International Scientific Indexing (ISI)

1 COVID-19: An Ongoing Global Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) Infection , Shyamapada Mandal In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2), a novel coronavirus provisionally known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), has been emerged in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) causing outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The 2019-nCoV, which is geneti-cally different from two previously reported human-infecting β-coronaviruses: SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus), has been considered as a new β-coronavirus and named as SARS-CoV-2 (subgenus: Sarbecovirus)
2 Some Recent Facts about SARS-CoV-2 , Parul Thapar Corona viruses are the largest group of virus belonging to the class Nidovirales. Corona viruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA viruses. They are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy (Figure 1). Corona viruses causes a variety of diseases in mammals and birds rang-ing from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory diseases in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. The corona gets its name due to the spike like projections which gives it the appearance of solar rays or solar corona
3 COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia Overview of Real Time Cases , Muhammad Farhan Saeed Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly spread disease started in China and spreading in all over the world. Infected people with the COVID-19 virus experiencing varying levels of respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treat-ment. People with older age group generally (over 50 years), and people with medical problems like heart diseases, diabetes, respi-ratory disease, and are vulnerable to serious illness by this virus exposure. Regalado, 2020 had described three basic and possible measures to stop the Covid-19 disease epidemic. (1) Extraordinary restrictions on free movement and assembly, as well as aggressive testing, this option seems impossible now that the virus is in over 100 countries. (2) Development of vaccine which needs time to make it successful, (3) A third is potentially effective but horrible to consider; the spread of virus, eventually the virus will spread all over and people will have been infected and (if they survive) become immune that the outbreak will bust on its own and harder to find a susceptible host. This phenomenon is known as herd im-munity. If this happened, it has potential to infect 60% of the world population in a spam of one year.
4 Optimization of Diauxienne Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Bioremediation of Soils Polluted by Hydrocarbons , Bassirou Mahamadou Harouna and Othmane Benkortbi The objective assigned to this study is the optimization of azote nutriment source for the microbial bioremediation to contribute to the fight against environmental pollution through the production of biosurfactants of multidisciplinary interest. This study consists of metabolizing hydrocarbons into biosurfactants using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain in order to control the environmental threat in a batch of 250 ml at 37°C for 48 hours of culture. The optimization tests of nitrogen source showed that within a range of concentration [1 - 8] g/l, the optimum value was 4 g/l for KNO3 with an emulsification index EI24 = 71.45% and an optical density DOX = 0.55 for 46h of culture. The yields obtained Yx/s and Yp/s were of 60.00% and 32.17% respectively with an amount of biosurfactants P = 580 mg, a bioconversion rate θ = 78.47% and a ratio N/C = 0.473. The comparative study between two nitrogen sources such as KNO3 and NH4NO3 for a range of concentration [3 - 4] g/l demonstrated that the best source of nitrogen remains KNO3. Indeed, the kinetic monitoring of the biomass growth, the emulsification index, the biosurfactants productivity and the consumption of the substrate revealed the inhibition of the strain by NH4NO3 after 7 hours of incubation, provoking the degeneration of the strain and slowing the removal of pollutants process. A similar study of NH4NO3 at a concentration of 4 g/l resulted in an emulsification index EI24 = 65.22%, a yields Yx/s = 18.37% and Yp/s = 45.17% and a bioconversion rate θ = 57.36%. The amount of the biosurfactants measured at P = 590 mg for an N/C ratio of 0.739. In fact, the results of this study demonstrated that KNO3 promotes the growth of biomass as well as the production of biosurfactants who play a major role in the enrichment of the soil by solubilizing the toxic elements and maximum removal of hydrocarbons following diauxic phenomena.
5 Extraction and Preliminary Characterization of Potential Antibacterial Agent from Potential Streptomyces cinereoruber sp. Isolated from an Chilika Lake , Anjani K Upadhyay, Debasmita Chatterjee, Madhuri Swain1 and Lopamudra Ray Streptomyces, isolated from marine and estuarine habitat have been widely recognized as a potential source of antifungal, anti-tumour, anti-bacterial compounds. In the present study, the antimicrobial agent production potential of a Streptomyces cinereorubersp was evaluated. The selective isolation of the strain was carried out on starch casein agar. The primary screening of the Streptomyces isolate was done by cross streak method against pathogenic test strains Escherichia coli MTCC 82, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Bacillus cereus IP406 and Salmonella typhi MTCC 734 and Micrococcus luteus and the antimicrobial property against Micrococcus luteus was confirmed. The secondary screening was carried out by using the culture supernatant against the test strain by agar well diffusion method. The growth and antimicrobial production ability of the strain against Micrococcus luteus was studied. The antimicrobial agent production was also observed till pH 11 and NaCl concentration 3% (w/v). The partially purified compound showed a peak similar to streptomycin in HPLC. The culture condition for the production of the compound was opimised.
6 Maprovit 3,6,9: Perfect Companion of Your Immune System to Fight Corona Virus Hit , Bharat Kwatra The world is shaken by the spread of new coronavirus infec-tions from the beginning of 2020. The new coronavirus, suspected of having come from wild animals, continuously mutates, unlike the coronavirus that causes a cold and penetrates deep into the airway, causing severe respiratory disease.
7 Genome Editing in Gene and Cell-Based Therapies , Saranya Ganapathy and Sanjeev K Gupta Site-specific genetic modification , for effective treatment of human diseases, has become a realistic possibility after nearly 50 years of research in the field of gene editing/therapy. With the need for introducing exogenous fragment DNA or removing/modifying endogenous gene from/in a specific site in the genome of interest, precise genetic tools are being carefully designed for implementa-tion. Creating Double Stranded Breaks (DSBs) at targeted sites in the genome of interest followed by endogenous cell based repair (Homology Directed Repair (HDR) or Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)) results in genomic modifications [1]. With this approach, it is possible to carry out gene insertion, augmentation, deletion, gene sequence modification and mutation correction, aiding in the development of better animal disease models, ex vivo and in vivo gene repair and engineered cell based therapies.
8 COVID 19, the Unseen Battle: Are we Ready for it , Afsheen Arif The world is witnessing an eminence condition which had nev-er been encounter so far, since last century with the advent of the technology and advancement, it was barely rare to see such pan-demic. It has been a new, unique and challenging condition for the whole world including Science. China being the technology king and one of the developed countries, had combat it with grace and courage. The registered cases in China are 81,177 with 3,277 mor-tality rate is 4.03. Italy has been affected the second most country with registered cases of 63,927 with 6,077 mortality rate is 9.05. Spain being the third country with high mortality rate is 6.08 with registered cases 39,637 with 2,696 deaths. Iran has hard hit with deaths of 1,934 out of 24,811 confirmed cases and mortality rate is 7.79. The overall global count for the cases is 393,354 with 17,164 death tolls [1]. The overall mortality rate is 4.36 but all of these are developed and highly technologically advanced countries
9 When Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hits Agriculture Grounds-A Short Review , Jai S Ghosh The present pandemic with the novel corona virus (CoVID-19) has played havoc with global economy. No country is spared to suffer the next step of the disease and that is a bad recession in virtually every nation. One of the worst hit sector of the economy is the agricultural output from many developed nations as well as in certain developing nations. This is because not only the prolonged lock-down enforced to contain the disease but many farmers and cultivators who either has succumbed to the disease or is still in hospital and hence cannot go to the farm
10 Ecological and Epidemiological Aspects of West Nile Virus in Ukraine , Alla Yushchenko, Jason Farlow and Zinaida Klestova West Nile fever (WNF) is a viral mosquito-transmitted disease caused by West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. WNV infects an extremely wide range of susceptible hosts and is capable of replicating in mammals, birds, reptiles and am-phibians. The enzootic lifecycle of WNV consists of cycling between mosquitoes and birds and sporadic spillover results in disease in horses and humans. Rare and severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses occurs. The epidemic significance of WNV infec-tion is illustrated by its worldwide distribution, variable clinical prognosis of disease, and lack of therapeutic options. In Ukraine, 14 enzootic territories have been identified. While climate conditions, water sources and a large number of avian migratory routes create optimal conditions for the pathogen circulation in the country, the epidemiological status of WNV in Ukraine is poorly defined. Annual introduction of WNV to Ukraine likely occurs via seasonal migratory bird routes that exist regionally between Ukraine and neighboring European countries. The genotype of historical avian Ukrainian isolate exhibits the Lineage 2 genotype, however, only limited WNV genome sequences from Ukraine are available. Enhanced viral surveillance and serologic diagnosis of WNF in Ukraine is warranted and remains an essential measure for a clear understanding of the current epidemic situation and the prediction of possible WNV outbreaks in the future
11 Chloroquine as Reposition Drugs for Novel Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Emergence , Indranil Chatterjee and Manas Chakraborty sistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Birbhum Pharmacy School, Birbhum, West Bengal, India2Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, Howrah, West Bengal, India*Corresponding Author: Indranil Chatterjee, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Birbhum Pharmacy School, Birbhum, West Bengal, India and Manas Chakraborty Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, Howrah, West Bengal, India.Short CommunicationReceived: March 30, 2020Published: April 14, 2020© All rights are reserved by Indranil Chatterjee and Manas Chakraborty.A movement to reposition tablets has been initiated in current years [1]. In this strategy, it is vital to use tablets which have been tested to be harmless and whose pharmacokinetics and most ad-vantageous dosage are well known. In the current episode of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emergence [2], we find a wonderful ex- enough of possible repositioning of tablets, especially chloroquine. We had 20 years ago proposed to systematically check chloroquine in viral infections as it have been proven to be powerful in vitro against a broad variety of viruses [3,4].
12 Intestinal Helminthiasis in School Age Children of Kashmir Valley and the Need for Intervention: A Systematic Review , Showkat Ahmad Wani and Sheikh Tanveer Salam Kashmir valley is the most densely populated part of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The enormous population, along with the ab-sence of basic amenities, favourable climatic conditions and underdeveloped public health care system favour the transmission of intestinal helminthiasis. Present paper reviews the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in the Kashmir Valley and need for control strategies. A survey of published literature by virtue of PUBMED was done. Also many other bibliographic databases were searched to retrieve the relevant articles. After excluding duplicate studies, 11 research papers were retained for this paper. Intestinal helminth infections like those of Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius and Taenia saginata in Kashmir Valley remain very high. Majority of the infected are young children between the age group of 5 and 14 years. The age group, rural or urban residence, type of water source, boiled or unboiled water, type of defecation site, level of personal hygiene and maternal education were associated with helminth infection. Since the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends chemotherapy for intestinal helminth infections among school-age children, there is no government policy for helminth control in Kashmir Valley. Present article stresses on regular school-based programs to deliver anthelmintics to all school age children so as to reduce the prevalence of helminth infections in Kashmir Valley
13 Molecular Identification of Etiological Agents of Chromoblastomycosis in Costa Rica , Daniela Jaikel-Víquez, Stefany Lozada-Alvarado and Lorena Uribe-Lorío Chromoblastomycosis is the second most frequently reported subcutaneous mycosis in Costa Rica. It is caused by dematiaceous fungi belonging to the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Order Chaetothyriales), especially by Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii. However, it is important to note that Fonsecaea monophora is able to disseminate and cause cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Thus, five clinical isolates deposited in the Fungal Collection of the School of Microbiology of the University of Costa Rica were ana-lyzed. The isolates were characterized macroscopically and microscopically after grown in potato dextrose agar. Genetic identifica-tion was performed via amplification and sequencing of the ITS (internal transcription spacer) region. The isolates were identified as F. pedrosoi (n = 3), F. monophora (n = 1) and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa (n = 1). Hence, we report for the first time that R. aquaspersa is an etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis in Costa Rica and confirm the presence of both F. pedrosoi and F. monophora in the country. Therefore, we recommend the usage of molecular techniques to identify these pathogens since there is a risk of fungal dis-semination in our patients
14 Anomalous Behavior of Adenovirus L4-33K Mutant Protein , Mohammad Feraz Ahsan The late genes of adenovirus are transcribed from the major late transcription unit (MLTU), generating mRNA through L1 to L5. L4-33K protein is RNA splicing factor responsible for early to late switch in L1 alternative splicing. The L1-52,55K mRNA is produced during both early and late after infection, whereas L1-IIIa mRNA at late phase. L4-33K when phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) has an inhibitory effect on the temporal switch in L1 alternative RNA splicing, whereas phosphorylation with protein kinase A (PKA) has an enhancer effect on L1-IIIa splicing. The C-terminal region of L4-33K is conserved and responsible for splicing, nuclear localization and other functional activities. Mutational studies replacing serine with glycine in L4-33K, referred to as S176G, S189G, S196G did not hamper above functionality, but mutation at position 192 abolished the L4-33K splicing enhancer activity and nuclear localization. Here we show the posttranslational effect of these proteins against DNA-PK and PKA; all the mu-tants showed hypophosphorylation with DNA-PK and PKA, except S192G, which unusually showed hyperphosphorylation up to 2.63 times of the wild type L4-33K against DNA-PK, justifying earlier findings. This unusual result may be due to drastic misfolding of S192G exposing other phosphorylating residues. It would be interesting to carry out structural analysis of this protein during native and phosphorylated state.
