1 Islamic Perspective of Leadership in Management; Foundation, Traits and Principles   , Md. Abu Issa Gazi* Department of Business Administration, The International University of Scholars, F/15 Progoti Saroni, Middle Badda, Dhaka-1212 Bangladesh *Correspondence: maigazi@yahoo.com (Dr. Md. Abu Issa Gazi, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Business Administration, IUS).  
Leadership in management is nutshell of all success of an organization. The knowledge of leadership in Islamic perspective is vital towards understanding sound management in every sector particularly for the organization’s performance, betterment for the mankind and here and hereafter. This study examined the leadership details on the basis of Islamic Shariah. The researcher tried to find out the core principles of leadership in management an Islam perspective that is founded in the Great Book of Al-Quran and Hadith. “Leadership in Islam is rooted in belief and willing submission to the Creator, Allah.  And We made them leaders, guiding Our command; and We inspired them to do good work, and to observe the prayer, and to give out charity. They were devoted savant to Us (Allah). (Al-Qur’an, 21:73). The result showed that the main concept of Islamic leadership is to lead to achieve organizational goals and compete to be a head of others, and to seek the measure of Allah and success hereafter.  
2 Measurement and Assessment of the Developmental Status of Islamic University Governance: Indonesia Perspective   , Hani Werdi Apriyanti* Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics, UNISSULA (Sultan Agung Islamic University), Kaligawe Raya,  Genuk, Semarang, Indonesia *Correspondence: hani.apriyanti@unissula.ac.id (Hani Werdi Apriyanti, Lecturer, Dept. of Accounting, UNISSULA, Indonesia).  
Islamic Private Universities are currently faced increasingly competition with other University. Therefore, Islamic Private Universities needs to implement Good Governance in providing services to the community. There is a need in developing indicators to measure the achievement of the governance process. Islamic  Private Universities can differentiate services that cannot be obtained at other University by strengthening and applying Islamic aspects in University Governance. This study aims to develop indicators of Islamic University Governance for Islamic Private Universities through three stages, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), questionnaire, and interview. This stage is carried out to obtain expert opinion and summarize the indicators and weighting of the indicators. Techniques used to analyze data based on the stages of research that have been carried out, 8 dimensions of Islamic university governance measurements developed into 35 indicators, namely 6 indicators for transparency dimensions, 10 indicators for accountability dimensions, 6 indicators for responsibility, 4 indicators for independence, 2 indicators for fairness, 1 indicator for effectiveness and efficiency, and 1 indicator for non-profit.   
3 Impact of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices in Garment industry: Bangladesh Perspective   , Sajun Saha1, Rimon Sarker1, and Syed Meherab Ahmed1* 1Department of Human Resource Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (JKKNIU), Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh *Correspondence: mehrab375@gmail.com (Syed Meherab Ahmed, Dept. of Human Resource Management, JKKNIU, Bangladesh).  
Green HRM means ecofriendly and sustainable development practice should be followed in every sector of HRM. It refers to polices, practices and system that influence employees of the organization green and sustainable implementation of resources for the betterment of the individual, society, natural environment and the business. The purpose of this Article is to indicate the best practices can be occurred by the help of green practices with HRM. How we are benefited by the help of green human resource management policies and practices. Green HRM also shifted the conventional policies and practices and giving some statement towards GHRM. Most developed countries like USA, china and UK are rapidly developed Green HR policies and practices. The developing countries are following. Now a day’s most attention in Garments sector is drawn towards sustainable development. Garments industries have huge growth opportunities by going green practices and creating a new friendly environment that helps them reduce operational cost with carbon footprint. So far very little research has been conducted on this topic even in the advanced countries. Green management in 1997 prepared by McDonagh but there is no clear explanation which time GHRM actually invented. The strategy involves implementing various HR function such as recruitment, induction, training, and development, conducting performance evaluation, and determining the compensation of employees.  
4 Green Reporting as a Tool of Environmental Sustainability: Some Observations in the Context of Bangladesh   , Md. Mominur Rahman1* and Muhammad Shajib Rahman2 1&2Department of Accounting and Information Systems, Comilla University, Comilla, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: mominurcou@gmail.com (Md. Mominur Rahman, Research Scholar, Department of AIS, Comilla University, Bangladesh).  
Green reporting is an innovative outlet of accounting. It deals with accounting for the environment and its well-being. An organization can lessen most of the environmental costs by taking effective decisions with the help of green reporting. Core objective of this study is to comprehend the meaning of green reporting and how it can be a tool of environmental sustainability. We discovered the significance of green reporting implication and retain a way of what the companies are taking from the environment and what they are giving back in return. This paper highlights to recognize contemporary tendencies in green reporting. This study would be a policy dialog in the efficient usage of resources and in the reduction of pollution to an extent. Green reporting plays a vital role in the corporate social responsibility of a firm. This study also heightens on the people’s insight concerning green reporting with the help of collecting primary data with appropriate execution. It was originated that a maximum of the respondents felt there is a demand for affecting the road to green reporting and that all the companies should jump adopting green reporting.  
5 Usability of Z Score: A Case Study on Peoples Leasing and Financial Services Limited & Bangladesh Industrial Finance Company Limited   , Md. Azim1* and Md. Jamil Sharif2 1Department of Business Administration, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh; 2Department of Accounting & Information Systems, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: azimbikrom@gmail.com (Md. Azim, M.Phil Student, Dept. of Accounting & Information Systems, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh).  
This study aims to identify whether or not the Z score is usable enough in doing prediction at the early stage of the financial distress of People’s Leasing and Financial Services (PLFS) and Bangladesh Industrial Finance Company (BIFC). To predict corporate failure, Multiple Discriminant Analysis is an effective solution. Z"-Score by Altman is a widely used model of multiple discriminant analysis. Using the data from 2011 to 2017 of PLFS and 2015-2017 of BIFC, this study applied the Altman Z"-Score Model as well as used SPSS software to analyze the descriptive statistics of the financial information and ratios of both company to know the level of financial distresses and attributes for reaching toward distress level. The analysis was presented in tables. The finding shows that Z"-Score by Altman is usable enough to predict the failure of the firm. The descriptive analysis shows that working capital, retained earnings, and income before interest and tax were negative which could be considered as the reasons for the distressed position. This study contributes by showing the usefulness of the Z score of Altman in emerging countries like Bangladesh. This is significant because early prediction can prevent liquidation which ultimately protects various stakeholders of an organization.  
