplementation , Mohammad Abul Bashar1, AKM Rezaul Haque1, and Rahnuma Rahman1 1Department of Community Medicine, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh Correspondence: drabashar@gmail.com Anaemia during pregnancy is a major health problem throughout the world. The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy is 41.8% globally and 46% in Bangladesh. It affects both the mother and the baby simultaneously. Women often become anaemic during pregnancy because the demand for iron is increased due to the physiological need for pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Savar Gonoshasthaya Kendra project area in Dhaka district. Ninety-Five pregnant women of different gestational ages were selected purposively. Haemoglobin level was estimated by cyanomeath haemoglobin method in the laboratory of Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital, Savar. Among 95 pregnant women, 41.1% was in 20-24 years age group. The mean age of the respondents was 23.74 years. In terms of socio-economic status, 54.7% of the respondents came from a lower-middle-class family. 7.4% of the respondents had no formal education, 54.7% had primary level education and only 6.3% had higher education. Maximum of the respondents (88.4%) were housewife. This study revealed that the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 51.6%. Among 51.6 % of the anaemic respondents, 23.2% were mildly anaemic, 26.3% were moderately anaemic and 2.1% were severely anaemic.
9 Determination of Optimum Survivability Factors of Highly Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae 01 Serogroup-Specific Bacteriophage JSF4Ï• , Mohammod Johirul Islam1, Titash Chandra Sarker1, Ruksana Akter Jebin1, Farjana Yasmin1, Mousumi Khatun1, Md. Ashraful Islam1, Sadia Binte Ramzan1, Fahim Alam Nobel1, Sharmin Akter1, Monira Islam1, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan1, Mst. Mahmuda Khatun1, Shahnaz Yesmin1, Saima Sabrina1, Marina Khatun1, Abdullah Al Mamun1, Md. Khairul Islam1, Mohammad Asaduzzaman2, Keshob Chandra Das3, Mohammed Badrul Amin4, and Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin5 1Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Bangladesh; 4Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences, and Services Division, ICDDR,B, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division, ICDDR,B, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: johir75@yahoo.com Cholera is severe watery diarrhea caused by pathogenic V. cholerae 01 or 0139 serogroups. In each year, 2.9 million people are affected by cholera worldwide and 95000 deaths occur from the disease annually. In Bangladesh, around 100000 people are affected by this disease and approximately 4500 deaths occur each year. In this study, a novel V. cholerae 01 serogroup-specific bacteriophage JSF4Ï• was used. This phage was able to lyse both the clinical and environmental pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains and one of our previous studies demonstrated that the seasonal outbreaks of cholera caused by V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains in Bangladesh are mostly regulated by this bacteriophage. In this current study, we determined the optimum survivability factors of JSF4Ï• bacteriophages. This study showed that the temperature 2500C, pH 7, and normal saline are the optimal survivability factors for JSF4Ï• bacteriophages because, at these conditions, we have got the maximum number of plaque-forming units (PFU/mL) of these bacteriophages. This study also showed that the JSF4Ï• bacteriophages can survive at a wide range of temperature, pH, and salinity. So, the study presented here may have an impact on the controlling of cholera epidemics caused by environmental and clinical pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains if we can use JSF4Ï• bacteriophages as a biocontrol agent. This study may also have profound implications for future studies of JSF4Ï• bacteriophages as a good food additive or in phage therapy for its efficient lysing capacity against the pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains.
10 Meteorological Influences on Seasonal Variations of Air Pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5, and PM10) in the Dhaka Megacity , Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque1, Zisan Ashraf1, Md. Humayun Kabir1, Md. Eusuf Sarker1, and Sumaya Nasrin1 1Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh Corresponding author: huqmbstu@gmail.com The study was conducted to evaluate the meteorological influences on seasonal variations of air pollutants load in Dhaka city. In this study, we collect air quality data from Darus-salam Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) and were analyzed to find out their seasonal trends and relation with meteorological parameters. The highest concentration of the major air pollutants showed high values in the dry season (October-April) (SO2=23.45 ppb, NO2=55.33 ppb, O3=11.17 ppb, CO=3.66ppb, PM2.5=125.66 µg/m3, PM10=219 µg/m3) than those of the wet season (May-September) (SO2=10.26 ppb, NO2=16.36 ppb, O3=2.40 ppb, CO=1.23 ppb, PM2.5=39.65 µg/m3, PM10=76.5 µg/m3). These results indicate that higher pollutants load in winter are associated with large scale polluted air transported from the brick kilns situated in the northern surrounds of the observing station which are also related to lower boundary atmospheric heights during winter. However, a reverse relation between rainfall and atmospheric pollution load throughout the wet season was observed. This finding revealed that the lowest concentration levels of pollutants during the wet season are associated with their atmospheric wash out by precipitation. A strong correlation (R2=0.742) was observed between CO and O3 during the study, which indicates the huge production of an oxidant with increasing CO concentration. Interestingly, O3 showed a positive correlation with NO2 (R2=0.391). This result may indicate that NO2 is the important precursors of O3 in this study. Similarly, CO and NO2 showed good correlation (R2=0.68), indicating that both NO2 and CO are produced from similar pathways of photochemical oxidation of VOC. However, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations showed decreasing trends with the onset of monsoon, indicating washout of atmospheric dust load through rainfall during the wet season.
11 Enhancement of Characteristics and Potential Applications of Amylases: A Brief Review , Saptadip Samanta* Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. *Correspondence: saptadip174@gmail.com Starch is the major storage carbohydrate of plant products. Amylases are the group of enzymes hydrolyzes starch and related polymers to smaller oligosaccharides and less amount of monosaccharide. Microbes are the major sources of amylases, exploited for large scale production in different industries. Recently, protein engineering has been applied to improve the structural and physicochemical properties of the enzyme for its potential applications. Amylases are mostly used for liquefaction of starch in the purpose of glucose, maltose, and high fructose containing syrup preparation, malto-oligosaccharides production, desizing, production of bio-fuel, detergent preparation, waste management, and preparation of digestive aids.
12 Case Study on the Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 in Aquaculture with its Recommendations , S. M. Rafiquzzaman* Dept. of Fisheries Biology & Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh *Correspondence: rafiquzzaman@bsmrau.edu.bd (Professor, Dept. of Fisheries Biology & Aquatic Environment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh) In Bangladesh, the lockdown has been started officially from 26th March 2020 which is actually the most important time for harvesting and summer stocking in the pond. The whole aquaculture production system is now hampering due to pandemic COVID-19 and the value chain in this sector is quite vulnerable. I conducted a wireless survey through cell phone collected information from different stakeholders of different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh to assess the impact of the pandemic situations in the aquaculture sector. Survey results revealed that pandemic COVID-19 has been affected in different areas of the aquaculture sector including reduction of consumption, export order cancellation, reduction in price, delay in summer stocking, lack of technical support, and transport crisis.
13 Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria from Aquaculture Fishes in Pond Water of Bangladesh , Mohammad Zakerin Abedin1, Md. Sadiqur Rahman2, Rubait Hasan3, Jamiatul Husna Shathi4, Laila Jarin5, and Md. Sifat Uz Zaman6 1Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Microbiology, Aqua Laboratory Quality Feeds Limited, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 3&4Dept. of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Microbiology, LabAid Medical Centre Gulshan Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 6Dept. of Microbiology, Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zakerin.du2016@gmail.com (Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Bangladesh) Bacterial diseases are widespread and can be of particular importance in the fish farming of Bangladesh. This investigation was done to assess and compare the bacteria diversities and population in local fresh water pond fishes. Out of 95 samples, 54(56.9%) were Shing (Heteropneustes fossils), 14(14.7%) were Pangas (Pangasius pangasius), 9(9.5%) were Pabda (Ompok spp), 7(7.3%) were Thai Koi, (Anabas testudineus), and 11(11.6%) were others infected fishes such as Shol (Channa striata), Magur (Clarias spp), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Tengara (Mystus cavasius) fishes. Among 95 infected fishes 84(88.4%) were infected with pathogenic bacteria and 11(11.6%) were normal flora. There were eight types of different isolated spp with the frequency of occurrence were 36 (42.9%) Aeromonas spp, 15 (17.9%) Pseudomonas spp, 7(8.3%) Vibrio spp, 9 (10.7%) Staphylococcus spp, 7(8.3%) Flavobacterium spp, 7(8.3%) Edwardsiella spp, others were 3(3.6%) Citobacter spp, and Enterobacter spp respectively. All of the isolated pathogenic bacteria showed 84/84(100%) resistant to Amoxicillin and 18/84(64.3%) resistant to Erythromycin. All the strains showed sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Enorfloxacin, Doxyciline, Clotetracycline, and Colistin with the frequency of occurrence were 78/84(92.8%), 76/84 (90.5%), 73/84(86.9%), 67/84(67.9%), 53/84(63.1%) and 52/84(61.9%) respectively. The physiochemical characteristics of 95 pond water samples were analyzed; the average water temperature, pH, and ammonia were 27.3oC, 7.6, and 0.87mg/L respectively. The significant variation in the physiochemical parameters like water temperature, pH, ammonia was observed within these five types of ponds water. Hence, it is important to detect fish diseases, responsible pathogens, and other agents for the protection of our water resources.
14 The Impact of Employee Turnover on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Mada Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia , Dejene Taye1* and Bamlaku Getnet2 1&2Department of Environmental Science, School of Natural Science, Madawalabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: dejene.taye@mwu.edu.et This research focuses on the impact of staff turnover on organizational effectiveness and performance in Mada Walabu University. High staff turnover rates may jeopardize efforts to attain organizational objectives. In addition, when an organization loses a critical employee, there is a negative impact on innovation, consistency in providing service to primary users may be jeopardized and major delays in the delivery of services to customers may occur. The research design used in this study was the descriptive approach, which allowed the researcher to use semi-structured questionnaires when collecting data. The survey method used in this study because the target population only composed of 425 employees. The study employed Purposive, Simple Random sampling, and Convenience sampling techniques. A high response rate of 100% obtained using the personal method of data collection; questionnaire structured in a 5-point Likert scale format. Furthermore, the study interviewed human resource heads and ten voluntary employees with convenient sampling techniques. The study finding suggests that high labor demand and job opportunities in the market, lack of opportunity for career advancement in the organization, Unsatisfied with the working conditions, and no involvement in decision-making, are the foremost causes of employee turnover on organizational performance. The study finding also showed that staff turnover causes loss of some of the very experienced and skilled employees, reduction in work productivity and quality of services rendered as well as it causes too much wastage of resources when new staff settles and loses public confidence in the operation of the organization. In order to return the reduced university’s capacity in terms of national attrition rates, higher education access targets, quality education assurance, significant community, and technology transfer, and standardized research-based problem-solving culture due to staff turnover.
15 Impact of Climate Change on Animal Production and Expansion of Animal Disease: A Review on Ethiopia Perspective , Wakgari Abirham Haile* College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: bashirabirham@gmail.com Climate change is a result of the global increase in average air and ocean temperatures, and rising average sea levels. Livestock production and health are significantly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on emerging and re-emerging animal diseases and zoonoses since it disrupts natural ecosystems and allows disease-causing pathogens to move into new areas where they may harm wildlife and domestic species, as well as humans. Climate change affects diseases and pest distributions, range prevalence, incidence, and seasonality but the degree of change remains highly uncertain. The occurrence and distribution of vector-borne diseases such as bluetongue, west Nile fever, rift valley fever, African horse sickness, etc. are closely associated with weather patterns and long-term climatic factors strongly influence the incidence of outbreaks. The interaction between animal production and climate change is complex and multi-directional since animal production contributes to climate change; but to the reverse and worse condition, climate change highly affects animal production. Climate change, animal production systems, and animal diseases are strongly linked to each other. But what is worse is that both change in climate and the production systems of animals highly affect the occurrence, distribution, emergence, and re-emergence of animal diseases. The close linkage among climate change, animal production, and disease; the increased threat of climate on the animal production and health sectors needs: the hands of stakeholders in the environment, animal production and health to work in an integrated and systematic manner; researches with emphasis given to the state of climate change and the direct and indirect effects it poses on animal production and health; and ensuring development of sustainable animal farming and land use, and climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.
16 Socioeconomic Factors of Forest Dependency in Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from the Bandarban Hill District of Bangladesh , Morgubatul Jannat1, Mohammed Kamal Hossain1, and Mohammad Main Uddin1&2 1Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh; 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD-4072, Australia. Correspondence: mjruhin@cu.ac.bd Forests provide direct and indirect economic benefits to forest-dependent communities in the world, especially in the developing countries contributing to the national economy. The present study aims with the socioeconomic status and factors favoring forest conservation and influencing people’s dependency on forest resources in the Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh. The study was based on Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and socioeconomic survey through a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that peoples’ income from the forest and forest-related occupations were positively related to their forest dependency. However, respondent’s education level significantly reduced their dependency on forest resources. Thus, educating the forest-dependent people and supporting alternative livelihoods may be an option for effective forest management and conservation. This study represents an important pioneer step in taking a holistic view of the peoples’ dependency on forest resources which might be helpful for policymakers in the future to ensure sustainable forest management and conservation in developing countries like Bangladesh.
17 Molecular Computation and Antibacterial Activity of Cu (II) Complex of Naphthaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone , Md. Ali Asraf1, Dipta Sarker1, Md. Faruk Hossen1, Md. Masuqul Haque1, and Md. Kudrat-E-Zahan1 1Department of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. Correspondence: asraf.chem@ru.ac.bd (Md. Ali Asraf, Associate Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh) Copper (II) complex of naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (L) has been synthesized and characterized by melting points, conductance, magnetic, infrared, and ESI-MS spectral measurements in addition to elemental analysis. A tetrahedral structure is suggested for the complex. The antibacterial activities of the complex and ligand were evaluated by the disc diffusion technique. Pure bacteria cultures of Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) were used to check the antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds. Antibacterial activities were compared by measuring the inhibition zone diameter and chloramphenicol was used as a reference. Both the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity in different range against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity data also show that the Cu(II) complex to be more effective than the parent ligand. Molecular geometry of the complex has been optimized by ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 and then MM2 calculation has been done.
18 Molecular Identification and Characterization of Smartphone Screen Associated Pathogenic Bacteria , Shirmin Islam1, Md. Moniruzzaman1, Md. Joy Pramanik1, Tabassum Jabin1, Mst. Merina Mostari1, Jui Biswas1, Al-Imran1, Md. Salah Uddin1, Md. Abu Saleh1, Shahriar Zaman1 1Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. Correspondence Email: saleh@ru.ac.bd Mobile phone is a device that keeps in contact with our sensitive body parts including faces, hands, nose, ears, and lips, etc. most of the time. Although we know many bad aspects of mobile phones; we are indifferent to its bacterial contamination. Smartphone screen is an endless reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and works as an object in spreading those bacteria. The purpose of the study was to identify pathogenic bacteria from smartphone screen and finding some common causes of bacterial contamination. So, a public survey was conducted among 100 students from the Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi to know the uses pattern of their particular smartphone. Then, for the lab-based work samples were collected from the smartphone screen of the students by sterile swabs moistened with normal saline water. Among the samples, four strains were selected based on bacterial concentration for further analysis. Out of four, two strains were gram-positive and two were gram-negative. Biochemical tests indicated that all of them were pathogenic and the selected gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species.16S-rRNA gene sequencing identified the selected two-gram negative strains as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibiotic sensitivity test referred that all the bacteria were multidrug-resistant and may be dangerous for compromised immune patients.
19 Structure Prediction, Characterization, and Functional Annotation of Uncharacterized Protein BCRIVMBC126_02492 of Bacillus cereus: An In Silico Approach , Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat1and Abul Bashar Ripon Khalipha2,3 1Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh; 3Evergreen Scientific Research Centre, Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Correspondence: asmsaikat.bmb@gmail.com (Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj, Bangladesh). Bacillus cereus is enteropathogenic and widely distributed pathogen in the environment, which is mainly associated with food poisoning. In the intestine, B. cereus produces enterotoxins resulting in diarrhoea, abdominal distress and vomiting, and a range of infections in humans. BCRIVMBC126_02492 is a functional protein of B. cereus, which is related to oxidation glutathione persulfide in the mitochondria, cyanide fixation, and also has a variety of biological functions. Nevertheless, protein BCRIVMBC126_02492 is not explored. Therefore, the structure prediction, functional annotation, and characterization of the protein are proposed in this study. Modeller, Swiss-model, and Phyre2 are used for generating tertiary structures. The structural quality assessment of the protein determined by Ramachandran Plot analysis, Swiss-Model Interactive Workplace, and Verify 3D tools. Furthermore, Z-scores applied to detect the overall tertiary model quality of the protein. A comparison of the results showed that the models generated by Modeller were more suitable than Phyre2 and Swiss Models. This investigation decoded the role of this unexplored protein of B. cereus. Therefore, it can bolster the way for enriching our knowledge for pathogenesis and drug and vaccine targeting opportunities against B. cereus infection.
20 Optimization and Assessment of Different Parameters and Utilizing Food Waste from the College Canteen for Bioethanol Production , Sharif Neaz1, Sayeeda Monira Rahman2, S. M. Rafiq Bapari3, Hasib Uddin Ahmed Chowdhury Rumi4, Abul Kaiser Bhuiyan5, and Sanjay Belowar6 1Dept. of Chemistry, Dhaka Commerce College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Habibullah Bahar College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siddheswari College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Asgar Ali Hospital, 111/1/A Distillery Road, Gandaria, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Biochemistry & Immunology, Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd. Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 6Dept. of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: sharifneaz@gmail.com (Sharif Neaz, Assistant Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Chemistry, Dhaka Commerce College, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Bioethanol production from canteen food wastes not only resolves pollution issues by decreasing food waste management it also meets the requirement of bio-fuels. The development of alternatives to fossil fuels like bio-fuel is appropriate and increasingly urgent with the reduction of resources of fossil fuels and the progressively worsening situation of our atmosphere and natural surroundings. The usage of biofuels is one option to decrease the emission of greenhouse gases in the nearer future. Different promising raw materials have been considered for the production of bio-ethanol throughout the last few decades. Food waste from school and college canteens are increasing environmental problem. Food waste might be considered as an edible and non-toxic waste-derived during food production or consumption system. Food waste generated in canteens is rich in carbohydrate, which comprises 65% of total solids due to its high quantity of starch. Through the use of fermentation technology, this waste can be converted to useful by-products like bio-ethanol. Therefore, the exploitation of hotel and restaurant food waste for bio-ethanol production can absolutely influence both energy and environmental sustainability.