15 Culture Parameters Affect the Light Emitting Property of Organisms Isolated from Two Marine Fishes , Anuradha Pandey Dubey and Madhuri Sharon Organisms were isolated and cultured from two marine fishes (Stolephorus indicus and Nemipterus japonicus) that were exhibiting Bioluminescence. Identification and assessment of impact of five different culture media on the growth and light emission properties were studied. Isolates from both the fishes showed microbes to be gram negative Coccobacilli, Partial gene sequencing analysis sug-gested that the microbes belonged to Vibrio spp and Photobacterium spp. Biochemical analysis of both the bacterial isolates exhibited difference in sugar (Mannitol and Lactose), LDC, Indole and Urea content; suggesting that the two isolated colonies are different bio-luminescent bacteria. Repeated subculture (to obtain pure colonies) of both the isolates resulted in gradual reduction in the intensity of luminescence of the bacteria and eventually loss of luminescence property occurred. However, luminescence was revived when they were grown in aerated condition
16 Biological Control of Weeds by Fungi: Challenges and Opportunities , Hamid Cheraghian Radi and Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam Weed plants are one of the main constraints to agriculture and cause considerable crop yield loss besides reducing product quality and leading to health and environmental threats. In comparison to various weed management strategies, biological control-especially mycoherbicides-offer an innovative approach to address this problem. Today, the bio-control of weeds by mycoherbicide (either fungal spore suspension or their metabolites) has received significant academic attention and over the past few decades some of the high profile candidates became commercially available. Employing mycoherbicide proposes benefits including being environ-mentally friendly, cost effective, and identifying new herbicidal mechanisms. This review focuses on challenges that mycoherbicides encounter before their adoption. Besides, important factors in both selecting and improving a fungal strain as a mycoherbicide are reviewed. Additionally, using integrated weed management as complementary methods to elevate the efficacy of mycoherbicides have been considered.
17 Antibiogram of Acinetobacter spp. Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Lead towards Antibiotic Stewardship , B Apoorva, Sneha Mohan, Tarana Sarwat and Dalip K Kakru Acinetobacter spp. is an important nosocomial pathogen especially in intensive care settings and is resistant to commonly avail-able antimicrobial agents. Active surveillance is therefore necessary in order to determine appropriate antibiotic for the treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibiogram of Acinetobacter spp. isolated in patients attending the tertiary care hospital. It is a prospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sharda Hospital.Acinetobacter from various clinical samples were included in this study during six months period from May 2019 to October 2019. The isolates were identified using conventional and automated methods (Vitek2 COMPACT, bioMérieux) and the susceptibility was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. During the study period, a total of 40 Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from various clinical specimens, out of which 47.5% isolation was from ICUs. Highest isolation was observed from pus samples (22.5%) followed by blood (17.5%) and endotracheal aspirate (17.5%). 77.5% isolates were MDR (Multidrug Resistant), however they remained sus-ceptible to colistin and tetracycline. It is necessary to regularly monitor the resistance phenotypes of Acinetobacter. Enhanced sur-veillance of MDR Acinetobacter is critical for guiding the rational use of antibiotics and reducing the incidence of hospital acquired infections
18 Bacteriological Profile of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection , Nikita Birhman, Sneha Mohan, Tarana Sarwat, Mariyah Yousuf and Dalip K Kakru Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter. CAUTI is associated with major morbidity and can lead to genitourinary complications.Materials and Methods: 300 catheterized urine samples received in the bacteriological laboratory during the study period were processed as per the standard bacteriological procedures.Results: Out of 300 samples from patients showing signs and symptoms of CAUTI included in our study a total of 76 strains were isolated, the isolates were identified based on culture characteristics, Gram’s stain and biochemical reactions and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Conclusion: In the present study, we found that Escherichia coli was the major organism for infection and was susceptible to Colistin followed by Meropenem, Imipenem and by other antibiotics, in that order.
19 A Complete Overview and Guidelines for nCOv-2019 (COVID-19) with Special Reference to Corporate Hospital , Avinash Teli, Azaz Ahmad, Danish Azad, Mohd Ajmal, Shaziya Sheikh and Arvind Kumar An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Or-ganization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. These policies included large-scale quarantine, strict controls on travel and extensive monitoring of suspected cases. However, it is unknown whether these policies have had an impact on the epidemic. We sought to show how these control measures impacted the containment of the epidemic. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angio-tensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms.
20 Novel Therapeutic Interventions in Treating Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia, COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Severe COVID-19 Illness and Promising Vaccine Candidates , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn and Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were detected in Wuhan city, China since late December 2019. More and more cases have been identified in other areas outside Wuhan city of China and abroad, particularly in Italy, Iran and other European countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 77,779 confirmed COVID-19-infected cases were in China, as of February 24, 2020. As of Friday morning (March 20, 2020), at least 246,275 COVID-19-infected cases have been diagnosed worldwide and 14,250 of which are in the United States.
21 COVID-19 Treatment and Post-COVID-19 Complication Syndrome: A Review , SM Rathnasiri Bandara, S Samita, SS Hettiarachchi and SMTN Senanayaka The novel coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus belonging to the coronaviridae family to which SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV belonged. Therefore, viral immunopathology and treatment plane of COVID-19 have been explained based mainly on SARS-CoV2 as well as the known similar viral immunopathology to SARS. The major pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19 include excesses activation of cytokines and chemokines, deficiencies in the innate immune response, direct involvement of immune cells, direct viral cytopathic effects, down-regulation of lung-protective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), autoimmunity and genetic factors. The key factors seem that both abnormal immune responses and injury to immune cells increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies and complement proteins leading to tissue damage. For these possible and obvious immunes - mediated life-threatening complications of viral infection, antiviral drugs, interferon, hydroxyl chloroquine, and TMPRSS2 inhibitor have been used in standard protocol against the COVID-19 immunopathology. It seems to have a lack of efficacy of the drugs due to the inability to stop all vulnerable steps of the immune pathology of the disease. Therefore, there is still no recognized or recommended or standard immune regulative treatment plan for COVID 19. Thus, considerations of all these backgrounds, “5S 5T Approach to battle COVID-19 approach including new corticosteroids protocol for COVID-19 and has been introduced targeting to stop or suppress life-threatening immune pathology of SARS-2 infection. It is also included the other alternative methods practiced by general community and traditional approaches. Especially the steroids protocol has been planned in the review with deeply considering avoiding the experience of unsuccessful approaches that caused many harmful effects such as high motility, viremia, increased viral load, no effect, side effect, fungal illness, hyperglycemia, and secondary infections. This review has been considered and described immunological changes in each phase of viral illness and the effective steroid protocol to manage at the pre-preliminary phase, early phase, and middle phase, severe/critical phase and post-viral infected phase (post COVID19 complication syndrome). This new protocol that is open to change and alteration is proposed
22 Short Message to All Healthcare Providers about Coronavirus Infectious Disease-2019 (COVID 19) , Syed Haseeb Raza Naqvi, Madiha Fatima and Han Naung Tun Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses, cause respiratory tract infections in human that can be mild as common cold and can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in No-vember 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coro-navirus pandemic
23 The Real Race between Time and Invention of Covid 19 Vaccine , Rajeev Shah and Reena Mehta. Covid-19 pandemic shocks and locks whole world at the end of 2019 and 2020. Maximum death occurred in USA followed by Italy and Spain. Here discussion and analysis have been focused on vari-ous types of vaccines of Corona virus on basis of its spike antigen S and its corresponding human ACE2 receptor on cells. The ulti-mate target of all types of vaccines is to prevent binding of ACE2 receptor to S antigen of corona, except long acting interferons. The interferons are natural antiviral substances produced by virus in-fected mammalian cells and are of three types α, β and δ. The main sources of the latest information of Covid-19 vaccination has been internet websites and social net working sites like whatsApp and facebook etc.
24 Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Microorganisms Isolated from Unexplored Saline Regions of Kutch, Gujarat, India , Josh CM and Trivedi NS. The present investigation reveals the diversity of bacteria, fungus and archaea along the different regions of Kutch area, Gujarat, India. The samples were collected from 3 selected site of Kutch area whose temperature was between 37 - 41°C, pH 8.5, EC 1480 μs, Salinity 9.01 and 1.85 ppm TDS. 52 bacterial, 17 extreme halophilic archaea and 2 halophilic fungus strains were isolated, among these all bacterial strains were selected for further study like enzyme productivity and anti-microbial activity because the main aim of research was to isolate organism which have multiple applications. Fifteen strains produced four or more than four enzymes which have industrial application (amylase, protease, cellulose, lipase, and chitinase) and one strain of Micrococcus showed antimicrobial activity against all test cultures. Eighteen archaea and two halophilic fungi that grew at 25% salt containing medium were also isolated.
25 Self-Cleansing and Special Healing Properties of River Ganga: Million People Depend on this Water , Indranil Chatterjee, Soumitra Sahana, Anirban Adhikary and Animitra Bhattacharjee. Ganga is known to be a help to a tremendous measure of individuals in India and is known to be the heartbeat of the profound existence of the Hindu culture. Self-purifying and recuperating power have consistently been related with stream Ganga. In any case, of late, logical research has likewise sponsored this case
26 COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020: Prevention and Public Health Policy , Robert W Buckingham and Renata Ferretti. The world is now facing a pandemic crisis of COVID-19. This pandemic has awakened the consciousness of many countries that have not prioritized their public health and prevention policies and practices. European countries were devastated by Covid-19, and the United States of America (U.S.A.) is presently the country with the highest number of cases and fatalities. It is the time for many countries to reassess the importance of public health and preventive strategies. This is also the time for large economies to consider a reallocation resources from military establishment to public health preventive initiatives. The study is secondary research and aims to analyze how countries have invested resources in prevention and public health
27 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Ocimum basilicum Seed Extract and its Application in H2O2 Sensing , Fouzia, Atirah Tauseef, Ahmad Khalilullah and Imran Uddin. Plant extract mediated nanomaterials synthesis is one of the emanating fields of nanotechnology with voluminous applications in the physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, etc. Although different chemical techniques are on the brink of development, the rising concern for environmental contamination opens the path for biological synthesis as most of the chemical routes need toxic chemicals. The current piece of the study intended to synthesize silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract from the seed of the medicinal plant, Ocimum basilicum, under ambient conditions. A fixed ratio of plant extract to metal ion was prepared, and the color change was observed which proved the formation of nanoparticles. TEM analysis revealed silver nano-particles existed in a quasi-spherical shape with an average size of 11 nm in diameter. Moreover, the H2O2 sensing capacity of biologically synthesized AgNPs has also been studied
28 RNAi-Mediated Antiviral Approach to SARS-CoV-2 , P Shaik Syed Ali, A Sheeza and J Jasmine. In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (CoV) affected 26 countries with 8000 cases. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It rapidly evolved into a pandemic disease resulting in an unprecedented health crisis. Antiviral drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses are crucial to prevent any future epidemics and pandemics. RNA interference (RNAi), an RNA guided post transcriptional gene silencing mechanism, plays important role in viral defense in mammals including humans. RNAi can inhibit the virus replication and expression of viral proteins through the leverage of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Therefore, RNAi an innate viral defense mechanism distributed in human cells might be a potential antiviral approach to SARS-CoV-2
29 Cytokine Storming in COVID-19 , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn and Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn. During viral infection, cytokines play an important role in immunopathology with the first line of defense against viral infection via rapid and well-coordinated innate immune response. In vitro studies reveal that delayed release of cytokines and chemokines occurs in respiratory epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) at the early stage of severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection, including COVID-19 infection. At the later stage of infection, these cells secrete low levels of the antiviral factors-interferons (IFNs) and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemokines (C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL-2, CCL-3 and CCL-5. SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 infects human airway epithelial cells, DCs, human peripheral blood monocyte (HPBM)-derived macrophages, and THP-1 cells (a monocyte cell line) and elevates levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
30 Collaborative Study Brazil-Portugal: Validation of HPV Lyophilized Samples , Maria Elizabeth Menezes, Frederico Tourinho, José Abol Corrêa, Ana Paula Faria and Mario Cunha. HPV is an important virus that is responsible for more than 99% of cancer in women. Preparation and validation of lyophilized samples to use as a control of molecular biology tests for HPV is very important. There are several techiniques to performer molecular test to detecte HPV however, it is necessary that their is a sample control whith can be used independent of methodology. Validation of lyophilized samples by different molecular techniques to have harmonized standards relies on consistent control.