6 People’s Conception about Revenue-Expenditures and Governmental Accounting Procedure in Bangladesh: A Strategic Way Forward and Philosophical Analysis   , Md. Abdul Kuddus1, 2* 1Department of Business Studies, North Bengal International University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; 2MPhil Fellow, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: shyamoluits@gmail.com (Md. Abdul Kuddus, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, North Bengal International University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh).  
At Present governmental policy making emphasizes on what departments produce rather than on what they have available to spend. The study helps in develop a theoretical framework of accrual based governmental accounting systems in Bangladesh. It also helps conceptualizing accounting information used by the politicians (users of information) and public financial managers/civil servants (producer of information). As the people of the country are the owners of public money, the government and the civil servants have some responsibility to ensure welfare to the citizenry at all levels by effective utilizing of the money. For developing the theory exploratory research has been conducted. To reach the result descriptive statistical techniques were applied to analyze on thirty respondents who are directly/indirectly practitioner/service receivers of governmental accounting information systems operating in Bangladesh. In conducting this research twenty structured ‘Yes”/’No” simple dichotomous questionnaires were used to measure people’s philosophy about taxation and accounting in Bangladesh to develop a strategic theory of the subject. This is done because, all of the laws and regulations in the parliament of Bangladesh has been passed through “yes”/”no” oral votes basis. The outcomes of the research will help the citizenry, the government and other stakeholders for setting their services providing and revenues generation agenda, policy formulation, financial decision analysis, implementation and performance evaluation of the government functions by department, ministries, local self government and many other components units.  
7 Factors Affecting Visitors Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on the Paharpur Buddha Vihara, Naogaon, Rajshahi   , Sazu Sardar1*, Md. Enayet Hossain2, Md. Ikbal Hossain3, and Md. Shakibul Shaheen4 1&2Dept. of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; 3Dept. of Marketing, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; and 4Dept. of Brand Management, PRAN-RFL Group, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: sazu.thm@ru.ac.bd (Sazu Sardar, Lecturer, Dept of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh).  
With the advancement of the tourism industry, the importance of research on visitor satisfaction has been increasing as of recent years. The prime objective of current study is to explore the factors influencing visitor satisfaction from the perspective of archaeological sites, in Bangladesh. A thorough and well-constructed research design is administered to analyze 200 data collected from the visitors having experience in visiting Paharpur Buddha Vihara. From the data, we conducted an extensive analysis to find out the main factors which influence visitor satisfaction. It is recognized that there are some essential factors; destination attractions, safety and security, favorable environment, food attraction and cost at said destination. These factors significantly influence visitor satisfaction. It is expected that the outcome of the study will support the tourism practitioners in planning and development for successful business operations. The paper concludes with some implications and future research directions.  
8 Effect of Electronic Marketing on Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Four Star Hotels in Addis Ababa   , Abel Mezgebe* Department of Marketing Management, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia. *Correspondence: mezgebeabel87@gmail.com  
The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of e. marketing on customer satisfaction towards the service provided by four- star hotels in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A researcher used a probability technique which is systematic for the study a total of 260 questioners were distributed to the customer of the four international hotels which rated as four-star in Addis Ababa the response rate of 241 participants was collected which is a 92.7 percent response rate achieved and descriptive statics was used firstly to illustrate the main features of a data set in quantitative terms. The mean value for all variables ranged from 3.33 to 3.57, the standard deviation 0.651 to .736 kurtosis, and the skewness test demonstrated as the distribution was normal. The correlation analysis illustrated the relationship between location facet, technological facet, social skill, and customer satisfaction was moderately correlated (r=0.482, r=0.397 and r=0.477) respectively, the relation between motivation, technical skill, and customer satisfaction was strongly correlated (r=0.635and r= 0.68) respectively and all were tested as statistically significant (sig. (2-tailded)=000). The final test was done by regression analysis the result indicated that the effect of location facet, technological facet, and social skill overall insignificant (sig. 0.177, 0.105, and 0.892 respectively) the effect of motivation (sig. 000) and technical skill (sig.000) the major finding Location facet, technological facet, and social skill are insignificant and also rejected on the other way the two variables (motivation and technical skill) has a significance,  positive  and  also  supported  influence  on  customer satisfaction.  Consequently, the researcher recommends for the management of the hotel to focus on the above statistically significant factors in order to satisfy their customers’ as well to make them loyal.  
9 Reviewing YouTube as a Compelling Tool for the Promotion of Tourism   , Sanjoy Kumar Roy1, Mst. Rinu Fatema1, Md. Jamsedul Islam1*, and Md. Nazmul Huda1 1Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management, Noakhali Science & Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali-3814, Chittagong, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: mji.thm.nstu@gmail.com (Md. Jamsedul Islam, Lecturer, Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management, NSTU, Noakhali, Bangladesh).  
YouTube has been recognized as one of the influential platforms as a social medium, allowing people across the world to express their thoughts and ideas through sharing videos. The travel-related videos have produced the second-highest searched results from its users of this giant social media in recent years. This study is basically based on an exploratory approach to discover the beneficial uses of YouTube as a promotional platform for travel businesses. To gain insight into the projection, information from secondary sources is investigated. A good quality video with logical contents containing the real scenario of travel products can be placed on YouTube to attract attention from a mass population in a very short time. The presentation of the information in this study, collected from established sources will construct an understanding of the online promotional tool and YouTube as one of them in influencing potential travelers. It will also provide an idea about the effectiveness of YouTube as a promotional tool for business through the revenue generation it has been earning from advertising. Bangladesh tourism and its stakeholders can take advantage of this online stage to make people aware of their products and services.  