21 Bacteriophage JSF4 can be a Potential Prophylaxis Therapy for Cholera: An Alternative Approach to Antibiotics , Mohammod Johirul Islam1, Mst. Mahmuda Khatun1, Shahnaz Yesmin1, Snapson Ghagra1, Shakibul Hasan1, Fahim Alam Nobel1, Md. Mozibullah1, Md. Sohel1, Md. Roman Mogal1, Md. Amjad Hossain1, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan1, and Md. Khairul Islam1 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. Correspondence: johir75@yahoo.com (Dr. Mohammod Johirul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MBSTU, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh). Cholera remains a major risk in developing countries like Bangladesh, particularly after natural or man-made disasters and becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Effective prevention strategies will be essential in reducing the disease burden of these bacterial infections. Here, we used the specificity and rapid-acting properties of bacteriophages as a potential prophylaxis therapy for cholera, a severely dehydrating disease caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 or 0139 serogroup. In this study, a single bacteriophage, JSF4 specific for V. cholerae 01 serogroup, was used to reduce the severity of cholera therapeutically in the infant mice model. Bacterial counts were decreased up to 106 times in the intestines of bacteriophage-treated animals and increased up to 24 times in the untreated control mice intestines. This is the first report that a single bacteriophage JSF4 might be useful to treat cholera caused by V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains and could be an alternative to antibiotics. In the future, JSF4 bacteriophages may also have profound implications in phage therapy for controlling cholera caused by pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains.
22 Drying Effect on Mechanical Properties of Bio-nanocomposite Films Fabricated from Self-assembled Cellulose Nanocrystals into Potato Starch , Mohammad Mamunur Rashid1, Jahidul Islam Sharif1, and Md. Ashaduzzaman1,2* 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and 2Treasurer, Comilla University, Comilla 3506, Bangladesh. *Corresponding author: azaman01@du.ac.bd Composites films with higher mechanical properties from naturally occurring degradable materials are of present demand to achieve goals of sustainable development. Interaction within composite constituents during drying controls mechanical properties. Here, bio-nanocomposites films were first prepared from cellulose nanocrystals synthesized from jute fibres and extracted potato starch with the same chemical formulations. The filler, nanocrystals consist of nanorod-like cellulose particles obtained as an aqueous suspension by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis of jute fibres and the matrix was prepared by plasticization of potato starch after disruption of starch granules with water and glycerin. Nanocomposite films were obtained by casting the homogeneous aqueous suspension at 95oC and followed by natural drying (atmospheric drying, 25oC) and oven drying at 40oC. The thickness of the bio-nanocomposites film about 250 μm was controlled by using a 2 mm thick structural glass frame. It is revealed that with increasing the percentage of cellulose nanocrystals in composite films, mechanical properties corresponding to tensile strength and Young’s modulus were increased significantly. The film containing the highest quantity of cellulose nanocrystals (20% w/w of starch) revealed better properties in case of natural drying (tensile strength 84.2 MPa, Young’s modulus 0.563 GPa, elongation at break 27%) than the film properties (tensile strength 35.2 MPa, Young’s modulus 0.423 GPa, elongation at break 20%) of oven drying.
23 Arsenic Mitigation Technologies from Ground Water: A Brief Review , Salma Akter Mou1, Md Humayun Kabir1, Sabina Yasmin1, and Shamim Ahmed1* 1Institute of National Analytical and Research Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: shamimchem@yahoo.com (Shamim Ahmed, Principal Scientific Officer, INARS, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Contamination of drinking water due to the presence of as has become a global environmental and socio-economic threat. The appearance of high Arsenic (As) in drinking water causes a serious health issue around the world. Many countries in different parts of the world have reported high arsenic concentrations. Among all groundwater arsenic contamination affected countries, the position of Bangladesh is the worst. Therefore, it is very important to develop affordable and efficient techniques to remove As from drinking water to protect human health. The most used methods are oxidation, coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane technologies. Oxidation is usually used as pretreatment for most of the methods. Coagulation is the most common arsenic mitigation technology in Bangladesh. This technique is effective from pH 6-8. Ion exchange resins can only remove arsenate. Activated alumina beds work best in slightly acidic waters and usually have much longer run times than ion exchange resins. A cost-effective method for mitigation of As from drinking water is the use of low-cost adsorbent. Membrane methods which are more costly than other arsenic mitigation techniques but very effective where very low arsenic levels are required. Providing a safe water source may not possible in some of the arsenic affected regions or sometimes this process becomes very expensive. Mitigation of As from drinking water may be more appropriate in these situations. This paper presents a review of the conventional methods used for mitigation of As from contaminated drinking water.
24 Evaluation of Some Fungicides against Collar Rot Disease of Soybean , Md. Maksuder Rahman1, Mahbuba Kaniz Hasna2, Nahar Shumsun1, Raqibul Hasan1, Md. Nazizul Islam3, Md. Humayun Kabir1, and Mohammad Delwar Hossain1* 1Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 2Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear in Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and 3Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: delwarmhossain@gmail.com (Dr. Mohammad Delwar Hossain, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Bangladesh). A number of selected fungicides were evaluated to determine their efficacy for controlling collar rot disease of soybean plants caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The experiment was conducted under the controlled condition at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and Field laboratory of BINA, Bangladesh Agricultural University campus from November 2018 to August 2019. In-vitro research was done for the observation of radial mycelial growth of S. rolfsii on potato dextrose agar (PDA), treated with five fungicides viz. Antracol 70 WP (T1), Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP (T2), Secure 600 WG (T3), Bavistin DF (T4), Dithane M-45 (T5), and one non-treated (T0) treatment. The highest percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of S. rolfsii in PDA medium was recorded in treatment T5 (Dithane M-45) 100% and lowest in treatment T3 (Secure 600 WG) 37.33% at 6 days after inoculation. Then the selected five fungicides were again applied to pot under controlled conditions to observe the best effect of selected fungicides against collar rot pathogen of soybean plants. The inoculation was done on a variety of BINA soybean 4 in pot condition. The highest mortality percent for the collar rot disease was found in treatment T0 (controlled) 100% soybean plants conversely, the lowest mortality percent was found in treatment T5 (Dithane M-45) 27.28% besides 38.92% in T2 (Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP), 43.42% in T1 (Antracol 70 WP), 46.18% in T3 (Secure 600 WG) and 50.00% in treatment T4 (Bavistin DF) respectively. Thus, Dithane M-45 was found superior in controlling collar rot pathogen S. rolfsii of Soybean over all other fungicides tested in both in vitro and in vivo.
25 Decolorization and Degradation of Reactive Blue Dye Used in Jute and Textile Industries by a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Tahmina1, Sharmin Akter2, Tahnin Bintay Kamal3, and Mahmuda Khatun4 1Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Textile Physics Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Mechanical Processing Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 4Product Development Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Md. Zobaidul Hossen, Scientific Officer, Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry, BJRI, Dhaka, Bangladesh). For biodegradation of reactive dyes used in jute and textile industries, bacteria were isolated from a dyeing mill effluent. Bacteria having a remarkable ability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye were screened by using dye Reactive Dark Blue WR (RDB-WR). Cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics were observed, and based on these seven isolates having higher decolorizing capability was identified. Among these isolates, one of the prominent dye decolorizing isolates Bacillus sp. was taken for decolorization study. Under different physicochemical conditions, decolorization and degradation capabilities of Bacillus sp. were optimized by using RDB-WR, a dye commonly used in the jute and textile industries. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mg L-1 of RDB-WR. Bacillus sp. showed significant decolorization approximately 86% at 200 mg L-1 of RDB-WR after 96 h of incubation. Optimum degradation of dye was achieved at 37 °C. Maximum decolorization was observed at pH 7.0 under static conditions. The study confirmed the potential of Bacillus in the biodegradation of Reactive Dark Blue WR. This bacterial isolate might be prospective in the biological treatment of dyeing mill effluents due to the high extent of decolorization.
26 Jute Fibre: A Suitable Alternative to Wood Fibre for Paper and Pulp Production , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Tahmina1, Sharmin Akter2, and Md. Anisur Rahman Dayan2 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh; and 2Textile Physics Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh). Cellulose is the most common of all naturally occurring organic compounds belonging to the carbohydrate group. It makes up at least one-third of all the vegetable matters in the world. Virgin soft and hardwoods used as the main source of cellulose for raw materials of paper production. These can be replaced by jute plant to a great extend as it is considered as one of the most promising alternatives. Pulp and paper production on a huge amount from jute can increase jute usage and thus a vast quantity of jute will be consumed by a single product which will eventually help revitalize the jute sector of Bangladesh. So the study was conducted to use jute, an alternative to non-wood fibre to get the paper pulp and pulp products like cellulose derivatives through an easily adaptable process. The experimental processes are outlined. The physicomechanical properties of handmade papers are estimated by standard procedure. Maximum whiteness of paper sheet is 76.70%, which is almost similar to offset paper. Basic weight of papers was estimated that ranges from 180 to 340 gsm. The study indicates that these hand-made papers can be used for making eco-friendly paper bags, packaging material which will be a suitable alternative to the non-biodegradable plastic, a cause of ecological and environmental pollution.
27 Review on Health Benefits of Camel Urine: Therapeutics Effects and Potential Impact on Public Health Around East Hararghe District , Feyisa Aliye Gole1 and Abduleziz Jemal Hamido2* 1&2Dept of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: abdulezizj@gmail.com Camel is one of the important livestock species which plays a major role in the pastoral mode of life by fulfilling basic demands of livelihood. Traditionally, camel urine has been used in the treatment of human diseases. With regard to the health benefits of drinking the urine of camels, it has been proven by modern scientific researches. Camel urine has an unusual and unique biochemical composition that contributes to medicinal values. The chemical composition of camel urine showed the presence of purine bases, hypoxanthine, sodium, potassium, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and phosphates. The nano-particles in the camel’s urine can be used to fight cancer. Camel urine has antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Its chemical and organic constituents have also inhibitory properties against fungal growth, human platelets, and parasitic diseases mainly fasciollosis in calves. The healthy status of the liver can be restored through ingestion of diet and minerals in camel urine. Camel urine is used by the camel owners and Bedouins as medicine in different ways. The Bedouin in the Arab desert used to mix camel urine with milk. Recently; the WHO has warned against drinking camel urine due to the modern attempt to limit Outbreaks of Respiratory Syndrome (MRS) in the Middle East. There is no scientific dosage for camel urine to be applied as medicine for different diseases and the ways of camel urine formulation and utilization for the care of patients varies from country to country. Therefore, the purposes of the present review describe the biochemical composition of camel urine will be scientifically extracted and formulated as a therapy rather than drinking raw urine and people’s health impact.
28 Bacterial Degradation of Synthetic Dye by Pseudomonas sp. Obtained from Dyeing Mill Effluent , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Taslima Rahman1, Tahmina1, and Mahmuda Khatun2 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh and 2Product Development Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Md. Zobaidul Hossen, Scientific Officer, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh). Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns of today’s world. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, a large number of wastes are generated and discharged into the environment and causing major pollution problems. For obtaining reactive dye decolorizing bacterial isolates, effluent samples were collected from a dyeing mill. From bacterial pure culture, 10 isolates were selected for screening. Screening of these isolates for the capability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye was performed in a nutrient broth medium containing reactive dye. 6 isolates among these bacterial isolates showed dye decolorizing ability within 120 hours of incubation. These isolates were further identified based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. These characteristics indicated that these six bacterial isolates were distributed to the bacterial genus of Bacillus (2 isolates), Pseudomonas (2 isolates), Aeromonas (1 isolate), and Alcaligenes (1 isolate). For the study of dye decolorization and degradation, Reactive Dark Blue dye used in jute and textile industries was chosen. Pseudomonas, a prominent dye decolorizing isolate during screening, was taken for the optimization of different physicochemical parameters. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mgL-1 of Reactive Blue dye. Pseudomonas sp. showed noteworthy decolorization of approximately 84% at 200 mgL-1 of dye concentration after 96 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for dye degradation was at 37 °C. The maximum level of decolorization for Pseudomonas sp. was observed at pH 8.0. This isolate showed better decolorization extent under static conditions rather than shaking conditions. This result indicated that the dye had been utilized by this bacterial isolate. It can be concluded that Pseudomonas is a prospective candidate in the biodegradation of Reactive Blue dye and might be useful in bioprocess technology used for the bioremediation of dyeing mill effluents.
29 Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Low-Grade Ores Using Microorganisms: A Brief Review , Kumkum Kar1, Abuzar Roshni2, and Md. Anwar Hossain1* 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh; and 2Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: anwar@nstu.edu.bd (Md. Anwar Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, NSTU, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh). The demand for metals is ever increasing with the advancement of the industrialized world. But the global reserve high levels of ores are adjacent to decline. However, there exists there is a vast reserve of metals inferior ore, and other subsidiary sources. Low category ores as well as metal recovery conventional strategies such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, etc., require strong and asset inputs that are often environmentally friendly pollution. Accordingly, there is required for the utilization of more coherent technologies to the recuperation of metals. The utilization of microbes to recovery metal ions is considered a unique key optimistic and revolutionary field of environmental biotechnology. The components of this method are disintegrated in an aqueous solution, which provides them more effective in addition, treatment, and convalescence. Recycling giant metals is also very important to prevent pollution and to prevent wastage of sources. Biological means are also used to easily recycle metals from their secondary sources. In this research, various approaches using microbes to recover giant metals from primary (low-grade ore) and secondary (electronic wastes) sources are discussed. Future prospects of utilizing microbes are also granted here.
30 Assessment and Evaluation of the Leaf Extract of Begonia barbata to the Reduction LDL-Cholesterol in Carbamazepine Induced Obese Rats , Md. Ashiqur Rahamn1*, Sifat Ara2, Mohammed Kyokobad Hosain3, and Bushra Rahman2 Scientific endeavor has made it possible to discover and synthesize lipid-lowering drugs but, in most cases, their beneficial effects are overshadowed by their adverse effects. Hence, research interest in the screening of medicinal plants has intensified in recent years with a view of discovering potential antioxidants, lipid, and glucose-lowering phytochemicals. Four-month feeding of carbamazepine (both 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg body weight) with a normal diet increased the body mass of rats. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was increased based on the oral execution of carbamazepine. But high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and weight of the liver increased slightly and the level of triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) level remain unchanged. Nonetheless, the Begonia barbata feeding with a normal diet reduced carbamazepine-induced obesity at both high and low doses. The level of LDL cholesterol and liver weight was significantly decreased due to the oral execution of B. barbata together with normal diet and carbamazepine, where HDL level was changed but not significantly.
31 Patterns of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Uropathogens Detection in Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh , Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed1,2, S.M. Ali. Hasan3, Nusrat Akhtar Juyee4, Md. Shahidul Islam5, and Mohammad Zakerin Abedin1* 1Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Siragjanj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital, Siragjanj, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Gastroenterology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: zakerin.du2016@gmail.com (Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, Assistant Professor and Head, Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajganj, Bangladesh). It is a great concern that extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL uropathogenic micro-organisms have been worldwide illustrated to increase multidrug resistance. To study the prevalence and patterns of uropathogens, and antimicrobial susceptibilities profiles of ESBL and non-ESBL producing bacterial infection in a tertiary level health service center of Bangladesh. The prevalence of ESBL producing uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified in 176 isolates from patients with UTI. ESBL and non-ESBL producing bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns were distinguished from the 176 patients of suspected urinary tract infection. The Double-disc diffusion test was done to determine the presence of ESBL-producing bacterial strains. The most widely ESBL positive uropathogen was Escherichia coli (87%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (6.8%), Enterococcus spp. (3.4%), Acinetobacter spp. (2.5%) and non-ESBL positive E. coli (41.4), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.3%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.2%). The current investigation found most frequently Escherichia coli in both ESBL and non-ESBL uropathogenic groups as 87% and 41.4% respectively. Generally, a large number of antibiotic resistance patterns and ESBL producing common bacterial isolates were found in this study which increases the public health problem. Therefore, for safe human life, we ought to be taking appropriate action against the threat.
32 Potassium Fractions and Rice Yield in Different Agro-ecological Zones of Bangladesh , M.R. Karim1, Majharul Islam2, Md. Saikat Hossain Bhuiyan3, Sushan Chowhan4, Md. Mahmudul Hassan Arif Sardar5, and J. A. Mian6 1Project Development Unit, Bangladesh Tea Board, Chittagong, Bangladesh; 2Soil Science Division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 3Plant Breeding division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 4Adaptive Research and Extension Division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 5A R Malik Seeds Pvt. Ltd, Bangladesh; and 6Soil Science Department, BAU, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh. Correspondence: m.islambau03@gmail.com (Majharul Islam, Scientific Officer, Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture [BINA], Mymenshingh, Bangladesh). Response of Potassium (K) is boosted due to the introduction of high-yielding varieties and cropping intensity. So, a pot experiment was done to see the allocation of native and added K in soils and the response of this on rice. Seven soil samples from seven AEZs. An amount of 1-kilogram soil was taken in each of 28 earthen pots of which 14 pots for cultivation rice and 14 pots for without cultivation as a control. Potassium and other fertilizers applied as follows Fertilizer Recommendation Guide-1012. Two replicate plots were used per treatment. Then the soils were saturated with water so that the soils could be soaked well. The pots were kept in this condition for one day to allow the soils to settle in the pots properly. The rice variety used for the experiment was BRRI dhan28. All forms of K were found to remarkable decrease due to cultivation. The depleted non-exchangeable K sum was the largest, this was followed by exchangeable and then, in control plots, water-soluble K. The depleted amount of exchangeable and non-exchangeable K was almost similar but higher than water-soluble K in treated pots. A significant variation was found among the yields ranging from 3.77 to 5.48 g pot-1. The average dry matter yield of treated pots 4.75 g pot-1 was significantly higher than non-treated pots 3.10 g pot-1.