31 Drug Re-Purposing - Can Anti-Allergy Drugs also be Used to Treat Cancer? , Moschou Georgia and Topham H. Caroline. Medulloblastoma (MB) constitutes the commonest malignant childhood brain cancer, and it is the leading cause of death in infants under 1 year. Treatment approaches, such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, have significantly enhanced in patients’ clinical outcome with approximately more than 60% of 5-year survival. Nevertheless, the majority of cancer patients deal with long-term side effects. So, it is important to develop novel therapeutics with lower toxicity and increased efficacy. The present project was conducted to examine if the anti-allergy drugs can inhibit the cancer growth. More specifically, eight anti-allergy compounds, designed by the chemists at University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity against medulloblastoma. The effect of each testing drug was tested with the use of MTT assay after three days of incubation on medulloblastoma ONS76 cell line. From the extraction of the results of these anti-allergy compounds, it was found that only three of them (CL1-45-1, CL1-56-1, CL1-57-1) were more active, as they significantly inhibited the cancer growth. But, the CL1-42-1 compound displayed the greatest anti-cancer activity against the medulloblastoma ONS76 cells with IC50 = >10 μΜ (IC50 = 0 μΜ). This leads to the conclusion for further investigation of the anti-allergy compounds in order to consider them as potential anti-cancer agents
32 Molecular Screening and Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2: Recent Advances and Future Prospective , Avinash Kumar, Abhishek Kumar Verma and Mayadhar Barik. Background: COVID-19 is a new form of Coronavirus which is resembling the same as SARS-CoV-2. This virus leads to cause severe respiratory diseases among the people. Coronavirus is declared as the pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. Transmission of the disease is mainly due to the person to person contact by any means Materials and Methods: We detect the disease primary screening is necessary for a speedy recovery. PCR and other nucleic acid amplification are mainly used to diagnose the Covid-19. For the detection of the SARS, its gene is targeted in the amplification. The genes which are targeted are E, N, S, RdRp and ORf. Mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome is also detected by the various nucleic acid detection tests. We improve the detection of this pandemic, the only thing is to increase the involvement of Serological testing and molecular methods Results: The majority of 85-95% factor becomes useful to overcome this disease is early detection rate of the disease SARS-CoV-2.Molecular and serological findings should need to work simultaneously for the improvement in the diagnosis and the treatment approximately 85% laboratory. Conclusion: The only factor which becomes useful to overcome this disease is early detection of the disease.Molecular and serologicalstudyshould need to work simultaneously for the improvement in the diagnosis and the treatment. The need of the hour is to maintain and introduced laboratory networking and its application
33 The Current Overview of COVID-19 Pandemic in India , Arindam Chakraborty, Payel Mukherjee and Dr Manas Chakraborty. COVID-19 has been declared as a "Global Pandemic" by WHO (World Health organization). It has affected the whole world as well as India. It has been spread almost every parts of the country, crossed more than 1 lac 18 thousands positive cases, more than 3500 patients were deceased and 48500+ patients recovered till May 22, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus mainly responsible for these COVID-19 or Novel corona virus disease. It has affected the Respiratory system and made severe life threat. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) and all the States government have provided proper guidelines to the citizens about how to fight against the Corona virus like maintain social distancing, Proper lockdown, Proper awareness like do’s and don’ts for people
34 A Covid-19 Patient With Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura , Indranil Chatterjee, Rakhi Bakuli. A 65-year-elderly person with hypertension, immune system hypothyroidism, and known Covid-19 presentation introduced to the crisis division with a 4-day history of weakness, fever, dry hack and stomach uneasiness. She was afebrile and had a respiratory pace of 28 breaths for every moment and an oxygen immersion of 89% while she was breathing encompassing air; breath sounds were decreased respectively with bibasilar rales. The stomach as-sessment was ordinary. Research center tests demonstrated an or-dinary white-cell check, hemoglobin level (14.2g per deciliter) and platelet tally (183,000 for each cubic millimeter). The C-receptive protein level was raised at 55 mg for each liter, and liver-work tests indicated cholestasis. An oropharyngeal swab for Covid-19 test-ing was certain. Chest processed tomography (CT) demonstrated ground-glass opacities in the lower zones. The patient was con-ceded and started to get treatment with intravenous amoxicillin clavulanic corrosive, low-atomic weight heparin, and oxygen.
35 Anorectal Emergencies: Perianal Abscess , Aybala Yildiz, Alp Yildiz, Veysel Baris Turhan, Engin Kucukdiler and Erkan Karacan. Anorectal emergencies refer to anorectal disorders presenting with some alarming symptoms such as acute anal pain and bleed-ing which might require an immediate management. Emergencies such as acutely thrombosed external hemorrhoid, thrombosed or strangulated internal hemorrhoid, bleeding hemorrhoid, bleeding anorectal varices, anal fissure, irreducible or strangulated rectal prolapse, anorectal abscess, perineal necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier gangrene), retained anorectal foreign bodies and obstructing rec-tal cancer. In this study we present our ambulatory management of perianal abscess. Fifty-two consecutive cases included this study. The patients admitted to outpatient clinic with anal pain, lump and/or purulent leak. All patients has diagnosed perianal abscess with physical examination. Patients has transferred the ambulatory surgery department for drainage. All abscesses drained at the bedside. Postoperative 1 patient admitted emergency service with anal pain which controlled NSAID injection. 1 patient presented with recurrent anal abscess on 8th postoperative day. No intra/postoperative bleeding/need for secondary powder application or postoperative anal incontinence detected. The main management of perianal abscess is surgical drainage. We present our series of perianal abscess treated with abscess drainage as day-care surgery with review of literature
36 Microbiological Quality and Safety Assessment of Sugar Cane Juice and Ice Sold by Vendors in Faisalabad City, Pakistan , Yasir Abbas Shah, Muhammad Afzaal, Masood Ahmad and Javeria Mustafa. The risk of illness associated with untreated freshly squeezed juices sold by street vendors is increasing gradually. Street vended juices are widely consumed by millions of people in developing countries.Epidemiological data indicated that unpasteurized sugar cane juices indisputably resulted in increased numbers of reported out-breaks. In Faisalabad city there is a constant great demand for fresh fruit juice. To determine the microbiological quality, a total of sixty five samples of sugar cane juice and thirty samples of ice sold by street vendors on four different popular roads of Faisalabad city were collected and analysed by standard methods for the detection of coliform, fecal coliform and Escherichia coli. All the col-lected samples of sugar cane juice and ice were hygienically poor as shown through high bacterial load ranging from 2 × 103 - 3 × 107 CFU/mL and 2 × 103 - 3 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. The Consequence of this study indicated the prevalence of different pathogenic microorganisms (Total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli) in many tested samples. Results demonstrated the low quality, safety of street vended sugar cane juices and ice added in it for cooling purpose. Appropriate actions must be taken immediately by respec-tive authorities to improve quality and safety of juices to prevent any type of outbreak
37 Terbinafine Preferred Antifungal with a Focus on Dermatophytes (A Review) , Mayank Panday, Divya Pandey, Prashant Upadhyay and Sukirti Upadhyay. 17 years ago, Terbinafine was hailed in the global drug market to use as antifungal. In the treatment of superficial dermatophytosis terbinafine is become the first choice of drug, because of its effective mode of action, pharmacologic action and microbiologic profiles. Appropriate use of terbinafine as a topical and systemic drug needs to be used with appropriate guidelines. Terbinafine is primarily indicated and also discussed a contraindication for the treatment of non-dermatophyte infections. Terbinafine act by inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase which is an important component of fungal cell membrane resulting in disintegration of fungal cell was allowing terbinafine to exert its fungicidal action. As per the recent advancement significant clinical relevance seen in activity of terbinafine when used in combination of other antifungal leads to decrease in resistance. This article reviews mode of action, antimycotic spectrum and disposition profile of terbinafine. we have also done a comparative analysis of terbinafine over other antifungals (griseofulvin, itraconazole, fluconazole) in the management of dermatophytes infection
38 Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): A Review of the Literature , Shirin Tarafder. The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Fourteen mutations have been identified in Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 of which mutation D614G is of urgent concern; that may have originated either in China or Europe, and which is now the dominant pandemic form in many countries. Although most patients have mild symptoms and good prognosis after infection but can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), can die of multiple organ failure. It still remains unclear regarding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Innate immune response is the early defense against viral infections, and when it is dysregulated, results in an exaggerated inflammation, may cause death. The information on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is not well documented. The cytokine storm may be responsible for severity of the disease. There is a growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in the virology, immunological changes, potential pathogenesis, disease progression and clinical management strategies. This review has summarized the current knowledge on the updated approaches regarding COVID-19 based on the emerging basic and clinical data
39 Immunopathology of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2: A brief review , Bramhadev Pattnaik, Pinaki Panigrahi and Mahendra P Yadav. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for Coronavirus infectious disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in human, now a Global pandemic affecting 212 countries in all the five Continents, damages the cells that have ACE2 receptor expression on their surface. Hoffman., et al. (2020) observed that in addition to ACE2 receptor required for cellular attachment of the virion, cellular entry mechanism of the virus requires a cellular serine protease, TMPRSS2 and because alveolar type 2 cells express higher levels of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors, these cells might be the primary entry point for the virus in the lung. Intestine and kidney also have high expression of ACE2. The virus along with the ACE2 receptor enters the cells by endocytosis that results in reduction of ACE2 on cells, and as a consequence serum level of angiotensin II increases. Angiotensin II acts both as a vasoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory cytokine. Exposure to the virus does not necessarily cause infection, and not all people infected develop ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) or succumb to the disease. Though people of all age group and sex are susceptible, the disease could be more fatal in elderly persons > 60 years of age. Extensive lung damage due to elicitation of Cytokine Storm (cytokine release syndrome; CRS) has been described by Hirano and Murakami (2020) and Shi., et al (2020). Role of specific HLA loci and alleles (class I or II) in developing protective immunity to this virus infection remains to be elucidated. It has been reported by Iwasaki and Yang (2020) that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at low concentrations as well as low affinity antibodies in the body can result in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) by utilizing Fc receptors on immune cells including macrophages, monocytes and B lymphocytes. ADE has detrimental effect in some patients with virus specific antibodies. High WBC count with associated lymphocytopenia is common in the COVID-19 patients. Ganji., et al. (2020) have reported significant reduction in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes and platelets, CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 2:1, and higher expression of CD8+ and hyperactivation of CTLs and no significant change in the expression level of CD4+ compared to healthy individuals. Anti-viral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was due to over expression of CD8 and hyper activation of CTLs. Pathophysiology and pathology of the disease has been elaborated by Yuki., et al. (2020) and Sahu., et al (2020). The present review compiles the aspects of pathogenesis and involvement of the host immune system in aggravating the disease through the process of immune response
40 Experimental Evidence for Neural Progenitor Cells in Adult Substantia Nigra , Opeyemi Oluwasanmi Adeloye, Oyeneyin Babatunde David, Samuel Olawuwo and Roseline Kehinde Adeloye. The substantia (“black substance” in Latin) is a long nucleus located in the midbrain but considered functionally a part of the basal ganglia because of its reciprocal connections with other brainstem nucleic. Degeneration of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra result in reduction of the availability of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This lack of dopaminergic innervation to the stratum results in disorders associated with hypokinesia or reduced motor movement. However, Parkinson disease is a result of reduced functioning substantia nigra. A few studies have shown that progenitor cells present in different areas of the adult central nervous system (CNS) but specificity (i.e. SNc) whether such cells reside in the adult SNc and whether they have the potential to replace degenerating neurons effects is unknown. The purpose was to investigate a population of actively dividing progenitor cells in the adult SN, after removal from the SN, these progenitor cells immediately have the potential to differentiate into neurons. Transplantation of freshly isolated SN progenitor cells into the adult hippocampus showed that these cells also have a neuronal potential under in vivo conditions. These results suggest that progenitor cells reside in the adult SN and can give rise to new neurons when exposed to appropriate environmental signals
41 Experimental Studies on Production of Biodiesel from Oryza sativa (Rice) Bran Oil , Ahmad Tabish. Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop viable alternative fuels from renewable resources that are environmentally more acceptable. Vegetable oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental properties of vegetable oils are its high viscosity and low volatility, and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in compression ignition (CI) engines. The most commonly used method to make vegetable oil suitable for use in CI engines is to convert it into biodiesel, i.e. vegetable oil esters using process of transesterification.Rice bran oil is an underutilized non-edible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in rice cultivating countries, and very little research has been done to utilize this oil as a replacement for mineral Diesel. In the present work, the transesterification process for production of rice bran oil methyl ester has been investigated. The optimum conditions for transesterification of rice bran oil with methanol and KOH as catalyst were found to be 60°C reaction temperature, 2h reaction time, 6:1 molar ratio of rice bran oil to methanol and 2% catalyst (w/w). The various properties such as viscosity, density, flash point, fire point etc. are compared with ASTM and DIN standard. The TLC method use for the confirmation of biodiesel and to calculate the yield. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions has comparable properties to substitute mineral Diesel, hence, rice bran oil methyl ester biodiesel could be recommended as a mineral Diesel fuel substitute for compression ignition (CI) engines in transportation as well as in the agriculture sector