10 Women Employment Opportunity on SMEs Sector: Bangladesh Perspective   , Sharifa Akter* Department of Human Resource Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (JKKNIU), Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: sharifahrm13@gmail.com (Sharifa Akter, Lecturer, Department of Human Resource Management, JKKNIU, Trishal, Mymensingh).  
This study explores women's work prospects in the SME sector of Bangladesh. The researcher has identified two different reasons to conduct this study separately. Number one is that in the last few decades,   have played a very active and important role, and the second is that by empowering women, female entrepreneurs build new job opportunities and solve the different problems of society. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which play an important role as engines of economic growth in many countries, provide growth opportunities for low-cost jobs. The results of the study illustrate the correlation between job opportunities for SMEs and women. Women's entrepreneurship is seen as a crucial instrument of women's empowerment and emancipation. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which play an important role in many countries as engines of economic growth, provide opportunities for low-cost employment with growth. The study finding shows the relationship between employment opportunities for SMEs and Women. Women entrepreneurship is seen as a key tool for empowering and liberating women. Developing countries such as Bangladesh are better off starting a small and medium-sized company because Bangladesh belongs to the low-income group facing problems of unemployment, poverty, low savings rate, low capital accumulation. Business on the micro and small scale did not require huge investment, it begins with limited capital. Developing nations such as Bangladesh are better off starting a small and medium-sized business because Bangladesh is part of the low-income community facing unemployment, poverty, low savings rate, low accumulation of capital problems. Micro and small-scale companies did not need tremendous investment but began with minimal resources.  
11 The Impact of Knowledge Management Process on Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention   , Ali Md Ratan1, Hossain Mohammad Shahriar2*, and Mohsina Khatun3 1Faculty of Management Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, China; 2Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, China; and 3Department of Islamic History and Culture, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: fuad275849@yahoo.com (Hossain Mohammad Shahriar, PhD Fellow, Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, China).    
Knowledge management has become a vital element in today's extremely competitive, uncertain, and quickly changing environment. The method of acquiring expertise is knowledge management. In the highly com-petitive, volatile, and rapidly evolving market climate, knowledge management has become crucial. The goal line of this study is to measure the effect of knowledge management processes (acquisition, share, codification, creation, and retention of knowledge) on job satisfaction. Further, we examine the affiliation between job satisfaction and employee retention. A theoretical model is suggested based on connecting knowledge mana-gement processes, job satisfaction, and employee retention. The results of survey data gathered from 32pharmaceutical and chemical companies listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange in Bangladesh are empirically checked with PLS-SEM (Structural Equation Modeling-Partially Least Square). The study finds that knowledge management processes have a significant and positive impact on job satisfaction. Also, job satisfaction is positively associated and highly significant with employee retention. The findings generated from this study would be a policy dialog to the human resource department, regulatory bodies, academicians, and policy-makers.   
12 Investigation of Vegetable Market Integration System in Dhaka City: A Study on Effective Supply Value Chain Analysis   , Syed Moazzem Hossain1*, Chinmoy Sarker2, Md. Moshiul Alam3, Kulsum Begum Chowdhury4, and Md. Ghyes Kamal5 1Food Safety Specialist, International Development Group LLC, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Quality Control Manager, Mutual Food Products Ltd, Bangladesh; 3Senior Food Safety Specialist, International Development Group LLC, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4National Value Chain & Consumer Studies Specialist, FAO, Bangladesh; and 5Senior Customs Specialist, International Development Group LLC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: moazzem144@gmail.com (Syed Moazzem Hossain, Food Safety Specialist, International Develop-ment Group LLC, Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh).  
Vegetable cultivation in our country is growing day by day. We are now planting vegetables in our cultivable land area of 2.63 percent. Vegetables benefit farmers even more than other crops. It can play a vital role in improving the nutritional status of the chronically malnourished population of Bangladesh. There are various types of agricultural markets in Bangladesh through which agricultural products are traded. These are rural primary markets, rural assembly markets, rural secondary markets, and urban retail market. Before reaching the customers, vegetables are sold to wholesalers and retailers in Bangladesh. There is effectively a complete shortage of sophisticated vegetable handling equipment and facilities on the markets.  Sorting, displaying, and selling are often performed from and into baskets at the ground level. Though Bangladeshi fruits and vegetables are exported to about 38 market destinations, the key buyers are primarily located in two regions: the United Kingdom and the Middle East. Bangladesh mostly exports fresh fruits and vegetables. However, during recent years export of processed as well as frozen vegetables had underway on a limited scale. The regular supply chain is for intermediaries to collect orders from exporters, go to production areas, collect crops from farmers/local markets, and arrange to deliver the same to exporters on the day of shipment. Owing to the opportunistic actions of sellers and consumers, the marketing cost rises, each seeking to take advantage of the other by means such as adulteration of the goods, cheating on weights and measures and violating distribution contracts. In Bangladesh, the vegetable marketing system is challenging, awkward, and unorganized and needs to be established for the well-being of common citizens.   
13 Assertiveness, Corporate Social Responsibility and Brand Association in Anti-globalization Era   , Md. Kamrul Bari1*, Mahmud Habib Zaman2, A.K.M. Golam Mahmud3, and Sarojit Kumar Ghosh4 1Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Bangladesh Bank, The central Bank of Bangladesh, Head Office Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 4ONE Bank Limited, Corporate Headquarters, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: bari.sarkar@gmail.com (Md. Kamrul Bari MIPA AFA, Professional Accountant and DBA candidate, Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka).  
This paper aims to look at the relationship among Assertiveness, a National value dimensions (NVD) component, CSR practices and brand association in Bangladesh. Perceptions of the managers from different organizations of Bangladesh, an emerging economy, has been determined and recorded using a 7 point Likert scale. Purposive sampling has been used to select 113 respondents representing banking, central bank, NGO, medical, academia, pharmaceutical, manufacturing and other service sectors. It is found that Bangladeshi managers are non-assertive implying the fact that the claim of Hofstede stating that Bangladesh is a masculine or, assertive society is invalid in this anti-globalization era (post 2008). The results of stepwise-regression prove that CSR to stakeholders, a dimension of overall CSR performance, is positively associated with brand association. Results also show that interaction between assertiveness and CSR to stakeholders have a negative and moderating effect on brand association in Bangladesh. If corporate CSR activities are taken in line with the findings of this article, the country will be able to build better resilience against natural and other disasters, a target under SDG 13. At the same time, it will help organizations to enhance their brand image; and more specifically, strengthen associations of consumers with the brand itself.   