33 A Brief Review on the Prevalence, Diagnosis Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis , Wakgari Abirham Haile1* and Tilahun Ayano2 1&2Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: bashirabirham@gmail.com (Wakgari Abirham Haile, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia). This review study is aimed to provide information about the IBK which results in ocular pain and loss of vision that would result in the reduction of the market price of the affected animal. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) or ‘pink eye’ is a common and highly contagious ocular disease. The disease is caused by the bacteria family Moraxellaceae, genus Moraxella and species Moraxella bovis. M. bovis is a gram-negative rod. The occurrence and distribution of the disease are worldwide and the persistence of the disease from year to year is by means of infected animals, which can act as carriers. Transmission is unusual in the absence of flies and occurs generally in their presence. A number of factors such as tall grass, weeds, dust, face flies and ultraviolet radiation, and other stress factors contribute to the disease occurrence. The pathogenesis of IBK is likely associated with collagenase release from epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Hydrolytic enzymes of M. bovis possess the ability to degrade lipids, mucopolysaccharides, and matrix proteins, which may contribute to corneal ulceration. The first signs of pinkeye are characterized by excessive tearing, blinking, photophobia, and swelling of the eyelids and conjunctiva. As the disease progresses, the ocular discharge becomes purulent. The disease is usually diagnosed with clinical signs like excessive lacrimation and culturing of the bacteria from ocular exudates. IBK is differentially diagnosed from M. bovis, Pasteurella multocida, IBRT, and Thelaziasis. Drugs may be delivered to the eye in several ways: subconjunctival injection, topical application, and systemic administration to treat the diseases. Vaccination and fly control are some of the prevention and control measures. This disease is economically very important which causes severe ocular disorder in cattle which may result in the suffering of the animal from pain and loss of vision thereby economic loss due to bodyweight loss by the stress from pain, inability to feed properly, and the blindness that reduces the price of sale. Therefore, it is recommended that the susceptible cattle should be housed to avoid exposure to UV radiation and the populations of face flies should be controlled to minimize the incidence and transmission of IBK.
34 Functional Authority: A Tool of Decentralizing Corporate Management , Mohammad Lutfar Rahman1, Harwindar Singh2, and Khairir Khalil2 1International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2School of Business, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia. Correspondence: lutfarrahman@iubat.edu (Professor Mohammad Lutfar Rahman, Registrar, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Functional authority is a management term that underscores the need to apply authority by an individual, team to play over an individual, department, division in order for them to follow strict principles, procedures to carry out their work within schedule aiming to make the best outcome according to the standard principle of the organization. Through the functional authority an organization’s mission, vision, objectives, policy, guideline, procedure, principle, cultures are highlighted. Functional authority is bestowed to those persons by the authority to the effect that they will control specific processes, practices, policies, or other matters to carry out managerial functions as per the decision of the company’s policymakers. Delegation of functional authority varies at different types of strategic decisions. First, decisions concerning capital investments are kept more centralized than those concerning the workforce due to the greater number of financial resources and the greater externalities involved in each individual decision. Second, as to decisions concerning investments in capital equipment, the larger the amount of the investments the less likely decentralization. As to decisions concerning a plant’s labor force, decision authority is more likely to be kept centralized if decisions affect other units of the firm and decentralized if they have a larger impact on the plant manager’s activity. In labor relations matter, decentralization is necessary for the implementation of agreements reached after negotiation and are applicable to all units under their one ownership. On the other hand, centralization is necessary in case labor relations are at the bargaining level only. The concept, expressed as the transfer of authority from the center to subordinate ends, is important both for more effective and productive management of the areas outside the center organization in public administration and for strengthening these areas in terms of democracy conception. Because of the increasing interest all over the world in issues such as ensuring service need compliance, the importance of decisions made by the closest unit to the public and the reduction of bureaucratization have made implementation of decentralized systems a necessity in the local regions.
35 Effects of Different Biofertilizer on Soybean (Glycine max) Production , Md. Nazmul Islam1, Shaila Sharmin1, and Mohammed Ataur Rahman2* 1College of Agricultural Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Program on Education for Sustainability Coordinator, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: marahman@iubat.edu (Professor Dr. Mohammed Ataur Rahman, Director, Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Program on Education for Sustainability Coordinator, WWOOF Bangladesh & RCE Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh). The experiment was conducted in the agriculture field of the International University of Business Agricultural and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, from January to June 2017 to find out the effect of different Rhizobium inoculations on soybean production. The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Eight Rhizobium inoculations and one control treatment were used in the study to assess the effect of different biofertilizers on soybean production. The findings of the study showed that Strain Bacteria (SB) 316 inoculant performed better in all aspects of growing parameters and yield components like nodulation, vegetative growth, and yield. However, the control treatment performed lowest in every parameter. As a result of the experiment, it could be concluded that Rhizobium inoculation has a significant effect on vegetative growth, nodulation, and yield component of soybean. The SB 316 inoculant has been found as the most effective Rhizobium inoculation in soybean production.
36 In Vitro Growth of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) via Direct Organogenesis , Kobirul Islam1, 2, Tasnim Ahmed1* and Tarana Sharmin1 1Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Science Complex Building, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh and 2Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: tasnim.ahmed@du.ac.bd (Tasnim Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Science Complex Building, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a crop of increasing importance as a source of seed oil and proteins; nonetheless, the number of studies on sunflower tissue culture is somewhat limited. The development of a competent in vitro direct organogenesis protocol involves important basic steps of regeneration. In our study, chemically sterilized sunflower seeds were planted on induction media, and 52.54 % germination efficiency was found. While the seeds were subjected to regeneration containing 2 mg/L of cytokinin, Benzyl Adenopurine (BAP) as well as 1 mg/L of auxin, Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA); shoot growth was observed with41 % regeneration efficiency. Non-sterilized seeds germinated but showed fungal growth on the surface of media resulting in no regeneration of sunflower plantlet. On the other hand, sterile seeds germinated less with little or no fungal growth leading to successful regeneration. Frequent regeneration of sterile sunflower seeds through direct organogenesis can contribute to enhanced micro-propagation of this plant.
37 Effects of Phytohormone and Regulators on Shoot Tip and Nodal Explants for In Vitro Shoot and Root Clonal Propagation of Vitex negundo L. , Safia Iqbal1,3, A.K.M. Nazmul Huda1, A.N.K. Mamun2, Md. Rezuanul Islam1, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, and Md. Rezaul Karim1* 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; 2Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Commission, Gonakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh and 3SunUp International School and College, Kushtia 7000, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: rezaulkarim@btge.iu.ac.bd (Md. Rezaul Karim, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh). Medicinal plants are one of the most vital natural resources, but many of them are currently endangered due to habitat loss. Consequently, it is critical to emphasize the importance of using micropropagation techniques for mass propagation of plantlets on a commercial scale, in addition to germplasm conservation and distribution. Nodal explants and shoot tips were expunged from 15 days of the explant by aseptic seedlings, an effective, quick, and better in vitro plant regeneration procedure for Vitex negundo L. has been developed. The recent study was considered to develop an in vitro procedure for the regeneration of V. negundo L., a traditional medicinal plant. Nodal segments and shoot tips were cultivated on MS medium enhanced with numerous plant growth regulators. For multiple shoots and root regeneration, various cytokinins were examined. 6-benzyl-aminopurin (BAP), kinetin (Kin), and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) were all tested as a supplement to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium including auxin phytohormone, such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The furthermost effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of V. negundo has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 minutes. In all treatments, multiple shoots were collected from shoot tips and nodal segments. In MS media added with 2.0mg/l BAP, the most shoots were seen in V. negundo. Furthermore, V. negundo regeneration shoots rooted effectively in half MS containing 1.0 mg/l IBA. Finally, proliferated plantlets were effectively adapted in soil, where they grew normally without morphological anomalies and had a survival rate of 92 percent.
38 Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic , Mehedi Hasan1, Md Nahid Ferdous1, Md. Aminul Islam1, Md. Rajib Hossain1, Md Sohanur Rahman2, Tanveer Ahmed3, and Md. Riajul Islam4 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Advanced Functional Materials, Technical University of Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany; 3Dept. of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Finance and Banking, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalgonj-8100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rajib.esd@bsmrstu.edu.bd (Md. Rajib Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.
39 Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic , Mehedi Hasan1, Md Nahid Ferdous1, Md. Aminul Islam1, Md. Rajib Hossain1, Md Sohanur Rahman2, Tanveer Ahmed3, and Md. Riajul Islam4 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Advanced Functional Materials, Technical University of Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany; 3Dept. of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Finance and Banking, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalgonj-8100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rajib.esd@bsmrstu.edu.bd (Md. Rajib Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.
40 More to Explore; The Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Major Tissue Sources, Known Surface Markers and Its Immunomodulation properties , Kanwal Abbasi1, Samina Iqbal1, Saeeda Bano1, Kausar Siddiqui1, and Lovely Muthiah2 1Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan; 2Specialist Prosthodontist, Family Care Medical Center, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. Correspondence: kanwalabbasi@yahoo.com (Dr. Kanwal Abbasi, Senior Scientific Officer, Pharmaceutical research center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Karachi, Pakistan). ABSTRACT Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently available for a range of applications and have become a good material for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease therapy. MSCs are self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells with multilineage potential to differentiate into cell types of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, and exert potent immunosuppressive potentials. In the present review, we highlight the currently reported variations in the differentiation potential of MSCs from different tissue sources, the minimal criteria to define MSCs from various tissue environments, and provide a detailed description of MSCs surface markers. Furthermore, MSC's immunomodulatory features secrete cytokines and immune receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue also revisits in detail. We propose that there are likely more sources of MSCs waiting to be discovered. We need to Standardize MSCs characterization by selecting markers for isolation, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-mediated immune modulation, and other functionalities of MSCs should be characterized prior to use in clinical applications.
41 Response of Different Doses of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of KangKong (Ipomoea reptans poir) , Shaila Sharmin1, Rexona Parvin2, and Umme Habiba2 1&2College of Agricultural Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: shaila.sharmin@iubat.edu (Dr. Shaila Sharmin, Associate Professor, College of Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT, Dhaka, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field of International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka during the period from August to October 2020 to investigate the response of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans poir). The experiment consisted of four nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. T0: no fertilizer, T1: 60 kg nitrogen fertilizer, T2: 80 kg nitrogen fertilizer, and T3: 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The result revealed that plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, root length per plant, fresh weight of root per plant, dry weight of root per plant, yield per plot and yield per hectare grown under different doses of nitrogen fertilizer viz. control (T0), 60 kg N per hectare (T1), 80 kg N per hectare (T2), showed significant reduction than those grown in 100 kg N per hectare (T3). The experiment was conducted following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The application of different doses of nitrogen significantly influences the growth and yield of Kangkong. The maximum plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, fresh weight per plant, root length was obtained from T3 treatment while the minimum was found from the control treatment (T0) at 60 days after sowing. The highest yield (17.87 t/ha) was performed from the treatment T3 and the lowest yield (11.83t/ha) was obtained from the control treatment where no nitrogen was used.
42 Mitigation of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Mat Type Seedlings Raised for Mechanical Rice Transplanter , Tangina Aktar Tamanna1, Md. Anwar Hossen2, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun3, and A.B.M. Shahed3 1Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna-9100, Bangladesh; 2Farm Machinery and Postharvest Technology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rashed.fpm@sau.ac.bd (Dr. Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Professor, Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Cold mitigation mechanism at seedling stage is a primary requirement during Boro season as seedlings are raised during months of November and December. This study was conducted at the Sylhet Agricultural University's Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering lab in Sylhet during the 2018-19 academic year. The focus of this study is to mitigate the biotic and abiotic effect on germination and mat-type seedling growing during the Boro season. A two-factor design with three replications was used in the experiment. As abiotic stress control factors, six treatments were taken under two different thicknesses (0.04 mm and 0.08 mm) of white polythene sheds that covered day time only (12 hours) and day and night time (24 hours). Along with that two fungicides (Atavo and Autostin) and MoP fertilizer were used to control biotic stress on young seedlings raised in a plastic tray. Agronomical characteristics were measured in two intervals (after 15 and 30 days). The combined effect of 0.08 mm thick polythene shed and MoP treatment showed the highest value for seedling height (167.3 mm), a number of leaves (4), leaf length (99.8 mm), stem length (73.5 mm), and seedling density (18/cm2). Fungal infection was found lowest in 0.08 mm polythene covered day and night time. Seedling raised plastic trays are much more effective than the conventional way in terms of germination and quality. So, 0.08 mm thick white polythene was recommended as a covering mechanism and MoP as a treating mechanism for seedlings rising in cold weather of the Sylhet region.
43 Impacts of Rohingya Migration on Surrounding Environment of Ukhiya, Bangladesh , Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque1, Mausumi Rehnuma1, Shihab Uddin1, Sabbir Ahmed1, Md. Eusuf Sarker1 and Gautom Kumar Biswas2 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Environmental Technology, Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. Correspondence: huqmbstu@gmail.com (Dr. Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT This study was conducted at Ukhiya Upazila of Cox’s Bazar district to find out the socio-environmental impacts due to Rohingya refugee's invasion of the study area. Both the quantitative and qualitative tools were used to analyzed data and information, in order to assess these impacts. According to the finding, 3918 acre natural and 1879 acre man-made forest coverage was damaged due to Rohingya refugees sheltering in the study area. This study finds out that 42% of the refugees living in the Kutupalong sheltering area are directly dependent on the forest for cooking wood of 1411 tons/day. Moreover, Rohingya`s are significantly affecting other natural resources including soil, agricultural land, and surface and ground-water of the study area. In fact, they using 18.26 million liters of water per day and the ground-water level has been depleted by 25 meters during the time period of 25 August 2017 to February 2018. Furthermore, ~9000 hectares of farming land with local crops (Boro, Aman, Betel leaf) and fruits had been permanently damaged as impacts of Rohingya migration on the area studied. We measured the noise level surroundings of the Rohingya camps, which was 1.5 times higher than the DoE recommended value for the residential area. Various life-threatening diseases were also identified towards the refugees among them diphtheria was most alarming. Moreover, Rohingya are also involved in various antisocial activities including smuggling, drug trafficking, robbery, snatch, theft, etc. Such societal degradation might trigger multiplicative impacts on the environment and overall socio-economic circumstances of the whole Teknaf area.
44 In-Vitro Antifungal Activity of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum & Murraya paniculata Leaf Extract against Three Phytopathogenic Fungi , Meherun Nesa1, Md. Eram Hosen1, Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan2, Md. Humayun Kabir3 and Rashed Zaman1* 1Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh; 2Plant pathology division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh; 3Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: rashedzaman@ru.ac.bd (Dr. Rashed Zaman, Associate Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Fungal disease is one of the major problems in agriculture. Fungal pathogens are accountable for approximately 85% of plant diseases. Apart from these, public health conditions are also influenced by consequential fungal infection as well as approximately 1.5 million killed and more than a billion people were affected by fungal disease. Our present exploration has been conducted to assess the antifungal efficiency of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Murraya paniculata leaf extract against three phytopathogenic fungi viz. Pichia kudriavzevii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, at the concentration of 300 µg/disc by food poisoned technique. The result showed that all of these three extracts have significant antifungal efficiency against all of the tested fungus. Maximum antifungal activity was recorded in Murraya paniculata with an inhibition percentage of 100% (0.00±0.000 mm) against three fungi. In addition, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, growth was totally suppressed in terms of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Murraya paniculata extract. The lowest antifungal effect was 47.18% (34.33±0.272 mm) revealed in Azadirachta indica extract against Pichia kudriavzevii. Among these three extracts, the order of antifungal effect was Murraya paniculata?Ocimum tenuiflorum?Azadirachta indica. Amis of this screening to focus antifungal effects of three experimental medicinal plants. These findings indicate leaf of these three plants may be useful for the treatment of various diseases associated with these fungi and could be useful to develop novel, secure and fecund bio-fertilizer for pest control. Further phytochemicals analysis is required to evaluate the compounds responsible for their antifungal effects. A
45 Incidence of Measles in Breastfed Infants versus Non-Breastfed Infants , Naim Khan Zadran1* and Zabit Khan Naibzi2 1&2Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Sheikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan. *Correspondence: drnaimkhanzadran123@gmail.com (Dr. Naim Khan Zadran, Lecturer, Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Sheikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan). ABSTRACT Breast-feeding protects newborn infants against numerous infectious conditions and sicknesses, and can also affect the results of vaccination. The main purpose of this research is to assess breastfeeding defends against CM and find the changed effects of vaccination. This research is designed as a cross-sectional study. It is worth mentioning that the study took almost one year to be completed, and the survey was conducted from May 1, 2020, to May 1, 2021. It is notable that the study was carried out base on librarian and field research methodology, and the information was collected from the newly born infants until five years’ children, and then it was analyzed. The data upon infections of indicative measles and socioeconomic indicators were obtained at ten months period. Breast-feeding has been classified as <30 days breastfed, 1-3-month breast-food, breastfeeding for over three months, unsure breast- feeding, and no breastfeeding. Regarding the results, it could be said that anti-measles Ig though with a mean value of 5.37 AFU, all 55 colostrum samples were positive. Furthermore, the timing of extraction for breast milk AFU is different, the average AFU value fell to 2.11 among days 6-15 (n=15), but the value fell below the cut-out mark of 1.8–1.48 amongst days fifteen to thirty (n=10). It is being concluded that immunization of measles gives excellent disease resistance. In addition to this, breastfeeding is related to a relatively moderate decrease in the chance of measles diagnosis. Relationships with such a diagnosis of measles were independent of breastfeeding & measles vacci- nation
46 Diversity of Macro Invertebrates and Their Habitat Characteristics in Lan-Kuu Freshwater Wetland, Myanmar , May Thu Win* Department of Zoology, Pathein University, Pathein 10014, Myanmar. *Correspondence: maythiwin.sees19@nalandauniv.edu.in (May Thu Win, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Pathein University, Pathein 10014, Myanmar). ABSTRACT Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland of Auk SaThar in Mingin Township, Sagaing Region was investigated for its species composition, relative abundance, and diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates from June 2020 to January 2021. This wetland has water throughout the year and is used by many local people for fishing and trapping birds. Thirty macro invertebrates’ species belonging to 28 genera, 19 families, 11 orders, 5 classes, and 3 Phyla were identified and recorded. These species belonged to the orders Hemiptera (23%), Coeleoptera and Odonata (14% each), Orthoptera, Architaenioglossa and Sorbeoconcha (10% each), Lepidoptera (7%), and Hymenoptera, Araneae, Decapoda, and Opithopora (3%). Among the collected specimens Dytiscus verticalis accounted for the highest number of individuals while the least number of individuals were Arocatus rusticus. Average relative abundance indicated 9 species as ‘uncommon’, 14 species as ‘common’ and 7 species as very common in the studied wetland. According to the Shannon index, the diversity of macro-invertebrates recorded in Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland, Myanmar, was high, (2.746-3.016), and so was the evenness (0.888-0.956).