42 Mathematical Modeling to Estimate the Reproductive Number and the Outbreak Size of COVID-19: The case of India and the World , Durgesh Nandini Sinha. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic with more than 218,000 deaths in 211 different countries around the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for this deadliest disease. This paper describes a mathematical model for India, a country with the second highest population in the world with an extremely high population density of about 464 people per km2. This disease has multiphasic actions and reaction mode and our model SEIAQIm is based on six compartmental groups in the form of susceptible, exposed, infectious, asymptomatic, quarantine, and recovered immune factions. Latin Hypercube Sampling Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient method was used for the data analysis and model fitting. According to our model, India would reach its basic reproduction number R0 = 0.97 on May 14, 2020 with a total number of 73,800 estimated cases. Further, this study also equates the world's situation using the same model system and predicts by May 7, 2020 with a total number of 3,772,000 estimated confirmed cases. Moreover, the current mathematical model highlights the importance of social distancing as an effective method of containing spread of COVID-19
43 Emphasizing the Efficiency of a Cellulolytic Preparation on the Hydrolyzed Wood Wastes , Ana Despina Ionescu, Angela CÄƒÅŸÄƒricÄƒ, Roxana - MÄƒdÄƒlina Stoica and Nicoleta Ene. According to the literature data, the cellulose, the most abundant organic molecule on Earth, is found mainly as a structural component of plants and algal cell walls, it is also produced by some animals such as tunicates, and it can be produced also by several bacteria, by a natural pathway or by biotechnology. Due to this situation, there are many studies focused on the use of this kind of renewable source and having as their issues the preparation of different valuable products, such as sugars, ethanol. different chemicals, the whole yeasts biomass valorization with agricultural applications or for biofuels development.Our issue of this present study was to verify if we can avoid the microbial additional activity during the process, mostly while the conversion starts from some materials already pretreated, such as the paper and cellulose industry’s wastes, by using them as substrate in an optimized culture media formula, for the further yeasts strains development
44 Mathematical Model and Simulations of COVID-19 2020 Outbreak in New York: Predictions and Implications for Control Measures , Durgesh Nandini Sinha and Peiwen Tan. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality in the affected 210 countries with about 2.4 million people infected and over 163 thousand deaths. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is effective at binding to human cells, but this SARS-CoV-2 backbone differed substantially from those of already known coronaviruses and mostly resembled related viruses found in bats and pangolins. To help predict the possible dynamics of COVID-19 as well as ways to contain it, this paper develops a mathematical model for the disease, which includes two different infectious routes. The model’s predictions are fitted to data from the outbreaks in New York State from March 1 2020 first report to April 19 2020. However, the containment time and the severity of the outbreaks depend crucially on the contact coefficients and the isolation rate constant. When randomness is added to the model coefficients, the simulations show that the model is sensitive to the scaled contact rate among people and to the isolation rate. The model is analyzed using stability theory for ordinary differential equations and indicates that when using only isolation for control and advising self recovery,the endemic steady state is locally stable and attractive. After the April 14 2020 highest peak of COVID-19 new infections by the SARS-CoV-2 virus will slow down from the beginning of May at New York State if people will keep the isolation. Numerical simulations with parameters estimated from New York State illustrate the analytical results and the model behavior, which may have important implications for the disease containment in other cities. Indeed, the model highlights the importance of isolation of infected individuals and advising self recovery may be used to assess other control measures. The model is general and may be used to analyze outbreaks in other states of the United States and other countries.
45 Recent Approaches against SARS-COV-2: The Ongoing Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) , Manas Chakraborty, Indranil Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath, Nilayan Guha, Raksha Ray, and Roushan Bhaskar. Novel extreme intense respiratory condition coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lies behind the continuous episode of coronavirus mala-dy 2019 (COVID-19). There is a developing comprehension of SARS-CoV-2 in virology, the study of disease transmission, and clinical administration systems. Be that as it may, no enemy of SARS-CoV-2 medication or antibody has been authoritatively affirmed because of the nonattendance of satisfactory proof. Researchers are dashing to build up a treatment for COVID-19. Late investigations have uncovered numerous alluring remedial choices, regardless of whether some of them stay to be additionally affirmed in thorough preclinical models and clinical preliminaries. In this minireview, we mean to sum up the refreshed potential methodologies against SARS-CoV-2. We stress that further endeavors are justified to build up the most secure and best methodology.
46 The Role of 3D Printing and Computer Aided Design in Medicine at Healthcare Systems during Emergence of COVID-19 , Manas Chakraborty, Indranil Chatterjee, Toumica Ghosh, Sanchari Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath, Rajeswar Das, Animitra Bhattacharjee and Rabi Dayal Singh. The ongoing effect of COVID-19 in Italy has caused local deficiencies of key hardware, including covers and hoods for non-obtru-sive ventilation in CPAP/PEEP respiratory help. The reason for this review is to feature late activities and coordinated efforts per-formed by organizations, emergency clinics, and analysts in using 3D printing during the COVID-19 pandemic and to help nearby 3D printing endeavors that can be lifesaving. The 3D printing network can pull together its clinical consideration universally, profiting by unified enormous scope fabricating offices just as privately circulated assembling of confirmed and tried CAD records. Moreover, there are different clinical, designing and different social orders and gatherings that can arrange to chip away at normal needs, huge numbers of which are delineated in this audit. While models examined here are basically opensource necessities accessible at the hour of composing, the CAD record assets alluded to in this survey are proposed for a conversation of an advancing assortment of prepared to-print models and connections to the significant assets to help in supporting pressing clinical reaction. A model assort-ment can be found at the NIH 3D Print Exchange. We should recognize that at the hour of composing, the clinical viability of a large number of the gadgets made by the CAD records depicted in this audit has not been tried and a considerable lot of these gadgets have not been endorsed for bleeding edge clinical use by significant administrative bodies. The creators of this review can’t ensure clinical viability of the introduced gadgets and would ask thought of these assets at the clients’ tact and just where no restoratively cleared options are accessible
47 A Simulation Study on the Effects of Media Composition on the Growth Rate of Escherichia coli MG1655 Using iAF1260 Model , Kar Chi Cheong, Raphael YH Hon, Clara J Sander, Irwin ZL Ang, Jun Hang Foong, and Maurice HT Ling. Media compositions are important determinants of growth rate and genome-scale models (GSMs) had been used for optimizing media for metabolite production and growth. Recently, iAF1260, a GSM based on Escherichia coli MG1655, was used to study the effects varying glucose concentration in media on growth rate and metabolic fluxes. In this study, the effects of other media components in the presence of varying glucose concentrations on the predicted growth rate of E. coli MG1655 were examined. Our results show that 10 media components (ammonium, calcium, chloride, copper, glucose, manganese, magnesium, molybdate, phosphate, and potassium) demonstrate substantial impact on the predicted growth rate of E. coli MG1655. Of which, 4 components (glucose, ammonium, magnesium, and phosphate) have the most impact. However, our results also demonstrate the limitations of iAF1260 as media components that had been shown to affect E. coli growth rate were not reflected by the model.
48 Low Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection in Gujarat and Maharashtra States of Western India , Sulabhsinh Solanki, Nikhil Patel, Deepak Amarapurkar, Anjali Amrapurkar, Sanjay Patel, Chetan Lakhani, Payal Patel, Ayusi Patel, Parthvi Dani, Jinal Ka Patel, Lisma Patel, Hetal Patel, Ankita Thakkar and Nitiraj Shete. Prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) in India is varying from 3 to 12%, which falls in to intermediate prevalence zone. Prevalence of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) in India varies from 0.3 to 4% among blood donor population. Previous data from western India suggests HBV prevalence of 1.6 - 5.9% and HCV prevalence of 0.2 - 15.9%. Most of these data are almost 10 years old and based on selected population. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to find out recent prevalence of HBV and HCV from multiple sources. Data on prevalence of HBV and HCV was collected prospectively from multiple sources that include general population, blood donor population, hospital attending population, and liver clinic population. HBV prevalence was as follows: gen-eral population data: 166/1758 (0.94%); blood donor data: 2039/172316 (1.18%) hospital attending population: 133/13177 (1%); liver clinic data: 2637/12251 (21.5%). HCV prevalence was as follows: general population: 1/2388 (0.040%); blood donor data: 666/171306 (0.38%); hospital attending population: 12/2597 (0.46%) liver clinic data: 916/12251 (7.4%). In Western India, there is very low prevalence of HBV and HCV; making it a low prevalence area.
49 Enzyme Instability between Problem and Solution , Mona Abdeltawab Esawy and Bassem Mahmoud Salama. One of the main problems obstructed to the use of enzymes in industrial biotechnology is their improper stability under process-ing conditions. In the last decades, a lot of research has focused on the improvement of enzymes stability in the conditions in which they were to be used, and especially on thermal stability improvement. Long time ago different methods were suggested to enhance the enzyme stability. This review trying to explain the enzyme structure and the factors affecting its stability. also, tried to highlight and summarized most of these methods such as chemical modification, immobilization, and addition of various compounds. Also, give an overview of the recent progress in these methods.
50 Novel Corona Virus COVID-19: An Overview , Rohini Agrawal, Prashant Amale and Shilpa A Deshpande. Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), was proclaimed as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organisation (WHO) in March 2020. The main causative factor behind the pneumonic viral infection is Severe Acute Respiratoty Syndrome Coronavirus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which holds the 75 - 80% nucleotide sequence similarity with SARS-CoV. Infected and asymptomatic individual are the primary source of human to human transmission due to it become a pandemic, the women with third trimester is also susceptible to this respiratory and pneumonic infection. The time period for the infection is 14 days and the average duration is of 20 days. The infection is clinically manifested mainly by fever, shortness of breath, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) etc. Various diagnostic approaches such as Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) by using RT-PCR, serological testing etc had been used among which RT-PCR found to be suc-cessful in the detection of strain of SARS-CoV-2. Present review focus on the genomic structure of SARS-CoV-2, mechanism, transmis-sion, entry into the host cell, diagnosis, and prevention of the Covid-19. This may be helpful for the development of therapeutic agents used for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2
51 The Art of Polythene Degrading Bacteria: The Bio-Deteriorating Action of Microbial Communities , Manas Chakraborty, Indranil Chatterjee, Sayak Samanta and Arindam Chakraborty. Plastic is a significant reason for Environmental Pollution. Major earth surfaces, sea waters are getting polluted day by day with accumulation of plastic as waste material from different sources which is a serious concern for human beings and different marine animals living in this world. A few stages happen in the plastic biodegradation process and could be distinguished by explicit phras-ing. Bio-weakening characterizes the activity of microbial networks and other decomposer life forms answerable for the physical and synthetic decay that brought about a shallow debasement that changes the mechanical, physical and substance properties of the plas-tic. Bio-discontinuity alludes to the reactant activities that separate polymeric plastics into oligomers, dimers or monomers by ecto-compounds or free-radicals discharged by microorganisms. Osmosis portrays to the incorporation of particles moved in the cytoplasm in the microbial digestion. Mineralisation alludes to the total corruption of atoms that brought about the discharge of totally oxidized metabolites (CO2, N2, CH4, H2O). The microbial species discovered related with the debasing materials were recognized as two Gram positive and five Gram negative microscopic organisms. The microbial species related with the polythene materials were recognized as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amylolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas species etc. of which Bacillus amylolyticus causes 30% degradation and Bacillus subtilis causes 20% average degradation in a month. In this review article different isolation and identification processes followed so far for these important categories of microbes have been discussed for general awareness of research in this field
52 Meningeal Tuberculosis Presented As A Myasthenia Gravis Picture , Raziel Castillo-Guevara, Adriana Martínez-Mayorga and Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva. Objective: To share an uncommon clinical case presentation of a young adult who shows a clinical picture of myasthenia gravis and had neuroinfection problem. Presentation of the Case: A 20-year-old woman with progressive and fluctuant ptosis and diplopia was evaluated through clinical and extension studies (including a repetitive neurostimulation test), but the outcome and, finally, the CSF study help us to make the diagnosis of tuberculosis from the CNS .Results: The high opening pressure, with the xanthochromic aspect and the hypoglycorrhachia with pleocytosis with mononuclear cell elevation and Tb-positive PCR, make us the guidelines for the diagnosis and final treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a pinealoma and a lightly bright of the arachnoid structures. Conclusion: The multiple forms of presentation of this endemic disease push us to consider this unfortunate problem in patients with cranial nerve affection due to arachnoiditis secondary to CNS tuberculosis.