14 Employability Skills of Business Graduates in Job Markets of Bangladesh: Investigating Weaknesses and Suggesting Improvements   , Mohammad Milon1, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam2*, and Md. Atiqur Rahman Khan1 1Department of Human Resource Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and 2Department of Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: rafiq.emu618@gmail.com (Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Lecturer, Department of Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh).
Job seekers have to face intense competition to get the expected job in the current job market of Bangladesh. A plethora of job seekers especially business graduates are coming to the job markets having MBA degrees but fails or takes longer time to get expected jobs since employability skills are the prime requirement for every contemporary organization. The study aims to investigate the weaknesses in the employability skills of business graduates in Bangladesh and suggest some effective measures to curtail those weaknesses. A self-administered survey instrument developed, some items deleted after analysis, and some items revised to get a concrete one. This questionnaire sent to 300 students who already graduated with an MBA degree and are trying to get expected jobs. Among them, 280 usable responses collected and used as the sample in this study. The ranking method and proportion analysis used for analyzing the collected data. The findings revealed that the business graduates of Bangladesh possessed significant lacking employability skills as inadequate team-working skills, lack of communication and interpersonal skills, unable to learn and adapt to the environment, lack of negotiation skills, and shortage of organizing skills. Moreover, this study suggested some measures like providing proper training, arranging case competitions and job fairs, the mitigating gap between the schooling system and market demands, re-arranging the business curriculum, and so on for taking consideration by concerned authorities to solve the identified weaknesses.
15 Assessment of Budget Preparation, Utilization and Evaluation in the Case of Negelle Borena Town Municipality, Oromia Region, Ethiopia   , Dejene Taye1* and Konsole Tanu2 1Dept. of Environmental Science, School of Natural Science, Mada Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; and 2Dept. of Business Administration, College of Business and Economics, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.  *Correspondence: gutatye@gmail.com (Dr. Dejene Taye, Department of Environmental Science, School of Natural Science, Mada Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia).
This study was conducted on the assessment of budget preparation, utilization, and evaluation in the case of Negelle Borena Town (NBT) Municipality. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, there is no document that reports a study on the probable causes that may hinder the preparation and utilization of budgeting in the NBT Municipality. This is a major motivation to carry out this study. Thus, the general objective of the paper is to assess the budget preparation, utilization, and evaluation of the NBT Municipality Nine out of seventeen budget holders were taken and ten key informants were selected from each budget holder with a total of 94 respondents. In addition, five budget experts were included in collecting primary data through a structured questionnaire, and five more finance budget experts involved. More of the qualitative analyses demonstrate that there was no accountability in budget utilization, there is no market-oriented cost estimation practice. Lack of adequate and experienced budget experts is another issue that contributes to worsening the problems and also there is no evidence-based evaluation mechanism in the budget utilization at each level of the budget holder. Therefore, in order to improve budget preparation and utilization in NBT Municipality, it calls for taking any possible and remedial actions in the subsequent years. 
16 Prospects of Parasailing Activities in Bangladesh: A Study on the Opportunities and Challenges , Kamarun Muhsina*  Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: muhsinakatha@gmail.com (Kamaruna Muhsina, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
Parasailing is considered as the modern and popular part of seaside recreational activities. Bangladesh has recently added ‘Parasailing’ to her service list in Cox’s Bazaar and Himchori in 2010. The purpose of this study is to investigate the tourists’ perceptions towards parasailing activities and to analyze the opportunities and challenges of parasailing in Bangladesh. The study is based on primary as well as secondary data, and has applied descriptive research method on the basis of data collected through a questionnaire consisting of 33 questions from 52 respondents. The reason behind choosing this topic is that ‘parasailing’ has a great opportunity in the future tourism business in Bangladesh. Moreover, the aim of this study is to spread this activity in different areas of Bangladesh, like Saint Martin’s island and Patenga sea beaches, so that tourists can enjoy the taste of same. Thinking from a commercial perspective it has a great potential of increasing recreational facilities, earning a huge amount of income, and employing many people from the local community to bring a change in their lives).
17 Do Hermetic Storage Technology Significantly Abate Losses of Rice Over Time? An Economic Evaluation   , Mohammad Afzal Hossain1*, Md. Abdul Awal2, Md. Monjurul Alam2, Md. Rostom Ali2, Fakir Azmal Huda3, and Afruz Zahan1 1Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh; 2Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; and 3Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: engr.afzal@yahoo.com (Dr. Mohammad Afzal Hossain, Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh).
In Bangladesh, traditional technologies like Dole, Auri, Bamboo Gola, Motka, and Plastic bag are widely used in rice storage. Hot and humid weather of the country favors the growth of insects in these which are not functional for rice storage. Recently, hermetic bag (HB) GrainPro and PICS bags are suggested for rice storage without being subjected to economic analysis in the country. Very few empirical studies on the economic analysis of storage technologies were conducted at laboratory and field conditions. In it, losses of rice storage using traditional technologies and HB were evaluated to judge the economic effects of these. Moreover, determinants of storage benefit were analyzed for different devices and econometric modeling was formulated to have the understanding the benefit of reduced loss by storage over time. These benefits were found to increase with time meaning that a farmer gained more benefit by storing longer period in HB. Results showed that economically feasible and attractive in investing these technologies at a discount rate of 12 percent by using financial analytical tools like net present value (NPV) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of different storage technologies. The results also indicate that gain of storage clearly increased over time. Considering BCR, Plastic drum use in rice storage is the most profitable storage technology followed by GrainPro and PICS Bag for consumption. Regression analysis of treatment and time effect of storage indicated that percentage profit per month is found the highest in GrainPro bag followed by PICS bag, Dole, Plastic bag and Motka, respectively. Promotion of PICS and GrainPro bags in rice seed storage would be more cost-effective and economically feasible to farmers. 