47 Genetic Analysis of Submergence Tolerance Rice Genotypes by Introgression of Sub1 QTL to Indica HYV through Breeding Populations (F2) with Marker Assay , Bishnu Pada Ray, Ujjal Kumar Nath, and Md. Abul Kalam Azad ABSTRACT More than 2.0 million-hectare area was affected by flash floods of various grades and reduced the average yield in Bangladesh by 5%. It involves introgression of Sub1 QTL into the genetic background of HYV rice through marker-assisted breeding and to evaluate submergence tolerance of high yielding rice varieties. SSR profiling was performed to tag the submergence tolerant QTL by using sub1 flanking markers and F1 confirmation of Binadhan-7 x BRRI dhan52 (F1) by using the primer RM1115. The gene diversity value was 0.7610 and the polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.7432 & allele frequencies (%) were 0.3328. Binadhan-7 x BRRI dhan52 (F2) crosses were possessed the highest grain yield plant-1 (38.00 g) which was significantly higher than its both parents and also early maturing as 124 days from all crosses. The genetic similarity analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using the Arithmetic Average) clustering system generated 5 major genetic clusters. Maximum intra-cluster degree of diversity was observed in cluster4 (79.93) and minimum in cluster3 (31.44). Highly significant and positive correlations were found among the grain yield (GY) and Total tillers/plant, effective tillers/plant, panicle length, and filled grains/panicle. The first three principal components with Eigen-values explained 73.7 % of the total variation among 16 rice genotypes for the 9 quantitative traits studied. However, it is hoped that promising Sub1 cross combination Binadhan-7x BRRI dhan52 will be able to develop three to four weeks tolerance with high yielding submergence tolerant varieties to increase rice production in submerged prone areas of Bangladesh where single flash floods occur under different cropping patterns.
48 Prediction of Compaction Parameters from Soil Index Properties Case Study: Dam Complex of Upper Atbara Project , Abusamra A. A. Yousif and Mohamed I. A. ABSTRACT Soil compaction involves concretion and a relative variation of physical and mechanical properties of soils. Determining laboratory compaction characteristics such as maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) could be vital work to manage field compaction for all earth-works structures. There are 3 necessary Atterberg limits: plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and Plastic Index (PI). The most objective of this paper is to get the relationships between compaction parameters and their Atterberg limits of fine-grained soils and to create reliable correlations. For conducting this work, forty samples are collected from a borrowed space that is found at the bank upstream of Setit watercourse. The tests of soil samples were executed at the laboratory of Dam complex of the upper Atbara project. To perform this work, the Microsoft Office Excel software was exercised for the regression analysis of compaction parameters and Atterberg limits. Several trials were created to get the relationships between Atterberg limits (LL, PL, and PI) with the compaction parameters (OMC, and MDD). From the regression analysis, it's found that OMC and MDD have an excellent relationship with the LL other than the PL and PI. It had been observed that the (OMC) has an excellent correlation with (MDD) other than the remaining parameters. From this work, it's going to be suggested to use the soil compaction properties and Liquid Limits' correlations attributable to their reliable results compared with the other correlations. The result of the paper may be helpful and applicable in numerous civil engineering sectors, particularly for preliminary investigations and prefeasibility studies of various civil engineering works.
49 Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Building Community Resiliency at Kalaskati Union, Bakerganj , Md. Kazi. Rokonuzzaman1, Md. Abdur Rahim1, Raman Kumar Biswas1*, Most. Nusrat Binte Nur1, and Ayesha Siddiqua1 Bangladesh is frequently cited as a country that is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Socioeconomic sectors like agriculture and fishing are more climate-sensitive in the country. These climate change impacts are extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, and the social development of the people in the study area. To complete the objectives, both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected through questionnaire surveys, photography, and observation methods, and those data have been involved with primary and secondary data collected from the community, government, and NGO officials. To conduct the survey for the research, the total sample size was 100. From the study, different climate vulnerabilities like 38% cyclone, 46% river-bank erosion, 41% flood, 36% seasonal change are severely noticed and 43% moderate condition of drought affects the socio-economic conditions. 84% of people faced problems in crop production and 75% changed their lifestyle due to irregular events. Consequently, most poor families experienced food insecurity, health problems, water shortage, and hygiene problems. Damaged infrastructure also hampered earnings and production. People try to control the situations and approve a diversity of options and technologies to adapt to the climate change impacts in the area. The government and different NGOs actively perform adaptation practices for building disaster resiliency. Union Disaster Management Committee serves resilience activities such as disseminating early warnings among the community during cyclones. NGOs help to build cooperative agricultural farms and inspire local people to engage in aforestation, balancing the local climate. Using developed seeds of vegetables and food crops, changing cropping patterns, using organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility instead of chemical fertilizers, and irrigating vegetables and some crops for increasing productivity. The community people in the study area recommended increasing climate-resilient activities through community participation and enhancement of their capacity.
50 Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens from Five Flowering Plants in Jashore Region of Bangladesh , Shahidur Rahman1,2, Md. Khasrul Alam1,2*, Sabbir Ahmed1, Md. Mosharraf Hossen1, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal2, and Md. Rezuanul Islam1 Bangladesh is a great market for the flower trade. It produces a lot of different types of flowers as well as imports from neighboring countries which cost 3 million BDT currencies every year. The Jashore district of plants viz. Gladiolus, Gerbera, Rose, Tuberose and Marigold. The infected part of the plant samples was collected from five separate flower gardens. The precisely prepared infected sample was cultured on Potato Dextrose Aga media at 28ºC in an incubator for 48 hours and sub-cultured several times of each sample of distinct features to get a fresh culture of fungal pathogens. The isolates were identified based on their morphological features of the colony and observation of mycelia structure. The infection by fungal pathogens is considered a great barrier to flower cultivation. Therefore, the present study was attempted to the isolation infecting fungal pathogen from five different flowering crystal violet dyes to analyze the spore structure, the shape of the tips, conidial structure, and we identified three different types of fungus from five flowering plants Aspergillus niger identified from gerbera and rose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (pinkish) from tuberose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (whitish) from gladiolus and Alternaria alternate from marigold. This study has provided the primary alarm of fungal infection by following a less expensive technique. This study will be helpful to identify and management of phyto-pathogen for floriculture.
51 Survey of Phyllosphere & Endophyte Mycoflora Isolated from Adhatoda vasica Nees and Estimation of Some Secondary Metabolites , Riya Bhattacharya and Subrata Mitra Isolation and enumeration of phyllospheric and endophytic fungal diversity were carried out from the medicinal plant, Adhatoda vasica Nees. Occurrence of phyllosphere fungi shows a total number of 3 fungal species (Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides). A total number of 4 (Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Mycelia sterilia1 and Aspergillus niger) and 3 (Alternaria alternata, Mycelia sterilia 2 and Penicillium sp.) fungi were isolated from leaf and stem respectively. Alternaria alternata shows to be the highest colonizer in leaf which was followed by Curvularia lunata. Mycelia sterilia 2 represented highest colonization frequency in stem. Production of total phenol, and antagonistic activity were carried out with the dominant endophytic isolates from leaf and stem. Alternaria alternata shows the highest production of phenol and highest extent of antioxidant activity. The dominant isolates failed to show any antagonistic activity against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The presence of some phytochemical compounds, available in Adhatoda vasica, was also tested qualitatively in the vegetative body of the dominant endophytic isolates.
52 Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and its Effects on Health from Mongla City with Surrounding Area of Bangladesh , Raman Kumar Biswas, Shubho Ghosh, Al Shanta Islam, Farjana Akhtar Roshni, and Roshnai ABSTRACT Mongla City in the southern part of Bangladesh is facing problems with the scarcity of suitable drinking water. The present study is to identify the suitability of the geochemical property of groundwater for drinking purposes. The water samples from 24 Tub-wells, Tab water, and other drinking water sources have been collected. The main purpose is to assess the groundwater arsenic and salinity hazard in Mongla City and its surrounding area. The pH value of drinking water in the study area ranges from 6.7 to 7.38 with an average value of 7.09, which is within the permissible limit for drinking uses. The TDS values range from 95.96-to 1365.60 mg/l. The EC and TDS values fall within the drinking water quality standard. According to WHO, the Arsenic contamination ranges between 0 ppb – 335 ppb which is within the permissible range of the Bangladesh Arsenic Standard (<50ppb). All the Cations and Anions are within the permissible limit of the drinking uses except the Na+ concentration is slightly higher with an average value being 203.36 mg/l. The people in the Rampal area get safe drinking water within 50m far away from their house and some are very near to their houses. Mongla city is located very near to the coaster hence few deep tubes are well found and high salinity intrusion is unsuitable for drinking purposes, Most of the time, they had to buy safe drinking water from NGOs or GO controlled companies. Very few people use Tap water and pond water for drinking purposes. The Groundwater of the study area is slight to moderate and suitable for drinking purposes in terms of salinity hazards and arsenic concentration is within the acceptable range. Hence, it can be concluded that groundwater o Mongla city and the surrounding area are good for health.
53 The Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from Clinical Specimens in University Teaching Hospital, Mohammed Toyeeb. O1, Tasnim Ahmad2&5, K.M. Shafi3, D M Nurul Amin Utpal4, and Md. Mosharraf Hossen2 1Dept. of Medical laboratory sciences Alhikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2Dept. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Physiotherapy, Evercare Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Biotech Lab, Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Correspondence: tasnimbtge@gmail.com (Tasnim Ahmad, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The genus Acinetobacter currently contains 34 species, the vast majority of which are not regularly implicated in causing infection. However, Carbapenems have long been thought of as the agents of choice for serious Acinetobacter baumannii infections. The objective of this study is to determine the Antibiotics susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from clinical specimen University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. The descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted in UITH located in North Central Nigeria. 10 strains of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from clinical samples between February to July 2018. The isolated strains were identified using standard microbiological methods, API20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Modified Kirby Bauer method with the organism tested against Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Streptomycin, Perfloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin. Most of the antibiotics used in this study are mostly multi-drug resistant. Amoxicillin (100%), Cefixime, Amoxicillin Clavulanate (100%), Cefuroxime (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) but 80% are susceptible to Imipenem. Carbapenems are the best antibiotic treatment option for infections arising from these organisms although a coordinated rational usage is desired along with a functional antibiotic prescription policy to avoid treatment failures. Continuous monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to strengthen infection control policies.
54 The Role of Agroforestry in Ecosystem Maintenance and Climate Change Regulation: A Review, Siraj Shekmohammed1, Fahmina Mahmud2, Md. Asaduzzaman3, Umma Hany4, and Md. Mahbub Morshed2 1East Hararghe, Meta Agricultural Office, Africa Center of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Bangladesh; and 4Dept. of Agriculture Rabindra Maitree University, Bangladesh. Correspondence: ummavabna181@gmail.com (Umma Hany, Lecturer, Dept. of Agriculture Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Agro forestry systems are believed to provide several ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agro forestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This paper aimed to provide empirical information on the role of agro forestry in ecosystem maintenance and climate change adaptation and mitigation provided by agro forestry. Agro forestry has played a greater role in the maintenance of the ecosystem and mitigation of CO2 than monocropping and open cereal-based agriculture but less than natural forest. Agro forestry is important for preserving biodiversity, CO2 sequestration, and adapting to climate change. CO2 sequestration through above and ground biomass, offsetting CO2 emission from deforestation and microclimate modification are major climate change mitigation effects. Provision of numerous ecosystem services such as food, fodder, and fuel wood, income source, and enhancing soil productivity help the community to sustain changing climate effects. Hence, considerable attention needs to be given to agro forestry to contribute considerable benefit to the maintenance of the ecosystem, and climate change mitigation and adaptation next to a forest.
55 The Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from Clinical Specimens in University Teaching Hospital, Mohammed Toyeeb. O1, Tasnim Ahmad2&5, K.M. Shafi3, D M Nurul Amin Utpal4, and Md. Mosharraf Hossen2 1Dept. of Medical laboratory sciences Alhikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2Dept. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Physiotherapy, Evercare Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Biotech Lab, Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Correspondence: tasnimbtge@gmail.com (Tasnim Ahmad, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The genus Acinetobacter currently contains 34 species, the vast majority of which are not regularly implicated in causing infection. However, Carbapenems have long been thought of as the agents of choice for serious Acinetobacter baumannii infections. The objective of this study is to determine the Antibiotics susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from clinical specimen University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. The descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted in UITH located in North Central Nigeria. 10 strains of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from clinical samples between February to July 2018. The isolated strains were identified using standard microbiological methods, API20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Modified Kirby Bauer method with the organism tested against Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Streptomycin, Perfloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin. Most of the antibiotics used in this study are mostly multi-drug resistant. Amoxicillin (100%), Cefixime, Amoxicillin Clavulanate (100%), Cefuroxime (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) but 80% are susceptible to Imipenem. Carbapenems are the best antibiotic treatment option for infections arising from these organisms although a coordinated rational usage is desired along with a functional antibiotic prescription policy to avoid treatment failures. Continuous monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to strengthen infection control policies.

1 Assessment and Biomonitoring of the Effect of Rapeseeds Oil on Wister Rat Organs , Imdadul Haque Sharif1, Saheda Tamanna2, Md. Golam Mosaib3, Nasrin Tamanna1, Md. Anwarul Haque1, Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, and Md Ekhlas Uddin3 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; and 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Bangladesh Correspondence: sharifbtge07@gmail.com Rapeseed oil is one of the important and cheapest vegetable oil in Bangladesh and many other countries. It is commonly used as cooking oil in Bangladesh particularly in rural areas and also used as other food items. This study evaluated the physiological effects of four type’s rapeseeds namely Mustard (Wild), Mustard (hybrid), Rai (Wild), Rai (hybrid) oil on six strains of bacteria in addition to studying the effects of two varieties of rapeseeds oil Mustard (Wild) and Rai (hybrid) oil on Wistar rat’s organs including liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscles. Firstly, we examined the effects of these Rapeseeds oil on bacteria and found that these Rapeseeds oils possess antibacterial activities. Six bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, S. lutea, X. campestris, E. coli, K. Pneumonia, P. denitrificans was used to test the effect of these rapeseeds oil and observed that rapeseed oil showed inhibition against tested microorganisms in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the effects of oil obtained from these two varieties were investigated after feeding rats for 8 weeks. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, each group contains 4 rats. Group A was considered as a control diet group, while Group B was a mustard (Wild) oil group and Group C was the Rai (hybrid) oil group. Group A was containing 0.6gram oil plus 14.4gm diet. We found that rats of both experimental groups exhibit weight loss, reduction of food efficiency ratio, and increase cardiac and hepatic enzymes including CK-MB, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT compared to the rats fed a controlled diet. Furthermore, we also found that the body weight loss, food efficiency ratio markedly decreased, and tested enzymes increased in rats fed Mustard (Wild) oil compared to rat fed Rai (hybrid) oil.
2 Study on Ambient Particulate Matter (PM2.5) with Different Mode of Transportation in Dhaka City, Bangladesh , Md. Maruf Hossain1, Ahmad Kamruzzaman Majumder2, Mahmuda Islam3, and Abdullah Al Nayeem4 1Program Manager, Work for a Better Bangladesh Trust (WBBT); 2Founder and President, Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh; 3Senior Lecturer, Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh; and 4Research Assistant, Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh Corresponding: kamrul_sub@hotmail.com Air pollution is considered a threat to the environment in developing countries. This study aims to quantify the concentration of PM2.5 in relation to the mode of transportation in the different areas of Dhaka city. For this, the concentration of PM2.5 was measured in ambient air with Ecotech Mini 2.5 Sampler and a traffic volume survey was conducted in 12 sites across the city in August 2017. The study found that PM2.5 concentrations in mixed and motorized areas were on average higher than non-motorized and vehicle-free areas. The maximum concentration of PM2.5 was found in Mirpur-10 (172.2 µg/m3) while minimum concentration was in B.C. das street (40 µg/m3). This study concluded that increasing the number of vehicles is one of the major sources of pollution of air in Dhaka city. Hence, a well-developed public transportation service instead of a private car may contribute to reducing air pollution in Dhaka city.
3 Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella spp from Locally Isolated Egg Samples , Md. Atikur Rahman, Azizul Haque, Tasnim Ahmad, Shahriar Mahmud, Shaharuq Nahid Sohana, Md. Rajib Hossain, Nirmal Chandra Barman, Md Badiruzzaman, Tofajjal Hossain, Md. Sherajul Haque, Md. Ekhlas Uddin, and Rokeya Ahmed Salmonella has been found to be the major foodborne disease in the world with a serious public health problem. The presence of any serotype of Salmonella in food under that food unfit for human consumption. Poultry eggs are considered as major sources for these pathogenic microorganisms. The current study was carried out to isolate and identify the Salmonella spp from egg samples collected from different retailer markets and farms of the Savar area, Bangladesh. Antibiotic susceptibility test was also done to determine the resistance pattern. A total of 50 poultry eggs were examined. Salmonella spp were isolated by culturing on the selective plate and characterized by biochemical tests. In the present study, the average prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 100% from the outer surface of eggs and 20% from eggs yolk. All identified isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to six commonly used antimicrobials by the disk diffusion technique. The highest percentage of resistance (60%) was found in Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Tetracycline. Salmonella isolated from egg surface were found more antibiotic-resistant than that of egg yolk. The present study suggests that poultry eggs are a potential reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella.
4 Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on the Growth and High Yield of Heat Tolerant Tomato Variety (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) , Syed Moazzem Hossain1, Chinmoy Sarker 2, and Sarif Mahmud3 1National Food Safety Consultant-Horticulture, FAO of the UN, Bangladesh; 2Department of Food Technology & Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and 3National Consultant Food Safety Analyst, FAO Bangladesh. Correspondence: moazzem144@gmail.com An investigation was undertaken with a view to observing the performance of two heat-tolerant varieties of tomato under polytunnel with and without plant growth regulator application during the summer rainy season. The present study was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Two heat-tolerant tomato varieties Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Tomato-4, and BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with and without plant growth regulator applications were included in this experiment. The larger fruit set percentage (42.52%) was observed from BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 which was also larger in case of pollen viability (42.75%), the figure of fruits every cluster (3.01), the figure of fruits every plant (12.70), and yield every plant (460 g). The better yield was showed in spraying of 4-CPA at 40 ppm concentration in respect of percent fruit set (45.38%), the figure of fruits every plant (16.45), and yield (39.39 t/ha) under high-temperature condition. In integrate treatment, BARI Hybrid Tomato-4 with 40 ppm 4-CPA performed a significant role in the figure of fruits every cluster (3.41), the figure of fruits every plant (22.48), the figure of fruits every plot (144.00), yield every plant (621.68 g), yield every plot (15.23 kg) and above all fruit yield (50.57 t/ha). This indicates that there is a bright scope of tomato production during summer through with and without plant yield regulator application, though the application of plant growth regulator had a positive impact on tomato yield.