53 Immunological Situation and Interferences in the Acquisition and Production of Vaccines in Angola-Africa , Abiude Paulino The lack of a contingency plan and a specific vaccine immuniza-tion model in Africa, the lack of hospital centers at municipal and commune level, especially in Angola, which goes according to the human, environmental and social reality of the local communities, has been a key factor in the process of stability, expansion and pub-lic health security in many African regions, above all in Angola
54 An Overview of the Drug Susceptibility Testing for Tuberculosis , Vikas Jha, BS Ajit Kumar, Sampurna Panigrahi, Gayatri Nair and Nikitha Bangera. There in an increase in demand for reliable, inexpensive and rapid drug susceptibility assay because of expanding anti-tuberculosis drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis necessitating the need for appropriate treatment. One of the major challenges being faced is the lack of resources and the limiting of reliable drug susceptibility test meeting acceptable levels only for isoniazid and rifampicin. In this article, an overview of different drug susceptibility testing and assays is detailed and the advantages and disadvantages highlighted. It discusses the perspective on conventional methods which have paved the way for modern DSTs along with the advancements made in the conventional methods.
55 Reality of COVID-19 Reinfection , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn and Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn Generally, the immunity development that responds to a pathogenic microorganism occurs around 1 - 2 weeks with a non-specific innate response followed by body producing antibodies (humoral responses), immunoglobulins in combination with pro-duction of T-cells or cellular immunity. The virus in the body will be eliminated by this combined adaptive response. The definitive viral elimination by their protective role from viral reinfection is yet unidentified. Around eighty known distinct genotypical vari-ants of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have been identified. Several pre-vious studies demonstrated that SARs-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can per-sistently present in the feces of the patients, whereas no oral-fecal transmission markers were identified. A previous study in Beijing, China revealed that the virus can persist in the sputum for 39 days after becoming pharyngeal-swab negative. IgM-negative, IgG-positive antibody response and non-detectable viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) after discharging and consequent positive-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-RNA test, remained negative IgM, and positive IgG an-tibody tests was demonstrated in three readmitted asymptomatic-COVID-19 patients in Tongji Hospital, China. Due to the highest titers of SARS-CoV-2 RNA reaching within 7 - 10 days of clinical symptom onset and declining thereafter, the upper respiratory tract (posterior nasopharyngeal tonsil region) swabs should be performed.
56 Changing Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital , Ambreen Shafaat Khan, Tarana Sarwat, Sneha Mohan, Mariyah Yousuf and Dalip Kakru Background:Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is associated with multi drug resistance. In hospitals and community mortality and morbidity rate increases due to MRSA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) results in serious complica-tions. Methicillin sensitive strains are less problematic than MRSA. Aim:To study the changing trends in resistance patterns of MRSA. Materials and Methods:Fifty eight clinical isolates of MRSA which were obtained in 2017 - 2020 were identified by using Cefoxitin disc according to CLSI guidelines. Results: MRSA isolates showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin in comparison with other drugs. Sensitivity to Vancomy-cin and Linezolid was 100%. Recently resistance among MRSA has increased for most antibiotics. Conclusion:As the rate of drug resistance in MRSA is increasing, resistance should be evaluated after a period of time and antibiotic therapy should be guided accordingly. Keywords:Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Multi Drug Resistance; Cefoxitin
57 Pesticide Residue in Mango Orchards and Health Risk , Tari VSS, Patil PY and Karthik Kannan The Mango (Mangifera indica) crop is commercially grown in almost all nine Taluka of Ratnagiri district. This study aims to col-lect baseline data regarding pesticide residue. Mango leaf samples and soil samples of mango orchard collected across Ratnagiri district to understand either the study area is under impact of pesticide pollution or not. The soil and plant materials (mango leaf ) were collected from 20 different randomly selected Mango orchards. These samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS) qualitative analysis for determination of pesticide residue in the mango field at the Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India. The extraction of soil samples is carried out by Solid-liquid partition method followed by concentration using Kuderna-Danish concentrator apparatus. Extraction of plant material carried out by Soxhlet method. Electron impact ionization (EI with 70 eV ionization energy) mode is used during analysis. Present study reveals appearance of some pesticide residues in the field. Total 6 chemical pesticides residues viz. Carbendazim [Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate], Cypermethrin [(Cyano - (3 - Phenoxyphenyl) methyl – 2) 3 - (2 – 2 - dichloroethyneyl) – 2, 2 dimethylcyclopropane – 1 – carboxylate], Hexaconezole (2 - (2, 4 - Dichlorophenyl) – 1 - (1H - 1, 2, 4 – triazol – 1 - yl) Hexan - 2 - ol), Imidacloprid (N - (1 - [(6 – chloro – 3 - pyridyl) methyl)] - 4, 5 - dihydroimidazol – 2 - yl) nitramide), Monocrotophos [Dimethyl (E) 1 – methyl - 2 - (methyl carbamoyl)and phorate [0, 0 – Diethyl – S - [(ethylsulphanyl) methyl] phosphorodithioate] were found from 5 different groups such as Organophosphate, Pyrethroid, Neo-nicotinoids, Triazole and Benzimidazole. This study is significantly showing that the study area (Ratnagiri district) is under impact of pesticide pollution. There is well felt need of organic farming of mango to reduce health risk
58 Bioactivity of Endophytes from the Brazilian Tropical Savannah , Andréa Cristina Bogas, Flavia Luana Torres, Cristina Paiva de Sousa and Paulo Teixeira Lacava The Brazilian tropical savannah is a mosaic biome, the second largest in the Brazilian territory and the most biodiverse tropical savannah in the world. Endophytes and host plants have asymbiotic relationship, in which both are beneficial. The host plant pro-vides protection to the endophytes, which, in turn, increase the fitness of the plant by inducing resistance to pathogens due to niche competition and/or synthesizing antibiotics, lytic enzymes and siderophores. Although initial studies on endophytes were directed to those living in symbiosis with temperate plants, in recent years, many reports describing the isolation of endophytic bacteria and fungi from tropical plants have been published. Secondary metabolites produced by endophytes are a promising source of bioactivity. The biochemical versatility and diversity of these microorganisms suggest that there are many unknown active compounds. Another important goal is the agronomic potential of endophytic fungi from tropical savannah. Bioprospecting studies have reported the potential of endophytes against a large number of phytopathogens responsible for large losses in economically important tropical crops. Thus far, the main method for controlling plant diseases is the application of chemicals. Nevertheless, chemicals cause toxic effects to humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, endophytic microorganisms have been considered an alternative for the control of phytopathogens and consequent augmented crop production. The lack of studies related to endophytes isolated from tropical environments enhances their importance. This review focuses on the potential activities produced by endophytes isolated from medicinal plants and their industrial, pharmaceutical and agronomic applications
59 Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine: An Important First Step of Searching for Evidence to Prevent COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) , Indranil Chatterjee, Toumica Ghosh, Sanchari Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath, Rakhi Bakuli and Soumitra Sahana Extreme intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the infection that causes coronavirus illness 2019 (Co-vid-19), has created an overall pandemic. The interference of its spread relies upon a blend of pharmacologic and nonpharmaco-logic intercessions. Beigel., et al. have given in the Journal the prin-cipal report of a powerful treatment for Covid-19, coming about because of a thoroughly structured and led clinical trial
60 Traffic Light Reporter for Genome Engineering , Kawalpreet K Aneja Gene editing depends upon the cell’s endogenous DNA repair pathways. Upon DNA double-strand break, two known repair path-ways are enacted: nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and ho-mologous recombination (HDR), among others. The HDR pathway works only in the presence of an exogenous homologous template. Is it possible to determine which pathway is activated in a cell af-ter gene disruption (GD)? Is it NHEJ or HDR? Certo., et al. 2011 [1] published an article on the Traffic Light Reporter (TLR) that can distinguish between NHEJ and HR events. Traffic light reporter system is designed such that cells generate flow-cytometric read-out of HDR-mediated gene targeting or mutagenic NHEJ-mediated gene disruption occurring at an individual DNA breakpoint, which is extremely exciting
61 Diversity of Begomoviruses Infecting Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in Togo , Fidèle Tiendrébéogo, Ayékitan Akakpo, Ezechiel B Tibiri, Monique Soro, Cheikna Zongo, Aly Savadogo, James Bouma Neya, Kossikouma Djodji Adjata and Nicolas Barro Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is an important crop which is widely grown in Africa. It is a major source of fiber and vitamins for diet and incomes for several women farmers. The crop is negatively impacted by okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) which is an endemic disease in Africa and is caused by a complex of begomoviruses. To determine the identity and diversity of the virus species responsible for OLCD in Togo, Okra fields were assessed and 118 okra leaves were sampled and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers following sequencing.During fields’ surveys, OLCD prevalence has been estimated at 64% in Dry Savannah zone, 60% in Forest zone, 53% in Littoral zone and 50% in Humid Savannah zone. Altogether, the average prevalence of the disease in Togo is about 57%. Using, PCR to diagnose the presence of begomoviruses in the samples collected, ~56% were positive. Among the begomoviruses positive samples, ~38% were found associated with betasatellite molecules. The Coat Protein gene sequencing has revealed the presence of Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV) and Okra yellow crinkle virus (OYCrV) in Togo.This study highlights the complexity of begomoviruses associated to OLCD in Togo
62 A Crushing Load of COVID-19 at Maharashtra: Indian Epicenter of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic , Indranil Chatterjee, Toumica Ghosh, Sanchari Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath, Rakhi Bakuli and Soumitra Sahana Medical clinics are overpowered with the devastating heap of COVID-19 cases and are experiencing deficiencies of individual defensive gear (Personal Protective Equipment) for care suppli-ers. More than 67,000 Indians have affected with COVID-19 till date, out of which 20,917 have been recovered with more than 2,206 of them are died. 22,171 cases overview from Maharashtra state alone out of which 832 have lost their life and remaining are under treatment and sent for quarantine (Figure 1). Since late-April, either by choice or in response to shelter-in-place orders, most Indians have been staying home and limiting non-essential travel and industrial and business activity has slowed to a crawl. In a thick urban territory, most occupants have no entrance to private open-air space and depend on open parks for work out, the emotional well-being help that originates from an association with nature and outside air. Scrupulous city occupants presently contemplate how to keep up safe social separation while impart-ing restricted outside space to other people. Official proposals by the WHO have combined on 6 ft of separation as the standard of thumb [1] for maintaining a strategic distance from the trading of possibly infective respiratory beads and vaporizers, however these suggestions were conceived based on perceptions made during the 1930s for medical clinic environments
63 Influenza A Virus: Cause of Multispecies Disease and Zoonoses , Sharanagouda Patil, Bramhadev Pattnaik, Pinaki Panigrahi and Mahendra P Yadav Influenza A viruses (IAV) in the family Orthomyxoviridae, including all avian influenza viruses (AIVs), are enveloped, pleomorphic, and possess eight separate RNA genomic segments ranging in size between 890 and 2341 nucleotides. As observed by, the persistent and sporadic outbreaks of various Influenza A viruses in poultry and humans, respectively, warns the likelihood of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) becoming the next influenza pandemic strain. Further, among the vast pool of AIVs in nature, the HPAI A/H5N1 virus is believed to represent the greatest threat for the next flu pandemic. Therefore, the pandemic potential of subtypes of AIVs should not be overlooked and the domestic and aquatic wild bird populations should be under surveillance to monitor interspecies transmis-sion. Such monitoring would help in understanding the ecology of human influenza and controlling avian zoonoses. The HA and NA glycoproteins on the virus surface encoded by separate RNA segments are antigenically diverse, and divide the IAVs into 18 H and 11 N antigenic subtypes, respectively. Aquatic birds like wild water fowl and ducks are natural host for AIV subtypes of H-1 to H-16 and N-1 to N-9. Two new subtypes each of HA and NA (H17N10, H18N11) have been recently identified in bats. Isolation of new AIV subtypes from bats has added another angle, in addition to the role of wild aquatic birds, to the ecology and emergence of influenza/flu epidemics/pandemics that can affect both terrestrial birds and human beings depending upon availability of receptors on host cells. Bats are likely ancient reservoir for a diverse pool of influenza virus. Influenza A viruses naturally circulate in a range of avian and mammalian species, including in humans. The Influenza A serotypes that have been confirmed in humans are, H1N1, H1N2 (en-demic in humans, pigs and birds), H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, H9N2, and H10N7. Although transmission of AIVs between pigs and humans have already been confirmed, direct transmission from avian to human beings and between human to human is seldom. Segmented nature of the viral RNA genome combined with its error-prone polymerase enzymes can produce novel virus strain(s) with expansion of host range, inter species transmission, higher virulence, multi organ involvement with potential to