18 Implications of Green Management Practices in the RMG Industries of Bangladesh- An Environmental Sustainability Perspective , Kazi Saifur Rahman* Department of Finance & Banking Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: kazisaifur786@gmail.com (Kazi Saifur Rahman, Lecturer, Department of Finance & Banking, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT As of today, the whole world is riddled with a major dilemma whether it goes with gigantic industrialization or ensuring environmental sustainability. At the cost of a green environment, infrastructural development means no dependable future. Therefore, this study aims to examine the implications of green management practices in the readymade garments industries of Bangladesh. The perspective of the study entails environmental sustainability in such a way that depicts the perception of employees towards green management practices. In order to conduct this study, 100 respondents have been selected and all of them are employees in a similar type of RMG industry. For the analytical purpose, Henry Garret’s table rating scale has been utilized because it not only provides clear responses from the selected respondents but also subjective judgment. The study explored four important impact factors that play a vital role in the context of environmental sustainability such as the development of green management practices, motivating employees towards green management practices, enabling participation in green opportunities and last but not least continuous maintenance of green attitude. After substantial analysis, the study concluded that the investment in green management system development, recording and publicly disclosing green job performance, participatory involvement in green discussions, and having a specific code of conduct for green management are the most important ones arising from implications of green management practices. 
19 Machine Learning application for selecting efficient Loan Applicants in Private Banks of Bangladesh , Hasan M Sami1*, Md. Rafatuzzaman1, and Anirudha Bar1 1School of Business, Department of Accounting, Canadian University of Bangladesh, Pragati Sharani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: samifrnds90@gmail.com (Hasan M Sami, Senior Lecturer, School of Business, Department of Accounting, Canadian University of Bangladesh, Pragati Sharani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Machine Learning Applications have been well accepted for various financial processes throughout the world. Supervised Learning processes for objective classification by Naïve Bayes classifiers have been supporting many definitive segregation processes. Various banks in Bangladesh have found challenging moments to identify financially and ethically qualified loan applicants. In this research process, we have confirmed the safe applicant’s list using definitive variable measures through identifiable questions. Our research process has successfully segregated the given applicants using Naïve Bayes classifier with the proof of lowering loan default rate from an average of 23.26%% to 11.76% and development of financial ratios as performance indicators of these banks through various financial ratios as indicators of these banks. 
20 Customer Satisfaction Analysis of Restaurant Industry: An Empirical Study on Rangpur City , Mst. Sadia Arefin1* and Md. Rubel Hossain2 1Department of Business Administration, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 2Remittance Department, International Division, Standard Bank Limited, Head Office, Motijheel, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: sadiaarefingb@gmail.com (Mst. Sadia Arefin, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT At present, the service industry makes an important contribution to World's GDP, especially in Bangladesh. Customer satisfaction is one of the Catchwords of every service industry. The study is conducted to identify some key factors of customer satisfaction in the restaurant industry. In the Rangpur city area, 20 restaurants were selected to conduct the study. This research is based on an empirical study. Simple random sampling methods were used to select 120 customers. 5 points Likert scale and open-ended questions were used to prepare a questionnaire. This study tried to adjust customer’s perceptions with service quality for the customers’ satisfaction with the restaurant industry. Undesirable perceptions of customers were found concerning product and service quality, pricing policy, the value of the restaurant, and loyalty of those restaurants side by side concerning waiters' service and space convenience customers' perceptions were encouraging. Based on findings it was recommended that attention should be given to those critical issues to attract new customers and retain current customers. 
21 Determinates Service Quality and Its Effect on Patients' Satisfaction of Private Medical College Hospitals, Rangpur, Bangladesh , Mst. Shuly Aktar* Department of Marketing, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: msa.mkt@brur.ac.bd (Mst. Shuly Aktar, Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT The current research is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, with a primary focus on SERVQUAL aspects of service quality in private hospitals. The study used a quantitative technique to analyze primary and secondary data, and 255 people were interviewed as part of the sample. Patients' perceptions of the quality of service provided by private hospitals are varied, according to the survey. The perceptions of service recipients are positive in certain areas, such as reliability and responsibility, but negative in others, such as cost and communication. The major parameters impacting the total service quality of private hospitals were identified using regression analysis. In terms of service reliability, the most important factors determining patients' overall service quality are concentration (a composite of 11 measures) and responsiveness (a composite of 9 measures). The study found that the quality of hospital treatments is determined by the incentive system in place at these institutions. Because private hospitals are not funded and rely on revenue from customers, the relevant authorities should be more motivated to deliver high-quality services to patients in order to better satisfy their requirements. 
22 Portfolio Construction Using Financial Ratio Indicators and Classification through Machine Learning , Hasan M Sami* School of Business, Canadian University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: hasan.sami21@yahoo.com (Hasan M Sami, Senior Lecturer, School of Business, Canadian University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Financial Ratios have been a major indicator for financial asset selection. It’s seen that the decision taken to construct a portfolio based on financial ratio indicators has been able to make better returns than the random asset allocation process in the portfolio. This research will show multiple classifications based on unsupervised machine learning processes to satisfactorily determine investable assets or securities for portfolio contribution. Our suggested portfolio would then be compared with a random portfolio for a specific time frame in order to determine portfolio return, Sharpe ratio, and portfolio performance. 
23 Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh: Analysis of Policy Framework, Impact and Potential , Neaz Mujeri1*, Shahnewaz Mustafiz1, Fahim Mosabbir1, Syeda Mayesha Tul Jannat Sanjida1, and Adnan Zulkarnine1 1Graduate Student School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: brahmaputra@hotmail.com (Neaz Mujeri, Executive Director, Center for Research Initiatives, School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT The paper examines the policy framework toward FDI including monetary and non-monetary incentives offered to attract FDI, analyzes the trend and sources of and the sectors attracting FDI inflows, and the potential for FDI in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on data collected both from primary and secondary sources. Major sectors attracting FDI include RMGs, power, textile and wearing, telecommunications, banking, gas, and petroleum. The analysis shows that fiscal/nonmonetary incentives alone and competitive advantage in factor endowment (cheap labor) are not enough to attract additional FDI into Bangladesh. The key is to adopt proactive policies for creating and maintaining an FDI-friendly business environment in the country Bangladesh. For attracting more FDI into Bangladesh, the efforts need to include, among others, increased infrastructure spending especially in digital architecture, creating functional one-stop investment service center, emphasis on skill training to facilitate technology transfer, targeted measures to attract FDI into backward and forward linkage industries, participation in regional and global value chains.