5 Dengue and Recent Mosquito-borne Viral Fever Outbreak in Bangladesh: Concern, Causes and Control , Shazeed-Ul-Karim1, 2* 1Dept. of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh; and 2Center for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: shazeed0412@gmail.com Bangladesh is struggling with dreadful outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases for the past few years. Disease Control Division of Directorate General (DG) of Health Service considered the capital of Bangladesh as the breeding ground for mosquitos. The recent incidence of Dengue and Chikungunya outbreaks have surpassed all past records of the outbreak. Thus, the country is witnessing an elevated rate of viral fever incidence alarmingly. Though symptoms of mosquito-borne viral infection are very typical, the recent incidence of fatalities is growing great public health concern. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends practical control measures to minimize the breeding within the community of Bangladesh. The actions of Kolkata City Corporation to control Dengue are also suggestive for Bangladesh. There is no medication to treat Dengue, and Chikungunya infection, but initial recognition and apposite medical care can reduce the death threat.
6 Physico-chemical Characterization of Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake Water Quality Parameters in Chittagong, Bangladesh , Md. Rubel1, Didarul Alam Chowdhury1, Mohammad Jamal Uddin Ahmed1, and Mohammad Helal Uddin2 1Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; and 2Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rubelcu90@gmail.com In order to protect the quality of the environment and human health, freshwater assets are tremendously important in various ways. To ensure the freshwater resources in the Chittagong region of Bangladesh, we have studied the water quality parameters of Kaptai and Foy’s Lake. This research has done based on the essential surface water standard parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, TS, EC, hardness, turbidity, salinity, total alkalinity, total acidity, SO42-, PO43-, NO3--N, NO2-, CO2, and most of the heavy and toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) of two lakes namely Foy’s (Chittagong) and Kaptai (Rangamati) Lakes in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The statistical approaches to sampling were utilized for collecting samples. The samples were assembled from ten different locations of each lake. Samples were conserved using a satisfactory preservation procedure. Water samples from the surface-water assets were collected from various locations, and tide conditions and at various seasons for continual monitoring during the hydrological years 2014-2015. The results showed that Kaptai Lake and Foy’s Lake all physicochemical parameters are within the permissible limit of WHO guidelines. The results also supplied data to view, and quantify the enemy of the impact of climate alter on freshwater resources of this region. The outcomes further showed data for water quality of surface-water resources of greater Chittagong zone to match national and international quality for drinking, agricultural, manufacture, and livestock requirements. A strategic water quality management plan has been proposed.
7 Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Cassia obtusifolia L. (Chakunda) Leaf Extract on Selected Pathogenic Microbes , Mehadi Hasan Rony1, Md. Abu Sayeed Imran1, Rabiul Islam1, Faisal Ahmed2, Bushra Binte Zaker3, Pinki Akter4, Md. Golam Mosaib5, Rintu Kumar Sarker1, and Md. Ramjan Sheikh5 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: ronymehadi@gmail.com Pathogenic microorganisms are major health concerns of infectious diseases. In the present study ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Cassia obtusifolia leaves from Kushtia region (Bangladesh) were subjected to evaluate the in vitro microbial activity against six important human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis (001-1), Sarcina lutea (002-1), Xanthomonas campestris (004-1), Escherichia coli (005-1), Klebsiella pneumonia (006-1) and Pseudomonas sp. (010-1) employing disc diffusion method. The crude methanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced a maximum area of inhibition (14 mm) against S. lutea (002-1) and crude ethanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced the largest area of inhibition (11 mm) against K. pneumonia (006-1). The MIC values (256 μg/ml, 512 μg/ml) were obtained from the methanolic isolate and ethanolic extract that produced 4 mm and 3 mm area of inhibition against S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). The methanol extract showed greater activity than ethanol extract. The most susceptible bacterial strains to ethanol and methanol extracts were S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). So, it may be possible that the production of a new antibiotic from C. obtusifolia L. leaf may be recommended for meningitis and pneumonia. The findings of this research suggest that the extracts of C. obtusifolia L. can be a source of natural antibacterial agents with pivotal applications in pharmaceutical companies to control pathogenic bacteria causing severe illness in humans.
8 Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Impact of Socio-economic Factors, Food Intake and Micronutrient Supplementation , Mohammad Abul Bashar1, AKM Rezaul Haque1, and Rahnuma Rahman1 1Department of Community Medicine, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh Correspondence: drabashar@gmail.com Anaemia during pregnancy is a major health problem throughout the world. The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy is 41.8% globally and 46% in Bangladesh. It affects both the mother and the baby simultaneously. Women often become anaemic during pregnancy because the demand for iron is increased due to the physiological need for pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Savar Gonoshasthaya Kendra project area in Dhaka district. Ninety-Five pregnant women of different gestational ages were selected purposively. Haemoglobin level was estimated by cyanomeath haemoglobin method in the laboratory of Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College Hospital, Savar. Among 95 pregnant women, 41.1% was in 20-24 years age group. The mean age of the respondents was 23.74 years. In terms of socio-economic status, 54.7% of the respondents came from a lower-middle-class family. 7.4% of the respondents had no formal education, 54.7% had primary level education and only 6.3% had higher education. Maximum of the respondents (88.4%) were housewife. This study revealed that the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 51.6%. Among 51.6 % of the anaemic respondents, 23.2% were mildly anaemic, 26.3% were moderately anaemic and 2.1% were severely anaemic.
9 Determination of Optimum Survivability Factors of Highly Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae 01 Serogroup-Specific Bacteriophage JSF4Ï• , Mohammod Johirul Islam1, Titash Chandra Sarker1, Ruksana Akter Jebin1, Farjana Yasmin1, Mousumi Khatun1, Md. Ashraful Islam1, Sadia Binte Ramzan1, Fahim Alam Nobel1, Sharmin Akter1, Monira Islam1, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan1, Mst. Mahmuda Khatun1, Shahnaz Yesmin1, Saima Sabrina1, Marina Khatun1, Abdullah Al Mamun1, Md. Khairul Islam1, Mohammad Asaduzzaman2, Keshob Chandra Das3, Mohammed Badrul Amin4, and Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin5 1Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Bangladesh; 4Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences, and Services Division, ICDDR,B, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division, ICDDR,B, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh Correspondence: johir75@yahoo.com Cholera is severe watery diarrhea caused by pathogenic V. cholerae 01 or 0139 serogroups. In each year, 2.9 million people are affected by cholera worldwide and 95000 deaths occur from the disease annually. In Bangladesh, around 100000 people are affected by this disease and approximately 4500 deaths occur each year. In this study, a novel V. cholerae 01 serogroup-specific bacteriophage JSF4Ï• was used. This phage was able to lyse both the clinical and environmental pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains and one of our previous studies demonstrated that the seasonal outbreaks of cholera caused by V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains in Bangladesh are mostly regulated by this bacteriophage. In this current study, we determined the optimum survivability factors of JSF4Ï• bacteriophages. This study showed that the temperature 2500C, pH 7, and normal saline are the optimal survivability factors for JSF4Ï• bacteriophages because, at these conditions, we have got the maximum number of plaque-forming units (PFU/mL) of these bacteriophages. This study also showed that the JSF4Ï• bacteriophages can survive at a wide range of temperature, pH, and salinity. So, the study presented here may have an impact on the controlling of cholera epidemics caused by environmental and clinical pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains if we can use JSF4Ï• bacteriophages as a biocontrol agent. This study may also have profound implications for future studies of JSF4Ï• bacteriophages as a good food additive or in phage therapy for its efficient lysing capacity against the pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains.
10 Meteorological Influences on Seasonal Variations of Air Pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5, and PM10) in the Dhaka Megacity , Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque1, Zisan Ashraf1, Md. Humayun Kabir1, Md. Eusuf Sarker1, and Sumaya Nasrin1 1Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh Corresponding author: huqmbstu@gmail.com The study was conducted to evaluate the meteorological influences on seasonal variations of air pollutants load in Dhaka city. In this study, we collect air quality data from Darus-salam Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) and were analyzed to find out their seasonal trends and relation with meteorological parameters. The highest concentration of the major air pollutants showed high values in the dry season (October-April) (SO2=23.45 ppb, NO2=55.33 ppb, O3=11.17 ppb, CO=3.66ppb, PM2.5=125.66 µg/m3, PM10=219 µg/m3) than those of the wet season (May-September) (SO2=10.26 ppb, NO2=16.36 ppb, O3=2.40 ppb, CO=1.23 ppb, PM2.5=39.65 µg/m3, PM10=76.5 µg/m3). These results indicate that higher pollutants load in winter are associated with large scale polluted air transported from the brick kilns situated in the northern surrounds of the observing station which are also related to lower boundary atmospheric heights during winter. However, a reverse relation between rainfall and atmospheric pollution load throughout the wet season was observed. This finding revealed that the lowest concentration levels of pollutants during the wet season are associated with their atmospheric wash out by precipitation. A strong correlation (R2=0.742) was observed between CO and O3 during the study, which indicates the huge production of an oxidant with increasing CO concentration. Interestingly, O3 showed a positive correlation with NO2 (R2=0.391). This result may indicate that NO2 is the important precursors of O3 in this study. Similarly, CO and NO2 showed good correlation (R2=0.68), indicating that both NO2 and CO are produced from similar pathways of photochemical oxidation of VOC. However, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations showed decreasing trends with the onset of monsoon, indicating washout of atmospheric dust load through rainfall during the wet season.
11 Enhancement of Characteristics and Potential Applications of Amylases: A Brief Review , Saptadip Samanta* Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. *Correspondence: saptadip174@gmail.com Starch is the major storage carbohydrate of plant products. Amylases are the group of enzymes hydrolyzes starch and related polymers to smaller oligosaccharides and less amount of monosaccharide. Microbes are the major sources of amylases, exploited for large scale production in different industries. Recently, protein engineering has been applied to improve the structural and physicochemical properties of the enzyme for its potential applications. Amylases are mostly used for liquefaction of starch in the purpose of glucose, maltose, and high fructose containing syrup preparation, malto-oligosaccharides production, desizing, production of bio-fuel, detergent preparation, waste management, and preparation of digestive aids.
12 Case Study on the Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 in Aquaculture with its Recommendations , S. M. Rafiquzzaman* Dept. of Fisheries Biology & Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh *Correspondence: rafiquzzaman@bsmrau.edu.bd (Professor, Dept. of Fisheries Biology & Aquatic Environment, BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh) In Bangladesh, the lockdown has been started officially from 26th March 2020 which is actually the most important time for harvesting and summer stocking in the pond. The whole aquaculture production system is now hampering due to pandemic COVID-19 and the value chain in this sector is quite vulnerable. I conducted a wireless survey through cell phone collected information from different stakeholders of different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh to assess the impact of the pandemic situations in the aquaculture sector. Survey results revealed that pandemic COVID-19 has been affected in different areas of the aquaculture sector including reduction of consumption, export order cancellation, reduction in price, delay in summer stocking, lack of technical support, and transport crisis.
13 Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria from Aquaculture Fishes in Pond Water of Bangladesh , Mohammad Zakerin Abedin1, Md. Sadiqur Rahman2, Rubait Hasan3, Jamiatul Husna Shathi4, Laila Jarin5, and Md. Sifat Uz Zaman6 1Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Microbiology, Aqua Laboratory Quality Feeds Limited, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 3&4Dept. of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Microbiology, LabAid Medical Centre Gulshan Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 6Dept. of Microbiology, Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zakerin.du2016@gmail.com (Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Bangladesh) Bacterial diseases are widespread and can be of particular importance in the fish farming of Bangladesh. This investigation was done to assess and compare the bacteria diversities and population in local fresh water pond fishes. Out of 95 samples, 54(56.9%) were Shing (Heteropneustes fossils), 14(14.7%) were Pangas (Pangasius pangasius), 9(9.5%) were Pabda (Ompok spp), 7(7.3%) were Thai Koi, (Anabas testudineus), and 11(11.6%) were others infected fishes such as Shol (Channa striata), Magur (Clarias spp), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Tengara (Mystus cavasius) fishes. Among 95 infected fishes 84(88.4%) were infected with pathogenic bacteria and 11(11.6%) were normal flora. There were eight types of different isolated spp with the frequency of occurrence were 36 (42.9%) Aeromonas spp, 15 (17.9%) Pseudomonas spp, 7(8.3%) Vibrio spp, 9 (10.7%) Staphylococcus spp, 7(8.3%) Flavobacterium spp, 7(8.3%) Edwardsiella spp, others were 3(3.6%) Citobacter spp, and Enterobacter spp respectively. All of the isolated pathogenic bacteria showed 84/84(100%) resistant to Amoxicillin and 18/84(64.3%) resistant to Erythromycin. All the strains showed sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Enorfloxacin, Doxyciline, Clotetracycline, and Colistin with the frequency of occurrence were 78/84(92.8%), 76/84 (90.5%), 73/84(86.9%), 67/84(67.9%), 53/84(63.1%) and 52/84(61.9%) respectively. The physiochemical characteristics of 95 pond water samples were analyzed; the average water temperature, pH, and ammonia were 27.3oC, 7.6, and 0.87mg/L respectively. The significant variation in the physiochemical parameters like water temperature, pH, ammonia was observed within these five types of ponds water. Hence, it is important to detect fish diseases, responsible pathogens, and other agents for the protection of our water resources.
14 The Impact of Employee Turnover on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Mada Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia , Dejene Taye1* and Bamlaku Getnet2 1&2Department of Environmental Science, School of Natural Science, Madawalabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: dejene.taye@mwu.edu.et This research focuses on the impact of staff turnover on organizational effectiveness and performance in Mada Walabu University. High staff turnover rates may jeopardize efforts to attain organizational objectives. In addition, when an organization loses a critical employee, there is a negative impact on innovation, consistency in providing service to primary users may be jeopardized and major delays in the delivery of services to customers may occur. The research design used in this study was the descriptive approach, which allowed the researcher to use semi-structured questionnaires when collecting data. The survey method used in this study because the target population only composed of 425 employees. The study employed Purposive, Simple Random sampling, and Convenience sampling techniques. A high response rate of 100% obtained using the personal method of data collection; questionnaire structured in a 5-point Likert scale format. Furthermore, the study interviewed human resource heads and ten voluntary employees with convenient sampling techniques. The study finding suggests that high labor demand and job opportunities in the market, lack of opportunity for career advancement in the organization, Unsatisfied with the working conditions, and no involvement in decision-making, are the foremost causes of employee turnover on organizational performance. The study finding also showed that staff turnover causes loss of some of the very experienced and skilled employees, reduction in work productivity and quality of services rendered as well as it causes too much wastage of resources when new staff settles and loses public confidence in the operation of the organization. In order to return the reduced university’s capacity in terms of national attrition rates, higher education access targets, quality education assurance, significant community, and technology transfer, and standardized research-based problem-solving culture due to staff turnover.
15 Impact of Climate Change on Animal Production and Expansion of Animal Disease: A Review on Ethiopia Perspective , Wakgari Abirham Haile* College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: bashirabirham@gmail.com Climate change is a result of the global increase in average air and ocean temperatures, and rising average sea levels. Livestock production and health are significantly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on emerging and re-emerging animal diseases and zoonoses since it disrupts natural ecosystems and allows disease-causing pathogens to move into new areas where they may harm wildlife and domestic species, as well as humans. Climate change affects diseases and pest distributions, range prevalence, incidence, and seasonality but the degree of change remains highly uncertain. The occurrence and distribution of vector-borne diseases such as bluetongue, west Nile fever, rift valley fever, African horse sickness, etc. are closely associated with weather patterns and long-term climatic factors strongly influence the incidence of outbreaks. The interaction between animal production and climate change is complex and multi-directional since animal production contributes to climate change; but to the reverse and worse condition, climate change highly affects animal production. Climate change, animal production systems, and animal diseases are strongly linked to each other. But what is worse is that both change in climate and the production systems of animals highly affect the occurrence, distribution, emergence, and re-emergence of animal diseases. The close linkage among climate change, animal production, and disease; the increased threat of climate on the animal production and health sectors needs: the hands of stakeholders in the environment, animal production and health to work in an integrated and systematic manner; researches with emphasis given to the state of climate change and the direct and indirect effects it poses on animal production and health; and ensuring development of sustainable animal farming and land use, and climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.
16 Socioeconomic Factors of Forest Dependency in Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from the Bandarban Hill District of Bangladesh , Morgubatul Jannat1, Mohammed Kamal Hossain1, and Mohammad Main Uddin1&2 1Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh; 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD-4072, Australia. Correspondence: mjruhin@cu.ac.bd Forests provide direct and indirect economic benefits to forest-dependent communities in the world, especially in the developing countries contributing to the national economy. The present study aims with the socioeconomic status and factors favoring forest conservation and influencing people’s dependency on forest resources in the Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh. The study was based on Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and socioeconomic survey through a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that peoples’ income from the forest and forest-related occupations were positively related to their forest dependency. However, respondent’s education level significantly reduced their dependency on forest resources. Thus, educating the forest-dependent people and supporting alternative livelihoods may be an option for effective forest management and conservation. This study represents an important pioneer step in taking a holistic view of the peoples’ dependency on forest resources which might be helpful for policymakers in the future to ensure sustainable forest management and conservation in developing countries like Bangladesh.
17 Molecular Computation and Antibacterial Activity of Cu (II) Complex of Naphthaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone , Md. Ali Asraf1, Dipta Sarker1, Md. Faruk Hossen1, Md. Masuqul Haque1, and Md. Kudrat-E-Zahan1 1Department of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. Correspondence: asraf.chem@ru.ac.bd (Md. Ali Asraf, Associate Professor, Dept. of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh) Copper (II) complex of naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (L) has been synthesized and characterized by melting points, conductance, magnetic, infrared, and ESI-MS spectral measurements in addition to elemental analysis. A tetrahedral structure is suggested for the complex. The antibacterial activities of the complex and ligand were evaluated by the disc diffusion technique. Pure bacteria cultures of Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) were used to check the antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds. Antibacterial activities were compared by measuring the inhibition zone diameter and chloramphenicol was used as a reference. Both the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity in different range against gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity data also show that the Cu(II) complex to be more effective than the parent ligand. Molecular geometry of the complex has been optimized by ChemDraw Ultra 12.0 and then MM2 calculation has been done.