64 Clinical and Microbiological Spectrum of Clostridial Myonecrosis from a Tertiary Care Centre , Sukanya Sudhaharan, Kanne Padmaja, Padmasri Chavali and Vijay Dharma Teja Introduction:Infections due to Clostridium spp is most often seen in traumatic injuries, surgery, malignancy and underlying im-munocompromised conditions. Gas gangrene, the clinical manifestation of Clostridium spp is a diffuse necrotizing infection of deep soft tissues. The infection can develop rapidly following any trauma that compromises the blood supply and is characterized by high mortality. Early Identification of the signs and symptoms in these patients would help in the management and reduce mortality as-sociated with this infection. In this review we presented a series of cases with infection due to Clostridium spp after trauma Materials and Methods:Twelve cases of Clostridium perfringens infections were analysed from our Institute prospectively during the period of 2012 - 2019 (duration of 8 years). The tissue samples from the cases were subjected to direct Gram stain and further inoculated aerobically on Chromogenic agar and 5% sheep blood agar. Anaerobic inoculation was done on 5% sheep blood agar and incubated into anaerobic pouch Results: The median age of the patients were 31 years. All the patients were males. The patients had sustained injury due to road traffic accident (RTA). 5/12 patients had Grade 3 compound fracture of leg, 1/12 patient had injury extending up to thigh, 5/12 pa-tients had crush injury of lower limb, 1/12 patient had crush injury of upper limb.Escherichia coli was the predominant aerobic organism isolated in 7/12 of the patients. The patients were treated surgically with below knee amputation in 10/12, below elbow amputation in 1/12, above knee amputation in 1/12 of patients. All the patients were treated with intravenous penicillin G10 U/day. Eleven patients were discharged in stable condition with advise to follow up. The patient with above knee amputation succumbed to the infection in spite of the treatment. Conclusion:From this study we conclude that early clinical suspicion and microbiological diagnosis helps in the proper management of the patients. Careful and adequate treatment along with antibiotics and all other supportive treatments should be instituted im-mediately will avoid further deterioration and reduce the mortality in these patients
65 Antifungal Activity of Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole Amphotericin B and Caspofungin against Candida parapsilosis Blood Isolates , Stephanie Villalobos-Castro, Daniela Jaikel-Víquez, Diego Ortiz-Solano, Luis Enrique Chaves-González and Norma T Gross Candida albicans is considered the most frequent etiological agent of candidemia worldwide. However, in the last decades there has been a rise in non-albicans Candida spp. causing candidemia. For example, in some Latin American countries Candida parapsilosisis replacing C. albicans as the main species isolated from blood samples. There is also an emerging concern regarding the decrease in susceptibility of non-albicans Candida spp. to first-line antifungals. In Costa Rica, there is limited information about this emerging problem. Thus, the objective of the present investigation was to study the susceptibility pattern of C. parapsilosis blood isolates to flu-conazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin and amphotericin B. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three Type A hospitals were studied. The isolates are part of the Fungal collection of the School of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica. Two reference methods were used to determine antifungal susceptibility. The EUCAST was performed for the azoles and amphotericin B. The end-points for caspofungin are not established by the EUCAST, thus the CLSI method was used instead. Results showed that 29% of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 25% to voriconazole, 6% to itraconazole and 3% to caspofungin. As to amphotericin no resistance was found; however, it is noteworthy that 42% of the isolates had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 1 μg ml-1, the upper limit to be considered as sensible. In conclusion, these results highlight the importance of vigilance programs for susceptibility testing of C. parapsilosis involved in candidemia in Costa Rica.
66 Non - Invasive Monitoring and Assessment of Phage Therapy and Phage Targeting in Bovine Brucellosis Employing a Brucella - Specific Biomarker , Anju Mohan and Hari Mohan Saxena Brucellosis caused by Brucella organisms is a major zoonosis globally. It causes heavy losses through abortions, delayed concep-tion and infertility in animals. Antibiotic therapy is ineffective. Once infected, the animal remains carrier and sheds bacteria in milk, semen and uterine discharges for long period. We have successfully used a lytic brucella phage for therapy of Brucellosis in adult cattle. We also targeted the phage employing the live attenuated Brucella abortus strain 19 organisms to kill the virulent Brucellaresiding intracellularly in phagocytes in the body. The effect of both the therapies was monitored non-invasively employing BrucellaRNA in blood plasma as a Brucella - specific biomarker. A single dose of the phage alone or the therapeutic vaccine (phage pulsed S-19) could substantially reduce and finally eliminate live Brucella in the body within 3 months as evident from diminished and ulti-mately non – detectable RNA characteristic of Brucella abortus (223 bp amplicon) in plasma by RT-PCR. Thus, phage has a potential to cure Brucellosis and abolish carrier state in cattle and RNA can serve as a specific biomarker of live Brucella for monitoring and assessment of the efficacy of the therapy
67 Presence of Syphacia muris in Wistar Rats of a Conventional Animal Care Facility and Treatment for the Eradication of this Parasitosis , Maria Alfonsina Lizárraga Laboratory animals are essential in research. Genetic and health quality control enables reliable and reproducible experimental data. A very common disease in rodent colony facilities, is a parasitosis caused by the etiological agent, species: Syphacia muris, which belongs to the filo: Nematoda, to the family: Oxyuridae, is an intestinal endoparasite. The life cycle of this parasite is direct, (there is no intermediate host) has a cycle of 7 to 9 days. Syphacia muris Las infections can alter a humoral host's response to parasitic antigen-ic stimuli, and cause a Th2-like immune response with the production of elevated cytokines and induce an autoimmunity mediated by Th2 [1]. Therefore a study was carried out in colonies of rats Wistar strain (adult males and females) of a conventional animal care facility of faculty of medicine of the University of Buenos Aires. A total of 36, 32 y 30 rats were tested. Random samples were taken from animals, by Graham's method. Treatments were: treatment A: Ivermectin administered subcutaneously according to the weight of the animal, every 15 days. Treatment B: Ivermectin administered subcutaneously according to the weight of the animal, each week. In treatment C: Ivermectin was administered orally in drinking water at a concentration of 2ml ivermectin in 500ml of filtered water, for four days and allowed to rest for 3 days, this treatment was repeated for three weeks. Together, spray cage spraying containing an ivermectin solution was performed: 1ml in 250 ml of filtered water. The calculated prevalence rate for each treatment was: treatment A: in the first dose 50% and in the second dose of 75%. In treatment B: a 75% rate was obtained at the first and second doses of 80%. In treatment C: it was 0% in the first and second doses. These results enabled the finding of adequate and effective treatment for the eradication of oxyides. A parasitosis very common and common in all biotheres, but so untreated. Therefore, this work demonstrated that it is possible to be treated, eradicated and controlled to avoid interference and alter experimental responses. However, ensure more reliable results by controlling some variables, such as the health status of animals. Obtaining a good experimental model, ap-plying the uses of 3Rs [10], in terms of reduction when treating infected animals and avoiding the subsequent use of other animals and in refinement when ensuring the welfare of animals.
68 Strain Improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Bridge-induced Chromosome Translocation (BIT) and YAC Recombineering Technology , Burcin Altun, Valentina Tosato and Carlo V Bruschi The present research deals with implementation of the bridge-induced chromosome translocation (BIT) technology and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) recombineering for strain improvement of bioethanol producing transgenic yeast. We aimed to construct a YAC that carries cellulose degradation genes on it and then to apply the BIT technology. BIT technology allowed us to gain two advantages; one of them was to stabilize YAC into the yeast genome and the other one was to have increased a gene expression level consequent to the translocation event. Selection strategies were implemented to obtain novel genetic regulation that would achieved the final phenotype originally desired with the high cellulose degradation and high ethanol producing features.In conclusion, in our study, we utilized two novel technologies (Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) recombineering and Bridge-Induced Translocation (BIT) technology to introduce new, multi-factorial genetic traits into a yeast strain, a process that would otherwise take several time-consuming and labor-intensive rounds of genetic engineering. This work describes the successful recombinant translocant yeast that is able to efficiently utilize cellulosic material as a carbon source with highly stable recombinant translocant chromosome and has high level of cellulases capacity
69 Serology: A Precise Tool in Diagnosis and Epidemiology of COVID-19 , Bramhadev Pattnaik, Mahendra P Yadav, Sharanagouda Patil and Pinaki Panigrahi The coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by a β-Coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pan-demic since its origin in Wuhan, China during the last week of December 2019, affecting 212 countries and territories in the World involving all the five continents. Prompt and precise diagnosis of the disease is central to its control and eradication. Real- time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) using dual labelled TaqMan probe and targeting two genomic areas, usually RdRp and envelope (E) regions, of the virus is being extensively used for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory clinical specimens. As stage of the infection cannot be ascertained during collection of respiratory specimens for nucleic acid test (NAT; RT-PCR), this may lead to false negatives (error of omission) as virus load in the respiratory exudates and saliva gradually decreases with the increase in time post infection. Virus excretion would be maximum during clinical sickness that follows incubation period of usually up to ~14 days and clinical samples collected during this period are suitable for PCR diagnosis than those collected after clinical sickness. In addition, there are other variables, like quality of swabs and virus transport medium, PCR protocol and reagents, enzyme inhibitors, and proficiency of the manpower engaged in executing diagnostic techniques may affect the quality of the test result. There are three grades of clinical sickness in COVID-19, viz. asymptomatic, mild symptomatic and highly symptomatic. Available data indicate that about 50% of the people exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection may become asymptomatic, as was observed in case of the COVID-19 af-fected Japan cruise ship ‘Diamond Princess’ with 3,711 people on board. In case of asymptomatic and mild symptomatic cases, due to low virus load in the clinical specimens collected, the negative result in NAT/PCR need to be cross checked using a suitable antibody assay. It is known that virus load in the body and the quantum of virus excreted in body fluids gradually decreases with the remission from sickness, whereas quantum of specific antibody against the virus increases with time till plateau. Anti-virus antibody remains in the host for longer duration and can be detected even after clearance of the infection from the body. Therefore, NAT must be comple-mented by antibody test to enhance quality of diagnosis and mitigate errors of omission. Further, unlike NAT/PCR, serology/anti-body test is a powerful tool in tracking virus transmission, estimating actual number of cases, and epidemiological mapping of the disease in a population. Further, availability of a precise antibody test system/assay would be handy for post-pandemic surveillance of COVID-19. The current review includes the results of COVID-19 diagnosis and kinetics of antibody response reported by differ-ent authors/groups of scientists that vouch for quick development of a ‘COVID-19 antibody assay’ system for use in epidemiological studies of the disease
70 Immune Response and Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and The Strategies for Developing Target Drugs , Anju Kaushal Current pandemic with COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel coronavirus SARSCoV-2, which started from Dec 2019 and still con-tinues. The infection is mainly started by inhalation of virus contaminated droplets. Immune response is produced by both adaptive and innate immunity. Pathogenic stages of virus in the host are asymptomatic stage, non-severe symptomatic and severe- symptom-atic stage. Major- Histocompatibility Antigens/HLA classes regulate the adaptive immune response and pathogenesis. In asymptom-atic stage the person is recovered normally. However, the innate immune response is impaired in the severe symptomatic stages with high lymphopenia in natural killer cells, but other macrophages and monocytes increased fighting the virus; hence they establish a hyperinflammatory state. Immunological regular functions are precluded mainly due to impaired immune response, because virus lapse the protective immunity by NK cells, while favoring its propagation causing inflammations in lungs and other organs such as kidney, liver, spleen etc., could be fatal in later stages.ACE-2 receptors on alveolar cells with proteaseTMPRSS2 allow the spike of virus to make them attach to the cells for easy virus entry. Monocytes and Macrophages produce cytokines can create “Cytokine storm”, a hyper inflammation in lungs. Cytokine storm is a current hallmark of SARSCoV-2 pathogenesis, is triggered by releasing cytokines GSCF, IP10, MIP1A, IL-2, IL-7 and TNF to cause breathing problem, ARDS, and lungs failure subsequently with acute cardiac injury.Evidence based medicines to integrate the clinical experience and patient values with the accurate information available, would provide best treatment for faster patient recovery