24 A Comparison of Financial Soundness of Conventional & Islamic Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: A Bank-O-Meter Model Approach , Shohel Rana1* and A.S.M. Kamruzzaman2 1Dept. of Finance and Banking, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh & Ph.D. Fellow, Department of Finance, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, and 2Dept. of Finance, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: s.rana_fb@yahoo.com (Shohel Rana, Associate Professor, Dept. of Finance and Banking, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT The prime objective of the paper is to measure and compare the financial soundness of Conventional as well as Islamic commercial banks in Bangladesh using the Bank-o-meter model.  The Bank-o-meter model is the model that helps to find the solvency scores of the banks to avoid insolvency issues and it is used to measure the financial position of banks. This model was developed by International Monetary Fund (IMF). The study found that all the conventional, as well as Islamic banks, are super sound but Islamic banks are financially less sound compared to their conventional counterparts. The study also suggests that the management of Islamic banks should give extra emphasis on maintaining sound management and ensuring adequate liquidity. 
25 CAMEL-Based Performance of a Foreign Bank in Bangladesh: A Study on Commercial Bank of Ceylon , Stella Scholastica Crowley, Mohammad Raton Sikder, and Ajoy Dhar
ABSTRACT The paper examined the strategic, operational, and financial performance of Commercial Bank of Ceylon Bangladesh Operations using its CAMEL-based performance record. For this study, financial data from the last seven years and organizational historical information, including updates to management structure, were collected. In addition, primary source of practical working experience and observance provided detailed operational information. Analysing the financial data through various key ratios and conducting CAMEL rating analysis has presented a thorough view from different sectors of the bank performance over time, which has ranged from outstanding to satisfactory in all sector parameters except for liability management. Comparison against local industry average has showed that the bank has been in quite a good position in local economy in terms of recent crises such as Non-Performing Loan (NPL) than banking industry. Despite the recommendation for an increase in manpower and promotion that will result in a decrease in liability, the paper also suggests an emphasis on reducing liability. 
26 From Reality to Virtuality: Re-discussing Cities with the Concept of the Metaverse , Abidin Kemec
ABSTRACT The increase in the transaction volume of cryptocurrencies, the widespread use of blockchain technology, and the increase in the number of augmented reality devices (virtual, augmented, and mixed reality) have led to the formation of a suitable environment for Metaverse. Metaverse is a virtual or augmented reality created beyond the physical world via an internet connection with augmented reality devices, game consoles, computers, tablets, or mobile phones. This universe may be beyond the real world, or it is created by the virtualization of real-world objects to a certain extent. While Metaverse has the opportunity to be applied comfortably in all areas of daily life, it can also be designed as an urban policy design tool. In the study, the conceptual framework of the metaverse will be presented, the metaverse investments of global companies will be determined, the concept of metaverse will be examined in the context of virtual reality relationship, the reflections of metaverse applications on the city will be examined, and finally, the effects and role of the metaverse in urban policy production will be discussed and conclusions and evaluations will be given. 
27 Modeling Returns Volatility of Selected Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in DSE of Bangladesh with GARCH Methods , Md. Habibur Rahman1* and Shahadat Hussain2 1Department of Finance and Banking, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (JKKNIU), Trishal, Mymensingh-2224, Bangladesh; 2Department of Finance and Banking, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh.  *Correspondence: habiburfbjkkniu@gmail.com (Assistant Professor, Department of Finance and Banking, Faculty of Business Administration, JKKNIU, Trishal, Mymensingh-2224, Bangladesh).
The main aim of this study is the empirical exploration for the proper volatility models of some selected pharmaceutical companies listed in the DSE, Bangladesh e.g. Square, Beximco, Beacon, IBN SINA, and Orion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. The data covers the 667 days daily log returns calculated based on closing prices of these five selected companies from 28th January 2019 to 30th December 2021. The beginning portion of the analysis contains the stylized facts of the sampled companies. Afterward, by employing both symmetric along with asymmetric GARCH models different best-fitted models for different pharmaceuticals companies were found. Based on our model selection criteria AIC, SBIC, Log-Likelihood, as well as residual diagnostics GARCH(1,1) is considered to be more appropriate models for both Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., and Beacon Pharmaceuticals Ltd. The EGARCH (1,1) is deemed to be best for both IBN SINA and Orion Pharmaceuticals  Ltd. Whereas, anyone of the GARCH(1,1), and  TGARCH(1,) can be applied for the volatility estimation of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 
28 Ranking of Factors Enhancing Consumer Purchase Decision of Pocket-Friendly Sized Beverages Packaging: An AHP Approach , Omobola Alagbe Ajayi
The study investigates how consumers rank the factors that enhance the purchase decision of pocket-friendly sized beverages packaging using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Of the total population of 314,797, the selected University students in Southwest, Nigeria, 384 respondents were sampled using the Multistage sampling technique using the Krejcie and Morgan, (1970) formula as a guide. Structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents, with a success response rate of 381 (99.22%). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the AHP, the result of the data analysis stipulates that size is the highest-ranked purchase decision when selecting a beverage in this study, followed by dispensing mode and price. In the size sub-criterion, single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, price fairness was the most important price criterion. Reliability and family income were the most ranked factors driving the perceived quality and students’ disposable income of the students respectively. The study concluded that single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, in price criterion, price fairness was the most important price criterion, that affects students’ purchase decisions. Reliability and family income were the main factors driving the perceived quality and disposable income of the students respectively. It is then recommended that it is believed that pocket-friendly sized packaging will enable manufacturers to grow their market share and meet fast-changing market demands. 