18 Molecular Identification and Characterization of Smartphone Screen Associated Pathogenic Bacteria , Shirmin Islam1, Md. Moniruzzaman1, Md. Joy Pramanik1, Tabassum Jabin1, Mst. Merina Mostari1, Jui Biswas1, Al-Imran1, Md. Salah Uddin1, Md. Abu Saleh1, Shahriar Zaman1 1Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. Correspondence Email: saleh@ru.ac.bd Mobile phone is a device that keeps in contact with our sensitive body parts including faces, hands, nose, ears, and lips, etc. most of the time. Although we know many bad aspects of mobile phones; we are indifferent to its bacterial contamination. Smartphone screen is an endless reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and works as an object in spreading those bacteria. The purpose of the study was to identify pathogenic bacteria from smartphone screen and finding some common causes of bacterial contamination. So, a public survey was conducted among 100 students from the Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi to know the uses pattern of their particular smartphone. Then, for the lab-based work samples were collected from the smartphone screen of the students by sterile swabs moistened with normal saline water. Among the samples, four strains were selected based on bacterial concentration for further analysis. Out of four, two strains were gram-positive and two were gram-negative. Biochemical tests indicated that all of them were pathogenic and the selected gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species.16S-rRNA gene sequencing identified the selected two-gram negative strains as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibiotic sensitivity test referred that all the bacteria were multidrug-resistant and may be dangerous for compromised immune patients.
19 Structure Prediction, Characterization, and Functional Annotation of Uncharacterized Protein BCRIVMBC126_02492 of Bacillus cereus: An In Silico Approach , Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat1and Abul Bashar Ripon Khalipha2,3 1Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh; 3Evergreen Scientific Research Centre, Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Correspondence: asmsaikat.bmb@gmail.com (Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj, Bangladesh). Bacillus cereus is enteropathogenic and widely distributed pathogen in the environment, which is mainly associated with food poisoning. In the intestine, B. cereus produces enterotoxins resulting in diarrhoea, abdominal distress and vomiting, and a range of infections in humans. BCRIVMBC126_02492 is a functional protein of B. cereus, which is related to oxidation glutathione persulfide in the mitochondria, cyanide fixation, and also has a variety of biological functions. Nevertheless, protein BCRIVMBC126_02492 is not explored. Therefore, the structure prediction, functional annotation, and characterization of the protein are proposed in this study. Modeller, Swiss-model, and Phyre2 are used for generating tertiary structures. The structural quality assessment of the protein determined by Ramachandran Plot analysis, Swiss-Model Interactive Workplace, and Verify 3D tools. Furthermore, Z-scores applied to detect the overall tertiary model quality of the protein. A comparison of the results showed that the models generated by Modeller were more suitable than Phyre2 and Swiss Models. This investigation decoded the role of this unexplored protein of B. cereus. Therefore, it can bolster the way for enriching our knowledge for pathogenesis and drug and vaccine targeting opportunities against B. cereus infection.
20 Optimization and Assessment of Different Parameters and Utilizing Food Waste from the College Canteen for Bioethanol Production , Sharif Neaz1, Sayeeda Monira Rahman2, S. M. Rafiq Bapari3, Hasib Uddin Ahmed Chowdhury Rumi4, Abul Kaiser Bhuiyan5, and Sanjay Belowar6 1Dept. of Chemistry, Dhaka Commerce College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Habibullah Bahar College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siddheswari College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Asgar Ali Hospital, 111/1/A Distillery Road, Gandaria, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Biochemistry & Immunology, Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd. Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 6Dept. of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: sharifneaz@gmail.com (Sharif Neaz, Assistant Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Chemistry, Dhaka Commerce College, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Bioethanol production from canteen food wastes not only resolves pollution issues by decreasing food waste management it also meets the requirement of bio-fuels. The development of alternatives to fossil fuels like bio-fuel is appropriate and increasingly urgent with the reduction of resources of fossil fuels and the progressively worsening situation of our atmosphere and natural surroundings. The usage of biofuels is one option to decrease the emission of greenhouse gases in the nearer future. Different promising raw materials have been considered for the production of bio-ethanol throughout the last few decades. Food waste from school and college canteens are increasing environmental problem. Food waste might be considered as an edible and non-toxic waste-derived during food production or consumption system. Food waste generated in canteens is rich in carbohydrate, which comprises 65% of total solids due to its high quantity of starch. Through the use of fermentation technology, this waste can be converted to useful by-products like bio-ethanol. Therefore, the exploitation of hotel and restaurant food waste for bio-ethanol production can absolutely influence both energy and environmental sustainability.
21 Bacteriophage JSF4 can be a Potential Prophylaxis Therapy for Cholera: An Alternative Approach to Antibiotics , Mohammod Johirul Islam1, Mst. Mahmuda Khatun1, Shahnaz Yesmin1, Snapson Ghagra1, Shakibul Hasan1, Fahim Alam Nobel1, Md. Mozibullah1, Md. Sohel1, Md. Roman Mogal1, Md. Amjad Hossain1, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan1, and Md. Khairul Islam1 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. Correspondence: johir75@yahoo.com (Dr. Mohammod Johirul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MBSTU, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh). Cholera remains a major risk in developing countries like Bangladesh, particularly after natural or man-made disasters and becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Effective prevention strategies will be essential in reducing the disease burden of these bacterial infections. Here, we used the specificity and rapid-acting properties of bacteriophages as a potential prophylaxis therapy for cholera, a severely dehydrating disease caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 or 0139 serogroup. In this study, a single bacteriophage, JSF4 specific for V. cholerae 01 serogroup, was used to reduce the severity of cholera therapeutically in the infant mice model. Bacterial counts were decreased up to 106 times in the intestines of bacteriophage-treated animals and increased up to 24 times in the untreated control mice intestines. This is the first report that a single bacteriophage JSF4 might be useful to treat cholera caused by V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains and could be an alternative to antibiotics. In the future, JSF4 bacteriophages may also have profound implications in phage therapy for controlling cholera caused by pathogenic V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains.
22 Drying Effect on Mechanical Properties of Bio-nanocomposite Films Fabricated from Self-assembled Cellulose Nanocrystals into Potato Starch , Mohammad Mamunur Rashid1, Jahidul Islam Sharif1, and Md. Ashaduzzaman1,2* 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; and 2Treasurer, Comilla University, Comilla 3506, Bangladesh. *Corresponding author: azaman01@du.ac.bd Composites films with higher mechanical properties from naturally occurring degradable materials are of present demand to achieve goals of sustainable development. Interaction within composite constituents during drying controls mechanical properties. Here, bio-nanocomposites films were first prepared from cellulose nanocrystals synthesized from jute fibres and extracted potato starch with the same chemical formulations. The filler, nanocrystals consist of nanorod-like cellulose particles obtained as an aqueous suspension by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis of jute fibres and the matrix was prepared by plasticization of potato starch after disruption of starch granules with water and glycerin. Nanocomposite films were obtained by casting the homogeneous aqueous suspension at 95oC and followed by natural drying (atmospheric drying, 25oC) and oven drying at 40oC. The thickness of the bio-nanocomposites film about 250 μm was controlled by using a 2 mm thick structural glass frame. It is revealed that with increasing the percentage of cellulose nanocrystals in composite films, mechanical properties corresponding to tensile strength and Young’s modulus were increased significantly. The film containing the highest quantity of cellulose nanocrystals (20% w/w of starch) revealed better properties in case of natural drying (tensile strength 84.2 MPa, Young’s modulus 0.563 GPa, elongation at break 27%) than the film properties (tensile strength 35.2 MPa, Young’s modulus 0.423 GPa, elongation at break 20%) of oven drying.
23 Arsenic Mitigation Technologies from Ground Water: A Brief Review , Salma Akter Mou1, Md Humayun Kabir1, Sabina Yasmin1, and Shamim Ahmed1* 1Institute of National Analytical and Research Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: shamimchem@yahoo.com (Shamim Ahmed, Principal Scientific Officer, INARS, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Contamination of drinking water due to the presence of as has become a global environmental and socio-economic threat. The appearance of high Arsenic (As) in drinking water causes a serious health issue around the world. Many countries in different parts of the world have reported high arsenic concentrations. Among all groundwater arsenic contamination affected countries, the position of Bangladesh is the worst. Therefore, it is very important to develop affordable and efficient techniques to remove As from drinking water to protect human health. The most used methods are oxidation, coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane technologies. Oxidation is usually used as pretreatment for most of the methods. Coagulation is the most common arsenic mitigation technology in Bangladesh. This technique is effective from pH 6-8. Ion exchange resins can only remove arsenate. Activated alumina beds work best in slightly acidic waters and usually have much longer run times than ion exchange resins. A cost-effective method for mitigation of As from drinking water is the use of low-cost adsorbent. Membrane methods which are more costly than other arsenic mitigation techniques but very effective where very low arsenic levels are required. Providing a safe water source may not possible in some of the arsenic affected regions or sometimes this process becomes very expensive. Mitigation of As from drinking water may be more appropriate in these situations. This paper presents a review of the conventional methods used for mitigation of As from contaminated drinking water.
24 Evaluation of Some Fungicides against Collar Rot Disease of Soybean , Md. Maksuder Rahman1, Mahbuba Kaniz Hasna2, Nahar Shumsun1, Raqibul Hasan1, Md. Nazizul Islam3, Md. Humayun Kabir1, and Mohammad Delwar Hossain1* 1Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; 2Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear in Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and 3Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: delwarmhossain@gmail.com (Dr. Mohammad Delwar Hossain, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Bangladesh). A number of selected fungicides were evaluated to determine their efficacy for controlling collar rot disease of soybean plants caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The experiment was conducted under the controlled condition at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and Field laboratory of BINA, Bangladesh Agricultural University campus from November 2018 to August 2019. In-vitro research was done for the observation of radial mycelial growth of S. rolfsii on potato dextrose agar (PDA), treated with five fungicides viz. Antracol 70 WP (T1), Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP (T2), Secure 600 WG (T3), Bavistin DF (T4), Dithane M-45 (T5), and one non-treated (T0) treatment. The highest percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of S. rolfsii in PDA medium was recorded in treatment T5 (Dithane M-45) 100% and lowest in treatment T3 (Secure 600 WG) 37.33% at 6 days after inoculation. Then the selected five fungicides were again applied to pot under controlled conditions to observe the best effect of selected fungicides against collar rot pathogen of soybean plants. The inoculation was done on a variety of BINA soybean 4 in pot condition. The highest mortality percent for the collar rot disease was found in treatment T0 (controlled) 100% soybean plants conversely, the lowest mortality percent was found in treatment T5 (Dithane M-45) 27.28% besides 38.92% in T2 (Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP), 43.42% in T1 (Antracol 70 WP), 46.18% in T3 (Secure 600 WG) and 50.00% in treatment T4 (Bavistin DF) respectively. Thus, Dithane M-45 was found superior in controlling collar rot pathogen S. rolfsii of Soybean over all other fungicides tested in both in vitro and in vivo.
25 Decolorization and Degradation of Reactive Blue Dye Used in Jute and Textile Industries by a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Tahmina1, Sharmin Akter2, Tahnin Bintay Kamal3, and Mahmuda Khatun4 1Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Textile Physics Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Mechanical Processing Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 4Product Development Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Md. Zobaidul Hossen, Scientific Officer, Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry, BJRI, Dhaka, Bangladesh). For biodegradation of reactive dyes used in jute and textile industries, bacteria were isolated from a dyeing mill effluent. Bacteria having a remarkable ability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye were screened by using dye Reactive Dark Blue WR (RDB-WR). Cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics were observed, and based on these seven isolates having higher decolorizing capability was identified. Among these isolates, one of the prominent dye decolorizing isolates Bacillus sp. was taken for decolorization study. Under different physicochemical conditions, decolorization and degradation capabilities of Bacillus sp. were optimized by using RDB-WR, a dye commonly used in the jute and textile industries. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mg L-1 of RDB-WR. Bacillus sp. showed significant decolorization approximately 86% at 200 mg L-1 of RDB-WR after 96 h of incubation. Optimum degradation of dye was achieved at 37 °C. Maximum decolorization was observed at pH 7.0 under static conditions. The study confirmed the potential of Bacillus in the biodegradation of Reactive Dark Blue WR. This bacterial isolate might be prospective in the biological treatment of dyeing mill effluents due to the high extent of decolorization.
26 Jute Fibre: A Suitable Alternative to Wood Fibre for Paper and Pulp Production , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Tahmina1, Sharmin Akter2, and Md. Anisur Rahman Dayan2 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh; and 2Textile Physics Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh). Cellulose is the most common of all naturally occurring organic compounds belonging to the carbohydrate group. It makes up at least one-third of all the vegetable matters in the world. Virgin soft and hardwoods used as the main source of cellulose for raw materials of paper production. These can be replaced by jute plant to a great extend as it is considered as one of the most promising alternatives. Pulp and paper production on a huge amount from jute can increase jute usage and thus a vast quantity of jute will be consumed by a single product which will eventually help revitalize the jute sector of Bangladesh. So the study was conducted to use jute, an alternative to non-wood fibre to get the paper pulp and pulp products like cellulose derivatives through an easily adaptable process. The experimental processes are outlined. The physicomechanical properties of handmade papers are estimated by standard procedure. Maximum whiteness of paper sheet is 76.70%, which is almost similar to offset paper. Basic weight of papers was estimated that ranges from 180 to 340 gsm. The study indicates that these hand-made papers can be used for making eco-friendly paper bags, packaging material which will be a suitable alternative to the non-biodegradable plastic, a cause of ecological and environmental pollution.
27 Review on Health Benefits of Camel Urine: Therapeutics Effects and Potential Impact on Public Health Around East Hararghe District , Feyisa Aliye Gole1 and Abduleziz Jemal Hamido2* 1&2Dept of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: abdulezizj@gmail.com Camel is one of the important livestock species which plays a major role in the pastoral mode of life by fulfilling basic demands of livelihood. Traditionally, camel urine has been used in the treatment of human diseases. With regard to the health benefits of drinking the urine of camels, it has been proven by modern scientific researches. Camel urine has an unusual and unique biochemical composition that contributes to medicinal values. The chemical composition of camel urine showed the presence of purine bases, hypoxanthine, sodium, potassium, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and phosphates. The nano-particles in the camel’s urine can be used to fight cancer. Camel urine has antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Its chemical and organic constituents have also inhibitory properties against fungal growth, human platelets, and parasitic diseases mainly fasciollosis in calves. The healthy status of the liver can be restored through ingestion of diet and minerals in camel urine. Camel urine is used by the camel owners and Bedouins as medicine in different ways. The Bedouin in the Arab desert used to mix camel urine with milk. Recently; the WHO has warned against drinking camel urine due to the modern attempt to limit Outbreaks of Respiratory Syndrome (MRS) in the Middle East. There is no scientific dosage for camel urine to be applied as medicine for different diseases and the ways of camel urine formulation and utilization for the care of patients varies from country to country. Therefore, the purposes of the present review describe the biochemical composition of camel urine will be scientifically extracted and formulated as a therapy rather than drinking raw urine and people’s health impact.
28 Bacterial Degradation of Synthetic Dye by Pseudomonas sp. Obtained from Dyeing Mill Effluent , Md. Zobaidul Hossen1, Selina Akhter1, Taslima Rahman1, Tahmina1, and Mahmuda Khatun2 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh and 2Product Development Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Correspondence: zobaidulgeb@gmail.com (Md. Zobaidul Hossen, Scientific Officer, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh). Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns of today’s world. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, a large number of wastes are generated and discharged into the environment and causing major pollution problems. For obtaining reactive dye decolorizing bacterial isolates, effluent samples were collected from a dyeing mill. From bacterial pure culture, 10 isolates were selected for screening. Screening of these isolates for the capability to decolorize and degrade reactive dye was performed in a nutrient broth medium containing reactive dye. 6 isolates among these bacterial isolates showed dye decolorizing ability within 120 hours of incubation. These isolates were further identified based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. These characteristics indicated that these six bacterial isolates were distributed to the bacterial genus of Bacillus (2 isolates), Pseudomonas (2 isolates), Aeromonas (1 isolate), and Alcaligenes (1 isolate). For the study of dye decolorization and degradation, Reactive Dark Blue dye used in jute and textile industries was chosen. Pseudomonas, a prominent dye decolorizing isolate during screening, was taken for the optimization of different physicochemical parameters. This bacterium decolorized and grew well up to 500 mgL-1 of Reactive Blue dye. Pseudomonas sp. showed noteworthy decolorization of approximately 84% at 200 mgL-1 of dye concentration after 96 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for dye degradation was at 37 °C. The maximum level of decolorization for Pseudomonas sp. was observed at pH 8.0. This isolate showed better decolorization extent under static conditions rather than shaking conditions. This result indicated that the dye had been utilized by this bacterial isolate. It can be concluded that Pseudomonas is a prospective candidate in the biodegradation of Reactive Blue dye and might be useful in bioprocess technology used for the bioremediation of dyeing mill effluents.
29 Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Low-Grade Ores Using Microorganisms: A Brief Review , Kumkum Kar1, Abuzar Roshni2, and Md. Anwar Hossain1* 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh; and 2Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1344, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: anwar@nstu.edu.bd (Md. Anwar Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, NSTU, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh). The demand for metals is ever increasing with the advancement of the industrialized world. But the global reserve high levels of ores are adjacent to decline. However, there exists there is a vast reserve of metals inferior ore, and other subsidiary sources. Low category ores as well as metal recovery conventional strategies such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, etc., require strong and asset inputs that are often environmentally friendly pollution. Accordingly, there is required for the utilization of more coherent technologies to the recuperation of metals. The utilization of microbes to recovery metal ions is considered a unique key optimistic and revolutionary field of environmental biotechnology. The components of this method are disintegrated in an aqueous solution, which provides them more effective in addition, treatment, and convalescence. Recycling giant metals is also very important to prevent pollution and to prevent wastage of sources. Biological means are also used to easily recycle metals from their secondary sources. In this research, various approaches using microbes to recover giant metals from primary (low-grade ore) and secondary (electronic wastes) sources are discussed. Future prospects of utilizing microbes are also granted here.