71 Current and Future Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 - Challenges and Recommendations , Anju Kaushal The diagnostic tests for COVID-19 are ranged from molecular tests (detect the RNA virus) to serological tests (detect the past infection). Most of the molecular tests are being developed are based on the real- time RT-PCR assay. For conducting PCR assay the number of molecular targets has been identified within the RNA of Corona Virus; such as helicase (Hel), nucleocapsid (N), transmem-brane (M), envelop (E) and envelop glycoproteins spike (S). Serological tests are useful in testing past infection in already recovered patients and the convalescent sera of patients with negative PCR findings. These tests are mostly based on the principles of immu-nochromatography, chemiluminescence or ELISA to detect IgG or IgG and IgM together in serum samples. Serodiagnosis is useful in testing convalescent sera of patients with negative PCR findings. However, the cross reactivity with other antibodies is a major challenge to serological tests. From the second week IgM titre increases and then gradually declines 3rd week onwards, but IgG level remain stable around week 4.LAMP, CRISPR and multiplex isothermal amplification followed by the microarray detection methods are being developed around the world, to increase the sensitivity and accuracy for virus detection. LAMP Assay could be a potential alternative to RT-PCR in com-ing future as a point-of -care device assay. DNA amplifies rapidly in isothermal conditions and this tech doesn’t need any specialized equipment. CRISPR-Cas 13 method is also administered, based on specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter, unlocks a SHERLOCK protocol for more accuracy and rapidity. NGS is an emerging technology, is used to construct NGS library by amplifying the full length of genes, could be used in epidemiological surveillance and phylogenetic analysis.These emerging technologies can be implemented to provide better, rapid and accurate diagnosis. These could be used for epide-miological purpose in a wider community, without a need for sophisticated equipment and specific training. RT- PCR assays help us to tackle this unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 which has already impacted people’s lives and econo-my. The rapid tests kits are in high demand for providing services in emergency situations and on the bed side of the patients. These tools are best possible tools providing assistance in saving people’s lives right on time
72 Exploration of New Pathways in Oncology , Simon Raymond ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY (ISSN: 2581-3226) Volume 3 Issue 9 September 2020Exploration of New Pathways in OncologySimon RaymondAlumnus, Melbourne University, AustraliaCorresponding Author: Simon Raymond, Alumnus, Melbourne University, Australia.Short CommunicationReceived: July 11, 2020Published: August 26, 2020© All rights are reserved by Simon Raymond.To date, immunization has consisted of two principle pathways: (1) replication of infective agent; (2) enhancement of immune function. Given the lack of Success of the two current pathways, the current researcher (author) has conceptualised (developed) the new, or third, pathway of site attachment inhibition. The meth-odology surrounding site attachment inhibition therapeutics has been discussed in previous lectures [1-9]. It involves both medi-cation based treatment of established infections and preventative immunization (new generation; stem cell therapy based). New generation immunization involves stem cell therapy (in-cluding mutagenesis and knockout) of particular genetic targets such to achieve immunity (resistance) to infectious agents that is similar to what occurs with hereditary genetic variations/muta-tions
73 Novel Solution for High Efficiency Bee Pollen Heat Pump Dryer , Nguyen Hay, Le Quang Huy and Vo Tan Phuong The study was conducted to calculate, design, fabricate and test a bee pollen heat pump raking device assisted dryer with a yield of 10 kg/batch. The aim of mixing material is to increase the contact of pollen with drying air, thus, increasing heat exchange, drying efficiency and drying rate. Besides, it reduces energy consumption and increases product uniformity. Experimental planning was car-ried out to determine the influence of operating parameters of the drier on the quality of the dried bee pollen. A set of mathematical equations represents the dependence of electrical energy consumption of the drying process, vitamin C content in the dried pollen and product recovery rate on drying temperature and the raking cycle was determined. The result showed that, at the drying tem-perature of 38.40C and raking cycle of 10 minutes, the drier operates at optimal working condition with the minimum electrical en-ergy consumption Armin = 0.96 kWh/kg, maximum vitamin C content Cmax= 72.11% (256.7 mg/kg) and maximum product recovery rate Mmax = 75.46%
74 A Preliminary Study on Desert Invertebrate Gut - A Metagenomic Evaluation of Bacteria Community , Tirza Doniger, Oksana Koryachenko, Chen Sherman and Yosef Steinberger The microbiota of the digestive system have recently been at the heart of many studies. Most of these studies dealt with the hu-man digestive tract, e.g. the effect of different types of microbiota on physical and mental health. The objective of this study was to identify the bacterial and fungal populations in the digestive system of common desert invertebrates of different trophic levels. As a preliminary study, we collected four invertebrates that share the same habitat in a desert system in the northern Negev, Israel, over a period of one year. The organisms in which gastrointestinal microbiota were determined included Scorpio palmatus, Adesmia dilatata, Sphincherochila zonata and Hemilepistus reaumuri. Microbial diversity was determined by sequencing DNA harvested from their digestive system. Of a total of 32 orders of bacteria, 26 were present in S. maurus, 22 in S. zonata, 14 in A. dilitata and 8 in H. reaumuri. A significant difference in bacterial diversity was found between S. zonata and A. dilatata. The present study elucidates the importance of the feeding habitat and trophic structure to the microbiotic diversity of the digestive system.
75 Care Seeking Behavior of Citizens During Pandemics: A Case Study of COVID-19 in Nigeria , Olufemi Samuel Amoo The COVID-19 virus is rapidly crossing borders and spreading across countries and the globe, with 212 countries currently af-fected as of May 2020, 6 months since reports of the first case in November 2019 in Wuhan, China. Global efforts to lessen the im-pact of COVID-19 pandemic span across surveillance, preparedness, response, prevention, testing, contact tracing, and treatment. Co-creation Hub (CcHUB) in collaboration with the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) and LifeBank developed a digital system to support the process of free testing of suspected COVID-19 cases to respond to the pandemic in Nigeria and deployed it in Lagos. An average of 25% of suspected cases presented for testing after scheduling appointments, meaning only a fourth of the high-risk cases as defined by the system were tested, revealing a drop-out rate of 74%. Preliminary analysis seeking to check which factors are associated with patients who presented themselves for testing yielded no significant factors, forming the rationale for our study.The study was a cross sectional study, seeking to 1) Understand determinants of healthcare seeking behaviors and healthcare utilization during a pandemic, 2) Provide information and guide health planners, administrators and policy makers on factors that enhance effective utilization of structures and platforms for service delivery. The variables collected were: demography and socioeco-nomic status, health status, satisfaction with healthcare system, satisfaction with NIMR service, mode of transport used/to be used and general feedback.Data collection was done using a close-ended survey and social media analysis - analysing twitter sentiments around COVID-19 testing in Nigeria. 300 study participants from a target population of 566 were selected using a simple random sampling for a finite population. Descriptive statistics and analysis looking for association (odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), including bivariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression) were conducted using STATA 16.Our results show that distance to facility, preexisting health conditions, knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms, previous healthcare experience, type of and frequency of communication influence healthcare seeking behavior of Nigerians, specifically during CO-VID-19. We recommend that the strategic placement of testing centers and increasing knowledge of disease could enhance service utilization
76 Genetic Factor of Mental Illness , Suraj Kumar Yadav This article provide a comprehensive and readable primer on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factor in mental disorder. This article contain finest information and basic knowledge of mental problems and causes. This article is a concise and original summary of method and guidelines in the field of genetic factor of mental problems. It include all types and causes related to mental illness. With its admirable blend, this book will helpful to professionals in various manners.
77 Assessment of an Immersion Technique for Generating of Borrelia burgdorferi-Infected and Infectious Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes ricinus Ticks , Djamel Tahir, Alec Evans, Nouha Lekouch, Frans Jongejan, Valérie Choumet, Byron Blagburn, Reinhard K Straubinger and Marie Varloud Experimental infection of ticks with pathogens such as spirochetes of the genus Borrelia (B.), is a critical step to better under-stand the mechanisms and the kinetics of infection. At present, four procedures for infection of ticks with B. burgdorferi have been described: (i) feeding ticks on infected rodents; (ii) tick immersion in a solution containing the spirochetes; (iii) microinjection of spi-rochetesdirectly into the tick gut and (iv) capillary or membrane feeding of ticks with a solution or blood containing Borrelia species. organisms. To reduce the use of live animals and for standardization of the conditions of experiments, the three latter procedures are recommended. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an immersion procedure to generate B. burgdorferi-infect-ed ticks and determine whether Ixodes scapularis and I. ricinus ticks were infective to dogs. Pathogen free, unfed larvae (I. scapularisand I. ricinus) and nymphs (I. scapularis) were immersed in BSK-H medium containing approximately 107B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (strain B31) organisms per mL. Immersed ticks were then fed to repletion on rabbits and held under optimum environmental condi-tions (22°C and 80 ± 10% relative humidity) for moulting. The infection rate in ticks was determined after moulting by qPCR, while their potential infectivity was evaluated on dogs. It was found that immersed larvae and nymphs acquired spirochetes. The spirochet-es were detected by qPCR in 18.7% and 37.5% of adult I. ricinus and I. scapularis,respectively. For nymphs, B. burgdorferi-specific DNA was detected in each of three pools of 20 I. scapularis. Nevertheless, all infested dogs remained seronegative during the three months after infestation and no clinical signs of borreliosis were detected
78 UniKin1: A Universal, Non-Species-Specific Whole Cell Kinetic Model , Madhurya V Murthy, Dakshahini Balan, Nur Jannah Kamarudin, Victor CC Wang, Xue Ting Tan. Avettra Ramesh, Shermaine SM Chew, Nikita V Yablochkin, Karthiga Mathivanan and Maurice HT Ling Mathematical models of metabolism can be a useful tool for metabolic engineering. Genome-scale models (GSMs) and kinetic models (KMs) are the two main types of models. GSMs provide steady-state fluxes while KMs provide time-course profile of metabo-lites, which has more advantage in identifying metabolic bottlenecks. However, KMs require greater degree of accuracy for param-eters than GSMs resulting in fewer large-scale KMs than GSMs. Recently, large-scale KMs have been developed but are not based on standard enzymatic rate equations resulting in difficulty in interpreting results in terms of enzyme kinetics. Here, we construct a universal, non-species-specific KM of core metabolism, based on Michaelis-Menten Equation, from glucose to the 20 amino acids and 5 nucleotides based on reactions listed in Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Non-species specificity is achieved by using the same Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), turnover number (Vmax), and concentration for each metabolite and enzyme for each equation. This forms a base model for developing species-specific whole cell KMs. The resulting model consists of 566 reac-tions, 306 metabolites, and 310 enzymes, involving in 1284 metabolite productions, and 1249 metabolite usages. Sensitivity analysis shows that 85% of the metabolite concentration changes with the change of one enzyme kinetic parameter. This forms a base model for developing species-specific whole cell KMs
79 Study of Antibiotic Resistance against Fourth Generation Cephalosporins in Escherichia coli , Mehwish Saleem The large majority of antibiotics currently used for treating infections and the antibiotics resistant genes acquired by human pathogens are gaining resistance against antibiotics day by day. Fourth generation cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics, pos-sess an extra ammonium group, which allows them to rapidly penetrate through the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli; enhancing their activity. Enteric Escherichia coli are both natural flora of human and important pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide by acquiring resistance. The resistance profile of Escherichia coli may be sensitive or highly resistant. To test resistance (n = 60) samples were used. These clinical samples helped in evaluation of sensitivity and resis-tance against fourth generation cephalosporin in Escherichia coli. Gram staining and various morphological as well as biochemical test were performed to identify Escherichia coli. From (n = 60) samples, (n = 32) 53% samples showed resistance against Cefepime. In these resistant strains most of them were females (n = 35) and remaining of males (n = 25). It indicates high onset of fourth genera-tion cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli. From (n = 60) samples, (n = 28) 47% samples showed sensitivity towards Cefepime. These findings suggested that some mechanism or genetic mutations are there which inducing resistance in Escherichia coli towards antibiotics. There is an urgent need to control such alarming resistance
80 Making MIC Work for You: Utilizing PK and PD Parameters , Dharmendra Sharma and Ashok Rattan. MIC or MBC has been used as indicator of antibiotic potency towards a pathogen and as surrogate marker for clinical efficacy when the selected antibiotic is used in the patient, but these parameters are static measures and do not adequately reflect the dy-namic process that takes place in a patient. To better predict the clinical efficacy of the drug we need to take into consideration the pharmacokinetics (what the host does to the drug) and the pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the bug) and to obtain the three PK/PD parameters each of which depends upon the MIC value obtained but better predictive the clinical efficacy of the selected antibiotic.