29 Nigeria Listed Companies’ Attributes and Environmental Information Disclosures, Eneh Onyinye M1, Adebunmi Atinuke A2, Oti Favour A3, and Jesuwunmi Caleb. D. A4* 1Dept. of Accountancy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; 2Dept. of Accountancy, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria; 3School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia; and 4Dept. of Accountancy, School of Business Studies, Federal Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: calebian22002@gmail.com (Dr. Jesuwunmi Caleb Adeaga Daniel, Dept. of Accountancy, School of Business Studies, Federal Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria).
ABSTRACT The study examined the joint prediction of return on asset, board size, and industry type and ownership structure on the likelihood (probability) of disclosing environmental qualitative information. The non-probability sampling technique (judgemental) was used to select 10 industrial and 12 consumer goods companies out of 35 Nigeria listed companies in the two sectors as of 31st December 2017; a total of 132 balanced panels pooled data was obtained viaTabachnick and Fidell, (2007) formula. The study covered a period of six years, that is, 2012-2017. The binomial logistic regression (i.e. linear probability model-LPM) was used to analyze the predictors’ effect on the likelihood of disclosing environmental qualitative information proxy. Diagnostic tests such as Homer and Lemeshow test were used to address some basic underlying regression analysis assumptions. The results showed that ROA, board size, industry type, and ownership structure jointly explained the likelihood of environmental information disclosure significantly. It is therefore recommended that the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) should improve on disclosure requirements for companies in Nigeria as it would help companies to disclose more environmental qualitative information to boost stakeholders’ confidence and reduce the host community’s grievances.
30 Purchase Intention of Smartphones from China of Young Consumers in Bangladesh Based on Theory of Planned Behavior, Ajoy Dhar1* and Bablu Kumar Dhar2 1Business School, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China and 2Department of Economics, Yantai University, China. *Correspondence: ajoy225@outlook.com (Ajoy Dhar, Business School, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China).
ABSTRACT The research intended to find out the purchase intention of smartphones from China of the young customer in Bangladesh. The research is the first attempt to find out the purchase intention of smartphones from China of young consumers in Bangladesh. The study focused on the young generation of Bangladesh basically. Hence, the study will concentrate on more than 200 university and college students in Bangladesh. The focus of the study is on behavioral intention to purchase smartphones and factors influencing purchasing intention. The development of the framework emerged from the discussion in the literature about the concepts of behavioral intention to purchase smartphones. The research follows the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The data and information collected are transferred into the entry template using statistical packages for social science. The study found that perceived usefulness or attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, trust of quality, and brand goodwill of consumers significantly influence the purchase intention and behavior of purchasing smartphones from China of young consumers in Bangladesh. Moreover, purchase intention has a direct effect and mediating effect on perceived usefulness or attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, trust, and behavior of purchasing smartphones from China of young consumers in Bangladesh.
31 Prospects of Developing Halal Tourism in Bangladesh: Possibilities and Challenges, Saiful Islam1* and Taslima Akter2 1&2UPDATE College (Specialized College for Tourism and Hospitality Management), Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: thesaiftuhin@gmail.com (Saiful Islam, Assistant Professor & Principal, UPDATE College; Specialized College for Tourism and Hospitality Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Bangladesh is categorized as a moderate democratic Muslim country by the United Nations. Islam has played a significant role in the political and socio-cultural lives of the majority of the population of Bangladesh. The social value, norms, and ethics of Bangladeshi society are mainly based on the basic teachings of Islam. Bangladesh also has significant possibilities to develop tourism for its authentic natural beauty and diverse culture. The tangible and intangible Islamic heritages of the country are also noteworthy. Haram food and culture, prohibited in Islam, can hardly be seen in Bangladesh. So Bangladesh is an ideal destination for Muslim travelers, especially those who maintain the sharia order of Islam. The primary objective of the study is to ascertain if Bangladesh is a preferable destination for developing Halal tourism. The study discovered that Bangladesh would be an ideal destination.
32 Impact of Foreign Remittances on Household Welfare in Bangladesh: Evidence from Public and Private Bank, Md. Nasir Mia1* and Mou Ghosh2 1Dept. of International Tourism and Hospitality Management, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and 2Dept. of Banking and Insurance, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: nasirmia95@gmail.com (Md. Nasir Mia, Lecturer, Department of International Tourism and Hospitality Management, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Remittance is the rapidly growing source of income through which most emigrant households fulfill their daily expenditure. The study identifies the effect of foreign remittance and migration on household welfare in Bangladesh. The primary source is the main basis to collect data mostly which is collected from the public and private banks of Bangladesh. The research also considers the secondary data to display the trends of remittances over the past years, the effect of remittances on the gross domestic product (GDP), import payments, export earnings, and balance of payments. The research further applies descriptive statistics to illustrate the demographic features of migrants as well as to show the scenario of migration and remittances. It also applies multiple regression analysis to guess the household spending on education, healthcare, food, and financial inclusion. The estimated outcome from the analysis shows that foreign remittance has a more significant impact on household expenditure. The major portion of remittance is utilized for medical treatment, education, food purchasing, financial burden, and savings. Lastly, the research paper discloses that migrant workers contribute more to the economy of Bangladesh.
33 A Critical Review on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives of Commercial Banks: Evidence from Bangladesh, Sheikh Marufa Nabila1*, Md. Nazmul Huda2, and Suman Mia3 1Dept. of Social Work, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh; 2Dept. of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh; 3Dept.of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Dhaka, Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: sheikhmnabila@nstu.edu.bd (Sheikh Marufa Nabila, Lecturer, Dept. of Social Work, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Corporate social responsibility usually refers as CSR, is an initiative to create a link between society and the businesses in the civilization. In Bangladesh CSR still has not become widespread. The commercial banking industry has started practicing CSR. Appropriate use of CSR can play a very important role in the imperishable growth of a country by upsetting every feature of economical activities. This article will analyze the initiatives that have been taken by the several business-oriented banks of Bangladesh in CSR investments. To complete this research data from secondary sources were collected and both quantitative and qualitative data were used. Commercial Banks are participating in corporate social responsibility-relevant activities there has not been significant growth in their investment in CSR. CSR activity has high potential economic value for an organization. Through the proper use of CSR, banks can participate to develop the Schooling opportunities, Health sector, social welfare, arts, and traditions of the country. Findings of this research in significant both in theoretically and practically.