30 Assessment and Evaluation of the Leaf Extract of Begonia barbata to the Reduction LDL-Cholesterol in Carbamazepine Induced Obese Rats , Md. Ashiqur Rahamn1*, Sifat Ara2, Mohammed Kyokobad Hosain3, and Bushra Rahman2 Scientific endeavor has made it possible to discover and synthesize lipid-lowering drugs but, in most cases, their beneficial effects are overshadowed by their adverse effects. Hence, research interest in the screening of medicinal plants has intensified in recent years with a view of discovering potential antioxidants, lipid, and glucose-lowering phytochemicals. Four-month feeding of carbamazepine (both 5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg body weight) with a normal diet increased the body mass of rats. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was increased based on the oral execution of carbamazepine. But high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and weight of the liver increased slightly and the level of triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) level remain unchanged. Nonetheless, the Begonia barbata feeding with a normal diet reduced carbamazepine-induced obesity at both high and low doses. The level of LDL cholesterol and liver weight was significantly decreased due to the oral execution of B. barbata together with normal diet and carbamazepine, where HDL level was changed but not significantly.
31 Patterns of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Uropathogens Detection in Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh , Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed1,2, S.M. Ali. Hasan3, Nusrat Akhtar Juyee4, Md. Shahidul Islam5, and Mohammad Zakerin Abedin1* 1Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Siragjanj, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital, Siragjanj, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Gastroenterology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: zakerin.du2016@gmail.com (Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, Assistant Professor and Head, Dept. of Microbiology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajganj, Bangladesh). It is a great concern that extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL uropathogenic micro-organisms have been worldwide illustrated to increase multidrug resistance. To study the prevalence and patterns of uropathogens, and antimicrobial susceptibilities profiles of ESBL and non-ESBL producing bacterial infection in a tertiary level health service center of Bangladesh. The prevalence of ESBL producing uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified in 176 isolates from patients with UTI. ESBL and non-ESBL producing bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns were distinguished from the 176 patients of suspected urinary tract infection. The Double-disc diffusion test was done to determine the presence of ESBL-producing bacterial strains. The most widely ESBL positive uropathogen was Escherichia coli (87%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (6.8%), Enterococcus spp. (3.4%), Acinetobacter spp. (2.5%) and non-ESBL positive E. coli (41.4), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.3%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.2%). The current investigation found most frequently Escherichia coli in both ESBL and non-ESBL uropathogenic groups as 87% and 41.4% respectively. Generally, a large number of antibiotic resistance patterns and ESBL producing common bacterial isolates were found in this study which increases the public health problem. Therefore, for safe human life, we ought to be taking appropriate action against the threat.
32 Potassium Fractions and Rice Yield in Different Agro-ecological Zones of Bangladesh , M.R. Karim1, Majharul Islam2, Md. Saikat Hossain Bhuiyan3, Sushan Chowhan4, Md. Mahmudul Hassan Arif Sardar5, and J. A. Mian6 1Project Development Unit, Bangladesh Tea Board, Chittagong, Bangladesh; 2Soil Science Division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 3Plant Breeding division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 4Adaptive Research and Extension Division, BINA, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh; 5A R Malik Seeds Pvt. Ltd, Bangladesh; and 6Soil Science Department, BAU, Mymenshingh, Bangladesh. Correspondence: m.islambau03@gmail.com (Majharul Islam, Scientific Officer, Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture [BINA], Mymenshingh, Bangladesh). Response of Potassium (K) is boosted due to the introduction of high-yielding varieties and cropping intensity. So, a pot experiment was done to see the allocation of native and added K in soils and the response of this on rice. Seven soil samples from seven AEZs. An amount of 1-kilogram soil was taken in each of 28 earthen pots of which 14 pots for cultivation rice and 14 pots for without cultivation as a control. Potassium and other fertilizers applied as follows Fertilizer Recommendation Guide-1012. Two replicate plots were used per treatment. Then the soils were saturated with water so that the soils could be soaked well. The pots were kept in this condition for one day to allow the soils to settle in the pots properly. The rice variety used for the experiment was BRRI dhan28. All forms of K were found to remarkable decrease due to cultivation. The depleted non-exchangeable K sum was the largest, this was followed by exchangeable and then, in control plots, water-soluble K. The depleted amount of exchangeable and non-exchangeable K was almost similar but higher than water-soluble K in treated pots. A significant variation was found among the yields ranging from 3.77 to 5.48 g pot-1. The average dry matter yield of treated pots 4.75 g pot-1 was significantly higher than non-treated pots 3.10 g pot-1.
33 A Brief Review on the Prevalence, Diagnosis Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis , Wakgari Abirham Haile1* and Tilahun Ayano2 1&2Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: bashirabirham@gmail.com (Wakgari Abirham Haile, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia). This review study is aimed to provide information about the IBK which results in ocular pain and loss of vision that would result in the reduction of the market price of the affected animal. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) or ‘pink eye’ is a common and highly contagious ocular disease. The disease is caused by the bacteria family Moraxellaceae, genus Moraxella and species Moraxella bovis. M. bovis is a gram-negative rod. The occurrence and distribution of the disease are worldwide and the persistence of the disease from year to year is by means of infected animals, which can act as carriers. Transmission is unusual in the absence of flies and occurs generally in their presence. A number of factors such as tall grass, weeds, dust, face flies and ultraviolet radiation, and other stress factors contribute to the disease occurrence. The pathogenesis of IBK is likely associated with collagenase release from epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Hydrolytic enzymes of M. bovis possess the ability to degrade lipids, mucopolysaccharides, and matrix proteins, which may contribute to corneal ulceration. The first signs of pinkeye are characterized by excessive tearing, blinking, photophobia, and swelling of the eyelids and conjunctiva. As the disease progresses, the ocular discharge becomes purulent. The disease is usually diagnosed with clinical signs like excessive lacrimation and culturing of the bacteria from ocular exudates. IBK is differentially diagnosed from M. bovis, Pasteurella multocida, IBRT, and Thelaziasis. Drugs may be delivered to the eye in several ways: subconjunctival injection, topical application, and systemic administration to treat the diseases. Vaccination and fly control are some of the prevention and control measures. This disease is economically very important which causes severe ocular disorder in cattle which may result in the suffering of the animal from pain and loss of vision thereby economic loss due to bodyweight loss by the stress from pain, inability to feed properly, and the blindness that reduces the price of sale. Therefore, it is recommended that the susceptible cattle should be housed to avoid exposure to UV radiation and the populations of face flies should be controlled to minimize the incidence and transmission of IBK.
34 Functional Authority: A Tool of Decentralizing Corporate Management , Mohammad Lutfar Rahman1, Harwindar Singh2, and Khairir Khalil2 1International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2School of Business, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia. Correspondence: lutfarrahman@iubat.edu (Professor Mohammad Lutfar Rahman, Registrar, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Functional authority is a management term that underscores the need to apply authority by an individual, team to play over an individual, department, division in order for them to follow strict principles, procedures to carry out their work within schedule aiming to make the best outcome according to the standard principle of the organization. Through the functional authority an organization’s mission, vision, objectives, policy, guideline, procedure, principle, cultures are highlighted. Functional authority is bestowed to those persons by the authority to the effect that they will control specific processes, practices, policies, or other matters to carry out managerial functions as per the decision of the company’s policymakers. Delegation of functional authority varies at different types of strategic decisions. First, decisions concerning capital investments are kept more centralized than those concerning the workforce due to the greater number of financial resources and the greater externalities involved in each individual decision. Second, as to decisions concerning investments in capital equipment, the larger the amount of the investments the less likely decentralization. As to decisions concerning a plant’s labor force, decision authority is more likely to be kept centralized if decisions affect other units of the firm and decentralized if they have a larger impact on the plant manager’s activity. In labor relations matter, decentralization is necessary for the implementation of agreements reached after negotiation and are applicable to all units under their one ownership. On the other hand, centralization is necessary in case labor relations are at the bargaining level only. The concept, expressed as the transfer of authority from the center to subordinate ends, is important both for more effective and productive management of the areas outside the center organization in public administration and for strengthening these areas in terms of democracy conception. Because of the increasing interest all over the world in issues such as ensuring service need compliance, the importance of decisions made by the closest unit to the public and the reduction of bureaucratization have made implementation of decentralized systems a necessity in the local regions.
35 Effects of Different Biofertilizer on Soybean (Glycine max) Production , Md. Nazmul Islam1, Shaila Sharmin1, and Mohammed Ataur Rahman2* 1College of Agricultural Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Program on Education for Sustainability Coordinator, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: marahman@iubat.edu (Professor Dr. Mohammed Ataur Rahman, Director, Centre for Global Environmental Culture (CGEC) and Program on Education for Sustainability Coordinator, WWOOF Bangladesh & RCE Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh). The experiment was conducted in the agriculture field of the International University of Business Agricultural and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, from January to June 2017 to find out the effect of different Rhizobium inoculations on soybean production. The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Eight Rhizobium inoculations and one control treatment were used in the study to assess the effect of different biofertilizers on soybean production. The findings of the study showed that Strain Bacteria (SB) 316 inoculant performed better in all aspects of growing parameters and yield components like nodulation, vegetative growth, and yield. However, the control treatment performed lowest in every parameter. As a result of the experiment, it could be concluded that Rhizobium inoculation has a significant effect on vegetative growth, nodulation, and yield component of soybean. The SB 316 inoculant has been found as the most effective Rhizobium inoculation in soybean production.
36 In Vitro Growth of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) via Direct Organogenesis , Kobirul Islam1, 2, Tasnim Ahmed1* and Tarana Sharmin1 1Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Science Complex Building, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh and 2Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: tasnim.ahmed@du.ac.bd (Tasnim Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Science Complex Building, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a crop of increasing importance as a source of seed oil and proteins; nonetheless, the number of studies on sunflower tissue culture is somewhat limited. The development of a competent in vitro direct organogenesis protocol involves important basic steps of regeneration. In our study, chemically sterilized sunflower seeds were planted on induction media, and 52.54 % germination efficiency was found. While the seeds were subjected to regeneration containing 2 mg/L of cytokinin, Benzyl Adenopurine (BAP) as well as 1 mg/L of auxin, Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA); shoot growth was observed with41 % regeneration efficiency. Non-sterilized seeds germinated but showed fungal growth on the surface of media resulting in no regeneration of sunflower plantlet. On the other hand, sterile seeds germinated less with little or no fungal growth leading to successful regeneration. Frequent regeneration of sterile sunflower seeds through direct organogenesis can contribute to enhanced micro-propagation of this plant.
37 Effects of Phytohormone and Regulators on Shoot Tip and Nodal Explants for In Vitro Shoot and Root Clonal Propagation of Vitex negundo L. , Safia Iqbal1,3, A.K.M. Nazmul Huda1, A.N.K. Mamun2, Md. Rezuanul Islam1, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal1, and Md. Rezaul Karim1* 1Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; 2Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Commission, Gonakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh and 3SunUp International School and College, Kushtia 7000, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: rezaulkarim@btge.iu.ac.bd (Md. Rezaul Karim, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh). Medicinal plants are one of the most vital natural resources, but many of them are currently endangered due to habitat loss. Consequently, it is critical to emphasize the importance of using micropropagation techniques for mass propagation of plantlets on a commercial scale, in addition to germplasm conservation and distribution. Nodal explants and shoot tips were expunged from 15 days of the explant by aseptic seedlings, an effective, quick, and better in vitro plant regeneration procedure for Vitex negundo L. has been developed. The recent study was considered to develop an in vitro procedure for the regeneration of V. negundo L., a traditional medicinal plant. Nodal segments and shoot tips were cultivated on MS medium enhanced with numerous plant growth regulators. For multiple shoots and root regeneration, various cytokinins were examined. 6-benzyl-aminopurin (BAP), kinetin (Kin), and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) were all tested as a supplement to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium including auxin phytohormone, such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The furthermost effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of V. negundo has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 minutes. In all treatments, multiple shoots were collected from shoot tips and nodal segments. In MS media added with 2.0mg/l BAP, the most shoots were seen in V. negundo. Furthermore, V. negundo regeneration shoots rooted effectively in half MS containing 1.0 mg/l IBA. Finally, proliferated plantlets were effectively adapted in soil, where they grew normally without morphological anomalies and had a survival rate of 92 percent.
38 Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic , Mehedi Hasan1, Md Nahid Ferdous1, Md. Aminul Islam1, Md. Rajib Hossain1, Md Sohanur Rahman2, Tanveer Ahmed3, and Md. Riajul Islam4 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Advanced Functional Materials, Technical University of Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany; 3Dept. of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Finance and Banking, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalgonj-8100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rajib.esd@bsmrstu.edu.bd (Md. Rajib Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.
39 Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic , Mehedi Hasan1, Md Nahid Ferdous1, Md. Aminul Islam1, Md. Rajib Hossain1, Md Sohanur Rahman2, Tanveer Ahmed3, and Md. Riajul Islam4 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Advanced Functional Materials, Technical University of Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany; 3Dept. of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Finance and Banking, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU), Gopalgonj-8100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rajib.esd@bsmrstu.edu.bd (Md. Rajib Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, BSMRSTU, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.
40 More to Explore; The Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Major Tissue Sources, Known Surface Markers and Its Immunomodulation properties , Kanwal Abbasi1, Samina Iqbal1, Saeeda Bano1, Kausar Siddiqui1, and Lovely Muthiah2 1Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Laboratories Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan; 2Specialist Prosthodontist, Family Care Medical Center, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. Correspondence: kanwalabbasi@yahoo.com (Dr. Kanwal Abbasi, Senior Scientific Officer, Pharmaceutical research center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Karachi, Pakistan). ABSTRACT Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently available for a range of applications and have become a good material for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease therapy. MSCs are self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells with multilineage potential to differentiate into cell types of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, and exert potent immunosuppressive potentials. In the present review, we highlight the currently reported variations in the differentiation potential of MSCs from different tissue sources, the minimal criteria to define MSCs from various tissue environments, and provide a detailed description of MSCs surface markers. Furthermore, MSC's immunomodulatory features secrete cytokines and immune receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue also revisits in detail. We propose that there are likely more sources of MSCs waiting to be discovered. We need to Standardize MSCs characterization by selecting markers for isolation, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-mediated immune modulation, and other functionalities of MSCs should be characterized prior to use in clinical applications.
41 Response of Different Doses of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of KangKong (Ipomoea reptans poir) , Shaila Sharmin1, Rexona Parvin2, and Umme Habiba2 1&2College of Agricultural Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Correspondence: shaila.sharmin@iubat.edu (Dr. Shaila Sharmin, Associate Professor, College of Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT, Dhaka, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field of International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka during the period from August to October 2020 to investigate the response of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans poir). The experiment consisted of four nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. T0: no fertilizer, T1: 60 kg nitrogen fertilizer, T2: 80 kg nitrogen fertilizer, and T3: 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The result revealed that plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, root length per plant, fresh weight of root per plant, dry weight of root per plant, yield per plot and yield per hectare grown under different doses of nitrogen fertilizer viz. control (T0), 60 kg N per hectare (T1), 80 kg N per hectare (T2), showed significant reduction than those grown in 100 kg N per hectare (T3). The experiment was conducted following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The application of different doses of nitrogen significantly influences the growth and yield of Kangkong. The maximum plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, fresh weight per plant, root length was obtained from T3 treatment while the minimum was found from the control treatment (T0) at 60 days after sowing. The highest yield (17.87 t/ha) was performed from the treatment T3 and the lowest yield (11.83t/ha) was obtained from the control treatment where no nitrogen was used.
42 Mitigation of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Mat Type Seedlings Raised for Mechanical Rice Transplanter , Tangina Aktar Tamanna1, Md. Anwar Hossen2, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun3, and A.B.M. Shahed3 1Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna-9100, Bangladesh; 2Farm Machinery and Postharvest Technology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh. Correspondence: rashed.fpm@sau.ac.bd (Dr. Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Professor, Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Cold mitigation mechanism at seedling stage is a primary requirement during Boro season as seedlings are raised during months of November and December. This study was conducted at the Sylhet Agricultural University's Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering lab in Sylhet during the 2018-19 academic year. The focus of this study is to mitigate the biotic and abiotic effect on germination and mat-type seedling growing during the Boro season. A two-factor design with three replications was used in the experiment. As abiotic stress control factors, six treatments were taken under two different thicknesses (0.04 mm and 0.08 mm) of white polythene sheds that covered day time only (12 hours) and day and night time (24 hours). Along with that two fungicides (Atavo and Autostin) and MoP fertilizer were used to control biotic stress on young seedlings raised in a plastic tray. Agronomical characteristics were measured in two intervals (after 15 and 30 days). The combined effect of 0.08 mm thick polythene shed and MoP treatment showed the highest value for seedling height (167.3 mm), a number of leaves (4), leaf length (99.8 mm), stem length (73.5 mm), and seedling density (18/cm2). Fungal infection was found lowest in 0.08 mm polythene covered day and night time. Seedling raised plastic trays are much more effective than the conventional way in terms of germination and quality. So, 0.08 mm thick white polythene was recommended as a covering mechanism and MoP as a treating mechanism for seedlings rising in cold weather of the Sylhet region.
43 Impacts of Rohingya Migration on Surrounding Environment of Ukhiya, Bangladesh , Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque1, Mausumi Rehnuma1, Shihab Uddin1, Sabbir Ahmed1, Md. Eusuf Sarker1 and Gautom Kumar Biswas2 1Dept. of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Environmental Technology, Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. Correspondence: huqmbstu@gmail.com (Dr. Mir Md. Mozammal Hoque, Professor, Dept. of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT This study was conducted at Ukhiya Upazila of Cox’s Bazar district to find out the socio-environmental impacts due to Rohingya refugee's invasion of the study area. Both the quantitative and qualitative tools were used to analyzed data and information, in order to assess these impacts. According to the finding, 3918 acre natural and 1879 acre man-made forest coverage was damaged due to Rohingya refugees sheltering in the study area. This study finds out that 42% of the refugees living in the Kutupalong sheltering area are directly dependent on the forest for cooking wood of 1411 tons/day. Moreover, Rohingya`s are significantly affecting other natural resources including soil, agricultural land, and surface and ground-water of the study area. In fact, they using 18.26 million liters of water per day and the ground-water level has been depleted by 25 meters during the time period of 25 August 2017 to February 2018. Furthermore, ~9000 hectares of farming land with local crops (Boro, Aman, Betel leaf) and fruits had been permanently damaged as impacts of Rohingya migration on the area studied. We measured the noise level surroundings of the Rohingya camps, which was 1.5 times higher than the DoE recommended value for the residential area. Various life-threatening diseases were also identified towards the refugees among them diphtheria was most alarming. Moreover, Rohingya are also involved in various antisocial activities including smuggling, drug trafficking, robbery, snatch, theft, etc. Such societal degradation might trigger multiplicative impacts on the environment and overall socio-economic circumstances of the whole Teknaf area.
44 In-Vitro Antifungal Activity of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum & Murraya paniculata Leaf Extract against Three Phytopathogenic Fungi , Meherun Nesa1, Md. Eram Hosen1, Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan2, Md. Humayun Kabir3 and Rashed Zaman1* 1Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh; 2Plant pathology division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh; 3Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: rashedzaman@ru.ac.bd (Dr. Rashed Zaman, Associate Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Fungal disease is one of the major problems in agriculture. Fungal pathogens are accountable for approximately 85% of plant diseases. Apart from these, public health conditions are also influenced by consequential fungal infection as well as approximately 1.5 million killed and more than a billion people were affected by fungal disease. Our present exploration has been conducted to assess the antifungal efficiency of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Murraya paniculata leaf extract against three phytopathogenic fungi viz. Pichia kudriavzevii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, at the concentration of 300 µg/disc by food poisoned technique. The result showed that all of these three extracts have significant antifungal efficiency against all of the tested fungus. Maximum antifungal activity was recorded in Murraya paniculata with an inhibition percentage of 100% (0.00±0.000 mm) against three fungi. In addition, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, growth was totally suppressed in terms of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Murraya paniculata extract. The lowest antifungal effect was 47.18% (34.33±0.272 mm) revealed in Azadirachta indica extract against Pichia kudriavzevii. Among these three extracts, the order of antifungal effect was Murraya paniculata?Ocimum tenuiflorum?Azadirachta indica. Amis of this screening to focus antifungal effects of three experimental medicinal plants. These findings indicate leaf of these three plants may be useful for the treatment of various diseases associated with these fungi and could be useful to develop novel, secure and fecund bio-fertilizer for pest control. Further phytochemicals analysis is required to evaluate the compounds responsible for their antifungal effects. A
45 Incidence of Measles in Breastfed Infants versus Non-Breastfed Infants , Naim Khan Zadran1* and Zabit Khan Naibzi2 1&2Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Sheikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan. *Correspondence: drnaimkhanzadran123@gmail.com (Dr. Naim Khan Zadran, Lecturer, Pediatric Department, Medical Faculty, Sheikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan). ABSTRACT Breast-feeding protects newborn infants against numerous infectious conditions and sicknesses, and can also affect the results of vaccination. The main purpose of this research is to assess breastfeeding defends against CM and find the changed effects of vaccination. This research is designed as a cross-sectional study. It is worth mentioning that the study took almost one year to be completed, and the survey was conducted from May 1, 2020, to May 1, 2021. It is notable that the study was carried out base on librarian and field research methodology, and the information was collected from the newly born infants until five years’ children, and then it was analyzed. The data upon infections of indicative measles and socioeconomic indicators were obtained at ten months period. Breast-feeding has been classified as <30 days breastfed, 1-3-month breast-food, breastfeeding for over three months, unsure breast- feeding, and no breastfeeding. Regarding the results, it could be said that anti-measles Ig though with a mean value of 5.37 AFU, all 55 colostrum samples were positive. Furthermore, the timing of extraction for breast milk AFU is different, the average AFU value fell to 2.11 among days 6-15 (n=15), but the value fell below the cut-out mark of 1.8–1.48 amongst days fifteen to thirty (n=10). It is being concluded that immunization of measles gives excellent disease resistance. In addition to this, breastfeeding is related to a relatively moderate decrease in the chance of measles diagnosis. Relationships with such a diagnosis of measles were independent of breastfeeding & measles vacci- nation
46 Diversity of Macro Invertebrates and Their Habitat Characteristics in Lan-Kuu Freshwater Wetland, Myanmar , May Thu Win* Department of Zoology, Pathein University, Pathein 10014, Myanmar. *Correspondence: maythiwin.sees19@nalandauniv.edu.in (May Thu Win, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Pathein University, Pathein 10014, Myanmar). ABSTRACT Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland of Auk SaThar in Mingin Township, Sagaing Region was investigated for its species composition, relative abundance, and diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates from June 2020 to January 2021. This wetland has water throughout the year and is used by many local people for fishing and trapping birds. Thirty macro invertebrates’ species belonging to 28 genera, 19 families, 11 orders, 5 classes, and 3 Phyla were identified and recorded. These species belonged to the orders Hemiptera (23%), Coeleoptera and Odonata (14% each), Orthoptera, Architaenioglossa and Sorbeoconcha (10% each), Lepidoptera (7%), and Hymenoptera, Araneae, Decapoda, and Opithopora (3%). Among the collected specimens Dytiscus verticalis accounted for the highest number of individuals while the least number of individuals were Arocatus rusticus. Average relative abundance indicated 9 species as ‘uncommon’, 14 species as ‘common’ and 7 species as very common in the studied wetland. According to the Shannon index, the diversity of macro-invertebrates recorded in Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland, Myanmar, was high, (2.746-3.016), and so was the evenness (0.888-0.956).
47 Genetic Analysis of Submergence Tolerance Rice Genotypes by Introgression of Sub1 QTL to Indica HYV through Breeding Populations (F2) with Marker Assay , Bishnu Pada Ray, Ujjal Kumar Nath, and Md. Abul Kalam Azad ABSTRACT More than 2.0 million-hectare area was affected by flash floods of various grades and reduced the average yield in Bangladesh by 5%. It involves introgression of Sub1 QTL into the genetic background of HYV rice through marker-assisted breeding and to evaluate submergence tolerance of high yielding rice varieties. SSR profiling was performed to tag the submergence tolerant QTL by using sub1 flanking markers and F1 confirmation of Binadhan-7 x BRRI dhan52 (F1) by using the primer RM1115. The gene diversity value was 0.7610 and the polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.7432 & allele frequencies (%) were 0.3328. Binadhan-7 x BRRI dhan52 (F2) crosses were possessed the highest grain yield plant-1 (38.00 g) which was significantly higher than its both parents and also early maturing as 124 days from all crosses. The genetic similarity analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using the Arithmetic Average) clustering system generated 5 major genetic clusters. Maximum intra-cluster degree of diversity was observed in cluster4 (79.93) and minimum in cluster3 (31.44). Highly significant and positive correlations were found among the grain yield (GY) and Total tillers/plant, effective tillers/plant, panicle length, and filled grains/panicle. The first three principal components with Eigen-values explained 73.7 % of the total variation among 16 rice genotypes for the 9 quantitative traits studied. However, it is hoped that promising Sub1 cross combination Binadhan-7x BRRI dhan52 will be able to develop three to four weeks tolerance with high yielding submergence tolerant varieties to increase rice production in submerged prone areas of Bangladesh where single flash floods occur under different cropping patterns.
48 Prediction of Compaction Parameters from Soil Index Properties Case Study: Dam Complex of Upper Atbara Project , Abusamra A. A. Yousif and Mohamed I. A. ABSTRACT Soil compaction involves concretion and a relative variation of physical and mechanical properties of soils. Determining laboratory compaction characteristics such as maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) could be vital work to manage field compaction for all earth-works structures. There are 3 necessary Atterberg limits: plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and Plastic Index (PI). The most objective of this paper is to get the relationships between compaction parameters and their Atterberg limits of fine-grained soils and to create reliable correlations. For conducting this work, forty samples are collected from a borrowed space that is found at the bank upstream of Setit watercourse. The tests of soil samples were executed at the laboratory of Dam complex of the upper Atbara project. To perform this work, the Microsoft Office Excel software was exercised for the regression analysis of compaction parameters and Atterberg limits. Several trials were created to get the relationships between Atterberg limits (LL, PL, and PI) with the compaction parameters (OMC, and MDD). From the regression analysis, it's found that OMC and MDD have an excellent relationship with the LL other than the PL and PI. It had been observed that the (OMC) has an excellent correlation with (MDD) other than the remaining parameters. From this work, it's going to be suggested to use the soil compaction properties and Liquid Limits' correlations attributable to their reliable results compared with the other correlations. The result of the paper may be helpful and applicable in numerous civil engineering sectors, particularly for preliminary investigations and prefeasibility studies of various civil engineering works.
49 Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Building Community Resiliency at Kalaskati Union, Bakerganj , Md. Kazi. Rokonuzzaman1, Md. Abdur Rahim1, Raman Kumar Biswas1*, Most. Nusrat Binte Nur1, and Ayesha Siddiqua1 Bangladesh is frequently cited as a country that is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Socioeconomic sectors like agriculture and fishing are more climate-sensitive in the country. These climate change impacts are extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, and the social development of the people in the study area. To complete the objectives, both qualitative and quantitative data have been collected through questionnaire surveys, photography, and observation methods, and those data have been involved with primary and secondary data collected from the community, government, and NGO officials. To conduct the survey for the research, the total sample size was 100. From the study, different climate vulnerabilities like 38% cyclone, 46% river-bank erosion, 41% flood, 36% seasonal change are severely noticed and 43% moderate condition of drought affects the socio-economic conditions. 84% of people faced problems in crop production and 75% changed their lifestyle due to irregular events. Consequently, most poor families experienced food insecurity, health problems, water shortage, and hygiene problems. Damaged infrastructure also hampered earnings and production. People try to control the situations and approve a diversity of options and technologies to adapt to the climate change impacts in the area. The government and different NGOs actively perform adaptation practices for building disaster resiliency. Union Disaster Management Committee serves resilience activities such as disseminating early warnings among the community during cyclones. NGOs help to build cooperative agricultural farms and inspire local people to engage in aforestation, balancing the local climate. Using developed seeds of vegetables and food crops, changing cropping patterns, using organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility instead of chemical fertilizers, and irrigating vegetables and some crops for increasing productivity. The community people in the study area recommended increasing climate-resilient activities through community participation and enhancement of their capacity.
50 Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens from Five Flowering Plants in Jashore Region of Bangladesh , Shahidur Rahman1,2, Md. Khasrul Alam1,2*, Sabbir Ahmed1, Md. Mosharraf Hossen1, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal2, and Md. Rezuanul Islam1 Bangladesh is a great market for the flower trade. It produces a lot of different types of flowers as well as imports from neighboring countries which cost 3 million BDT currencies every year. The Jashore district of plants viz. Gladiolus, Gerbera, Rose, Tuberose and Marigold. The infected part of the plant samples was collected from five separate flower gardens. The precisely prepared infected sample was cultured on Potato Dextrose Aga media at 28ºC in an incubator for 48 hours and sub-cultured several times of each sample of distinct features to get a fresh culture of fungal pathogens. The isolates were identified based on their morphological features of the colony and observation of mycelia structure. The infection by fungal pathogens is considered a great barrier to flower cultivation. Therefore, the present study was attempted to the isolation infecting fungal pathogen from five different flowering crystal violet dyes to analyze the spore structure, the shape of the tips, conidial structure, and we identified three different types of fungus from five flowering plants Aspergillus niger identified from gerbera and rose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (pinkish) from tuberose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (whitish) from gladiolus and Alternaria alternate from marigold. This study has provided the primary alarm of fungal infection by following a less expensive technique. This study will be helpful to identify and management of phyto-pathogen for floriculture.
51 Survey of Phyllosphere & Endophyte Mycoflora Isolated from Adhatoda vasica Nees and Estimation of Some Secondary Metabolites , Riya Bhattacharya and Subrata Mitra Isolation and enumeration of phyllospheric and endophytic fungal diversity were carried out from the medicinal plant, Adhatoda vasica Nees. Occurrence of phyllosphere fungi shows a total number of 3 fungal species (Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides). A total number of 4 (Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Mycelia sterilia1 and Aspergillus niger) and 3 (Alternaria alternata, Mycelia sterilia 2 and Penicillium sp.) fungi were isolated from leaf and stem respectively. Alternaria alternata shows to be the highest colonizer in leaf which was followed by Curvularia lunata. Mycelia sterilia 2 represented highest colonization frequency in stem. Production of total phenol, and antagonistic activity were carried out with the dominant endophytic isolates from leaf and stem. Alternaria alternata shows the highest production of phenol and highest extent of antioxidant activity. The dominant isolates failed to show any antagonistic activity against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The presence of some phytochemical compounds, available in Adhatoda vasica, was also tested qualitatively in the vegetative body of the dominant endophytic isolates.
52 Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and its Effects on Health from Mongla City with Surrounding Area of Bangladesh , Raman Kumar Biswas, Shubho Ghosh, Al Shanta Islam, Farjana Akhtar Roshni, and Roshnai ABSTRACT Mongla City in the southern part of Bangladesh is facing problems with the scarcity of suitable drinking water. The present study is to identify the suitability of the geochemical property of groundwater for drinking purposes. The water samples from 24 Tub-wells, Tab water, and other drinking water sources have been collected. The main purpose is to assess the groundwater arsenic and salinity hazard in Mongla City and its surrounding area. The pH value of drinking water in the study area ranges from 6.7 to 7.38 with an average value of 7.09, which is within the permissible limit for drinking uses. The TDS values range from 95.96-to 1365.60 mg/l. The EC and TDS values fall within the drinking water quality standard. According to WHO, the Arsenic contamination ranges between 0 ppb – 335 ppb which is within the permissible range of the Bangladesh Arsenic Standard (<50ppb). All the Cations and Anions are within the permissible limit of the drinking uses except the Na+ concentration is slightly higher with an average value being 203.36 mg/l. The people in the Rampal area get safe drinking water within 50m far away from their house and some are very near to their houses. Mongla city is located very near to the coaster hence few deep tubes are well found and high salinity intrusion is unsuitable for drinking purposes, Most of the time, they had to buy safe drinking water from NGOs or GO controlled companies. Very few people use Tap water and pond water for drinking purposes. The Groundwater of the study area is slight to moderate and suitable for drinking purposes in terms of salinity hazards and arsenic concentration is within the acceptable range. Hence, it can be concluded that groundwater o Mongla city and the surrounding area are good for health.
53 The Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from Clinical Specimens in University Teaching Hospital, Mohammed Toyeeb. O1, Tasnim Ahmad2&5, K.M. Shafi3, D M Nurul Amin Utpal4, and Md. Mosharraf Hossen2 1Dept. of Medical laboratory sciences Alhikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2Dept. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Physiotherapy, Evercare Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Biotech Lab, Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Correspondence: tasnimbtge@gmail.com (Tasnim Ahmad, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The genus Acinetobacter currently contains 34 species, the vast majority of which are not regularly implicated in causing infection. However, Carbapenems have long been thought of as the agents of choice for serious Acinetobacter baumannii infections. The objective of this study is to determine the Antibiotics susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from clinical specimen University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. The descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted in UITH located in North Central Nigeria. 10 strains of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from clinical samples between February to July 2018. The isolated strains were identified using standard microbiological methods, API20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Modified Kirby Bauer method with the organism tested against Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Streptomycin, Perfloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin. Most of the antibiotics used in this study are mostly multi-drug resistant. Amoxicillin (100%), Cefixime, Amoxicillin Clavulanate (100%), Cefuroxime (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) but 80% are susceptible to Imipenem. Carbapenems are the best antibiotic treatment option for infections arising from these organisms although a coordinated rational usage is desired along with a functional antibiotic prescription policy to avoid treatment failures. Continuous monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to strengthen infection control policies.
54 The Role of Agroforestry in Ecosystem Maintenance and Climate Change Regulation: A Review, Siraj Shekmohammed1, Fahmina Mahmud2, Md. Asaduzzaman3, Umma Hany4, and Md. Mahbub Morshed2 1East Hararghe, Meta Agricultural Office, Africa Center of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2Dept. of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Bangladesh; and 4Dept. of Agriculture Rabindra Maitree University, Bangladesh. Correspondence: ummavabna181@gmail.com (Umma Hany, Lecturer, Dept. of Agriculture Rabindra Maitree University, Kushtia, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT Agro forestry systems are believed to provide several ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agro forestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This paper aimed to provide empirical information on the role of agro forestry in ecosystem maintenance and climate change adaptation and mitigation provided by agro forestry. Agro forestry has played a greater role in the maintenance of the ecosystem and mitigation of CO2 than monocropping and open cereal-based agriculture but less than natural forest. Agro forestry is important for preserving biodiversity, CO2 sequestration, and adapting to climate change. CO2 sequestration through above and ground biomass, offsetting CO2 emission from deforestation and microclimate modification are major climate change mitigation effects. Provision of numerous ecosystem services such as food, fodder, and fuel wood, income source, and enhancing soil productivity help the community to sustain changing climate effects. Hence, considerable attention needs to be given to agro forestry to contribute considerable benefit to the maintenance of the ecosystem, and climate change mitigation and adaptation next to a forest.
55 The Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from Clinical Specimens in University Teaching Hospital, Mohammed Toyeeb. O1, Tasnim Ahmad2&5, K.M. Shafi3, D M Nurul Amin Utpal4, and Md. Mosharraf Hossen2 1Dept. of Medical laboratory sciences Alhikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria, 2Dept. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Dept. of Physiotherapy, Evercare Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 5Biotech Lab, Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Correspondence: tasnimbtge@gmail.com (Tasnim Ahmad, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Bangladesh). ABSTRACT The genus Acinetobacter currently contains 34 species, the vast majority of which are not regularly implicated in causing infection. However, Carbapenems have long been thought of as the agents of choice for serious Acinetobacter baumannii infections. The objective of this study is to determine the Antibiotics susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter spp Isolated from clinical specimen University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. The descriptive cross-sectional study is conducted in UITH located in North Central Nigeria. 10 strains of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from clinical samples between February to July 2018. The isolated strains were identified using standard microbiological methods, API20NE. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Modified Kirby Bauer method with the organism tested against Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Streptomycin, Perfloxacin, Gentamicin, Imipenem, Nitrofurantoin. Most of the antibiotics used in this study are mostly multi-drug resistant. Amoxicillin (100%), Cefixime, Amoxicillin Clavulanate (100%), Cefuroxime (100%), Gentamicin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (100%), Ceftriaxone (100%) but 80% are susceptible to Imipenem. Carbapenems are the best antibiotic treatment option for infections arising from these organisms although a coordinated rational usage is desired along with a functional antibiotic prescription policy to avoid treatment failures. Continuous monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to strengthen infection control policies.

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