34 Rotating Savings and Credit Associations, An Alternative Source of SME Financing: The Case of the Inhabitants of the Western Region of Cameroon, Ndindah Ndifor Clement* School of Business, Unicaf University, Cameroon. *Correspondence: c.ndindah@unicaf.org; ndindiclem@yahoo.com (Dr. Ndindah Ndifor Clement, Faculty, School of Business, Unicaf University, Cameroon).
ABSTRACT The relevance of SMEs to the economy is a globally accepted truth. These small actors generally constitute the largest category of businesses and contribute significantly to vital economic indicators. Despite their relevance, this category of businesses experiences considerable challenges obtaining financing: especially formal financing. This limited access to capital has been reported to constitute a major cause of high SME failure rates. This is mainly because these businesses lack the collateral necessary to access formal financing. Despite the above literature, it is reported that inhabitants of the Western Region of Cameroon, also referred to as the Bamelikes make extensive use of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) for business financing and that this is partly responsible for their increased success in entrepreneurial activities. However, empirical studies establishing the impact of the usage of ROSCAs on SME access to capital in this region are almost inexistent. Given the above, it is the aim of this study to investigate and empirically establish whether the usage of ROSCAs significantly impacts SME access to capital in the Western Region of Cameroon. Using stratified random sampling, 500 participants from the major settlements of the Western Region of Cameroon were selected for this study. The questionnaire for the study was administered to these participants. 414 questionnaires were returned and after consistency verification, data from 401 respondents were retained for this study. The data was analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA analytical tool in the IBM SPSS software (version 21). The finding disclosed that ROSCAs usage has a statistically significant impact on SME’s access to capital in the Western Region of Cameroon. It is therefore recommended that SME owners/managers join such associations or come together to create such associations to improve their access to capital. In addition to that, since these organizations are widely spread across Africa and developing economies, they could be repurposed for business financing reasons instead of consumption.
35 Business Process Outsourcing through Business Process Management and Knowledge Management Evidence from Bangladesh, Md Jahid Hasan1* and Md Razaul Karim2 1Department of Management Studies, Comilla University, Comilla, Bangladesh; and 2Dhaka Bank Ltd, Bangladesh. *Correspondence: letter2hasan@gmail.com (Md Jahid Hasan, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Comilla University, Bangladesh).
ABSTRACT Organizations need diversified business process management and multi-dimensional knowledge management, critical components of organizational outcomes, to succeed in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry. The current study examines how to improve BPO to determine what drives organizations to develop the BPO industry. Data has been collected using a structured questionnaire considering the 7-point Likert scale. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) has been employed to simultaneously show the relationships among constructs. The findings reveal that business process and knowledge management positively promote business process outsourcing. Nonetheless, the growing trend of the BPO industry is a source of concern for the Bangladeshi industry in the current environment. Testing business processes and knowledge management inside BPM also provides researchers and policymakers with significant insights and diverse ramifications. Bangladesh is the 13th best-emerging economy in the world; thus, the findings generated from Bangladesh could be generalized to the other emerging economies in the world for increasing the BPO industry.
36 Ranking of Factors Enhancing Consumer Purchase Decision of Pocket-Friendly Sized Beverages Packaging: An AHP Approach, Arogundade, Kayode Kingsley* Department of Business Administration, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria. *Correspondence: bolaalagbe@gmail.com (Arogundade, Kayode Kingsley, Department of Business Administration, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria).
ABSTRACT The study investigates how consumers rank the factors that enhance the purchase decision of pocket-friendly sized beverages packaging using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Of the total population of 314,797, the selected University students in Southwest, Nigeria, 384 respondents were sampled using the Multistage sampling technique using the Krejcie and Morgan, (1970) formula as a guide. Structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents, with a success response rate of 381 (99.22%). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the AHP, the result of the data analysis stipulates that size is the highest-ranked purchase decision when selecting a beverage in this study, followed by dispensing mode and price. In the size sub-criterion, single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, price fairness was the most important price criterion. Reliability and family income were the most ranked factors driving the perceived quality and students’ disposable income of the students respectively. The study concluded that single-serve size was the most preferred pocket-friendly package among the students. In terms of mode of dispensing, it was discovered that students mostly preferred cutting the edge of the sachet of the package. Also, in price criterion, price fairness was the most important price criterion, that affects students’ purchase decisions. Reliability and family income were the main factors driving the perceived quality and disposable income of the students respectively. It is then recommended that it is believed that pocket-friendly sized packaging will enable manufacturers to grow their market share and meet fast-changing market demands.
37 Capiz State University Accounting Department Organizational Diagnosis towards System Efficiency, Maribel B. Tuante* Capiz State University, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines. *Correspondence: belle.borda17@gmail.com (Maribel B. Tuante, Accountant IV, Capiz State University, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines).
ABSTRACT In terms of organizational development and change, organizational diagnosis is significant in excellent performance, productivity, and system efficiency by looking at the shortcomings of an organization. Thus, this descriptive research utilizes a sequential mixed-method approach aimed at exploring Capiz State University’s (CAPSU’s) Accounting Department through an adopted framework of the Galbraith Star Model. The diagnosis assesses the Accounting environment that focuses on systems efficiency through strategies, structures, processes, rewards, and people. Focus-Group Discussion (FGD) and a researcher-made questionnaire were utilized in gathering the needed data. According to the findings, the organization was impacted by substantial changes in government rules and regulations, which caused confusion and affected decision-making. The department was challenged in the implementation of the strategy as well as structure because of the nature of information, workflow, campus location, and stakeholder geography. The Accounting Department process emphasized innovation and implementation of the new Accounting System. When it comes to people, human resource development adhered to the Civil Service Commission (CSC) mandates. The rewards system was embedded in the University Code and adhered to CSC mandates which were performance-based; however, it needed enhancement and innovation.