81 Spectrum and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Commercially Available Stockfish in Eke-Awka Market, Anambra Nigeria , Malachy C Ugwu, Ebube Ofoegbu and Kene C Ezejiegu Background: Food borne infections and diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among poor/developing countries. Food products play significant role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance. There is increasing evidence of the use of antibiotics in fish rearing as growth promoters or curative agents and this could promote antibiotic selective pressure which results in emergence of resistant organisms in these sea foods. This study is aimed at isolating and determining the spectrum and antibiogram of bacteria isolated from commercially available stock fishes in eke Awka market. Method: The isolated samples were obtained from randomly selected samples of stock fishes using pour plate method and confirmed with the help of microscopy and biochemical test. The antibiogram of the isolates were examined following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute breakpoints. Results: A total of 70 samples of stock fishes were collected from the market. Staphylococcus aureus was the most contaminant (45.7%) in the samples, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (41.1%), Bacillus subtilis (30%), Escherichia coli (15.7%), Salmonella typhi (5.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.3%). The isolates showed resistance to most of antibiotics used. Gentamicin and Ofloxacin had appreciable activity against all Gram positive isolated bacteria while Gentamicin and Nitrofurantoin having activity against some Gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of antibiotics-resistant bacteria in stock fishes, making it a potential public health threat. This calls for improved hygienic practices among the fish vendors and there should be rational use of antibiotics in fish farming
82 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV)-2 Versus SARS-CoV: So Similar Yet So Different , Saloni Gupta and Sonam Gupta. Starting in the Wuhan city of China, the indiscriminate spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and sudden escalation in the number of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases has brought desolation to mankind. To control the ongoing disastrous pandemic, it is important to congregate the highest level of information on the ecology of this notorious microbe. The similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can be traced back to their phylogenetic relationship, however, gaining insight into the divergent features of the novel coronavirus demands extensive research. This article brings together the previously known facts about SARS-coronaviruses and contrasts them with the new findings on SARS-CoV-2 from the most recent studies for future reference
83 Trends of Entamoeba histolytica Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital of South India - A Three Year Perspective Study , Gunalan Anitha, Mugunthan M, Nonika Rajkumari and Gopika Jayan Background: Amoebiasis is still a leading cause of intestinal parasitic infections in the world. It can be asymptomatic or manifest a wide variety of presentation and hence its diagnosis of the pathogenic from the non-pathogenic is quite challenging. Methodology: However, a changing pattern has been observed over the years with this pathogen. This study tried to explore the changing trends in patients infected with this pathogen over a period of 3 years. Results:E. histolytica microscopy was positive in 55 cases with no gender predisposition. Most of the patients presented with mild abdominal pain associated with diarrhea. In this study we found that there is a decrease in prevalence of infection caused by vari-ous Entamoeba species. The overall positivity of infection was 3% during the study period, which could most probably be due to improper sanitation favouring the transmission of the disease. Conclusion: There has been increasing trend towards the non-pathogenic ones being recovered from the patients. This observation is especially applicable in light of the fact that expanding significance has been given to generally nonpathogenic species such as E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, since invasive amoebiasis has been exhibited to be related with these species. All things considered, the determinants of invasive amoebiasis are complicated and furthermore include different host factors
84 Suboptimal Adherence and Associated Factors Contributing to Virological Failure on First Line ART at a Private Tertiary Care Centre in South India: Implications for Individualized Adherence Interventions in Resource-limited Settings , Laxman G Jessani, Ram Gopalakrishnan, Suresh D, S Nambi and V Ramasubramanian Background:Suboptimal adherence to ART can lead to HIV drug resistance. We studied the incidence and factors leading to first-line ART failure and the socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical risk factors associated with non-adherence to ART. Methods:We carried out a retrospective case-controlstudy of adult HIV-1 positive patients who were on first line ART over a period of 10 years. Adherence and history of treatment interruptions for > 48h were noted by self-report. Kaplan Meier survival curves (Figure 2) were used to estimate the median time to first line ART treatment failure. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard model were used to predict ART treatment failure. Results: Among 290 participants, 80 (27.58%) cumulatively had first-line failure. Patients who had virological failure on first line ART were taken as cases (n = 80) and those who were virologically suppressed were taken as controls (n = 210). Mean time to failure was41.16 ± 11.11 months.45% failed after more than 5 yrs on treatment: only4% failed within the first 6 months.Lower baseline CD4 count, WHO stage IV, CDC stage 3 and poor adherence were significantly associated with first line failure.70% of patients re-ported suboptimal adherence while 68% reported treatment interruptions.Poor adherence was significantly associated with viro-logical failure (P < 0.001) with OR = 4.22 (2.68 - 6.62) and CD4 count < 200 andART duration > 3 years was associated with poorer adherence. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a strong association between suboptimal adherence, virological failure and drug resistance among patients on first-line ART
85 A Venture to Discover the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19): SARS-CoV-2 , Soumitra Sahana, Sourav Nag, Prasit Roy, Reshmi Paul, Sk Abdur Rahamat, Indranil Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath and Snehansu Biswas In December 31, 2019, hospitals pronounced a cluster of instances with pneumonia of unknown motive in Wuhan, Hubei, China, attracting brilliant interest nationally and worldwide. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 precipitated by means of the SARS-CoV-2 offers an unheard of venture to discover superb capsules for treatment. Given the speedy tempo of scientific discovery and medical statistics generated by means of the massive quantity of human beings unexpectedly contaminated by using SARS-CoV-2, cli-nicians want correct proof involving nice clinical remedies for this infection. This paper analysis the literature on all on hand records about the Treatments of COVID-19. Treatments, together with Antibodies, Vaccines, antiviral agents, convalescent plasma transfu-sion, corticosteroids, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are mentioned in this article.
86 A Review on Teicoplanin Used as Alternative Drug to Treat the Novel Corona Virus (COVID – 19) , Anirban Adhikary, Kakoli Halder, Debmalya Ghosh, Snehansu Biswas, Indranil Chatterjee and Suman Kumar Nath In December 2019, another coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, has risen up out of China causing pneumonia episodes first in the Wuhan locale and have now spread overall in view of its plausible high transmission productivity. Because of the absence of pro-ductive and explicit medicines and the need to contain the pestilence, medicate repurposing has all the earmarks of being the best instrument to discover remedial arrangement. Chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin or ritonavir have demonstrated viability to restrain coronavirus in vitro. Teicoplanin, an anti-microbial used to treat staphylococci disease, recently demonstrated adequacy to hinder the principal phase of MERS coronavirus viral cycle in human cells. This action is preserved on the SARS-Cov-2, accordingly putting teicoplanin as an expected treatment for patients with this infection.
87 SARS-COV-2 had Changed the World before Virus Detection , Indranil Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath and Soumitra Sahana As we stay here secured down our homes while COVID-19 com-promises how we carry on with our carries on with; one ponders the old life we drove. We rarely stressed over contact with others, or individuals strolling past us in the road. At the point when we got a viral disease, the greater part of us thought of a cold or influ-enza, and anticipated throbs, torments, and a stodgy head, how-ever not many of us dreaded death toll. What's more, relatively few individuals were keen on points, for example, testing rates, testing techniques, or testing speeds. Be that as it may, some were. The papers in this virtual issue are by a portion of the specialists that have been creating tests to recognize infections
88 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders Encountered during the Covid-19-Pandemic-Strategies to Overcome and Nutritional Input to Boost Immunity , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh e had reviewed on various aspects of COVID-19-disease from structure, presentation management, pregnancy and lactation, management of severe COVID-19-disease and effects on reproduc-tive system [1-5]. Here we have emphasized on the GIT involve-ment aspect, besides liver and implications on endoscopy practice worldwide in, COVID-19 era. Digestive symptoms including an-orexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (N, V, D) - frequently reported in patients with COVID-19-disease [CD]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was first detected in stool of the 1st reported CD-19 case in the USA, who also presented with the digestive symptoms of (N, V, D). In the big-gest cohort-1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed CD-19 from 552 hospitals in China in January 2020, N, V, D were reported in 55 (5%) and 42 (3.8%) patients, respectively. Of the 204 patients with CD-19 and full investigations, 99 (48.5%) presented with digestive symptoms as main complaint. Patients with digestive symptoms had separate manifestations, like anorexia (83.8%), V, D and abdominal pain (0.4%). Digestive symptoms - might be pre-senting prior to respiratory symptoms, or only symptoms of CD-19
89 Forest and Soil: An Intrinsic Relationship , Abhishek Raj Forest is pure, virgin and largest natural resources that harbor variety of flora and fauna that intensify ecosystem services. There is a great synergy between forest and soils. Soil is not less; it is another largest natural resource which plays major role in vegeta-tional dynamics, structure, compositions and diversity. Soil sup-ports other natural resources like forests, humans, animals etc. and make sustainable ecosystem for better environment. Looking on an intrinsic relationship among forests and soils, many ques-tions revolve in my mind “How soil makes better forests?” Is there any synergy between forest and soil?” and “How both soil and for-est makes sustainable environment?” These questions triggered my soul. It is cent percent true that a great link exist between for-est and soil that enhance biodiversity which intensify ecosystem services and maintains soil-food-climate security for sustainable development
90 An Insight into the Coronavirus , Priyanka Kulkarni and Jayant Londhe The Coronavirus outbreak has brought the Science fraternity to put some light on the history and evolution of the virus and also the design of the effective drug and its potential target. Coronavirus consists of a positive strand RNA genome and four characteristic structural proteins, active and viable below 560C. Surprisingly, all the strains of Coronaviruses are found to be residing in bats for long period of time along with the Malayan pangolins, a group of mammals. The SARS-CoV-2 has significant similarities with SARS-CoV and SARsSr- RaTGL3 in the sequences of conserved non-structural proteins and exhibit 96.2% genome similarity with SARsSr- RaTGL3 virus. However, a unique feature of SARS-CoV2 is the presence of the four amino acid residue sequence at S1/S2 junction which is required to be cleaved by Furin-like enzymes for efficient membrane fusion of host and the virus. This distinguishing feature gives a reason to become a promising factor for drug target studies. However, the infectious diseases could be effectively controlled by vac-cine. Hence, there are some promising candidate vaccines entered into Phase III of Clinical trials designed by Sinovac, Moderna Inc and AstraZeneca/Oxford University in collaboration with Serum Institute of India.
91 How Reliable is Your Covid 19 Tests? Need to Validate and Verify Covid 19 Tests in the Laboratory Before Clinical Use , Amit Pruthi, Maneesh Baghi, Ashok Rattan and Sanjeev Vashishta On the last day of last year, China informed World Health Organisation was a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, caused by a novel coronavirus, which was identified as SARS CoV 2 based on sequences of viral agent available by 10th January 2020 and RT PCR tests developed to identify this RNA virus. The disease caused by this virus was labelled as Covid 19. The rapid spread of this virus from China to all parts of the world including India, led this outbreak to be labelled as a pandemic.In January 2020, India had only one laboratory testing for Covid 19, at the Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Insti-tute of Virology, Pune. In Mid September, the testing facilities had been ramped upto 1700 laboratories, both in the government and private set up, across the country, performing molecular tests for diagnosis of Covid 19 - an unparallel achievement in the history of Indian health system
92 Alteration of Platelets Indices in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient , Kolomi Muhammad Lawan and Avinash Kumar New platelet functions on immunity and inflammation as well as thrombosis have recently emerged as a result of advances from an automated full blood count (CBC) analyser. One of the fastest and easiest tests to confirm platelet function is the platelet indices. Such platelet indices include the width of the platelet (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet crit. World Health Organiza-tion (WHO) reported that about 8.6 million cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were estimated to have occurred in 2012 alone most of which were recorded in Asia and Africa, with India and China responsible for 38% of the total number of cases. Thus, this article was instigated to update on platelet indices and their roles in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
93 The Role of Xenobiotic Enzyme Genes of the First and Second Phases in the Pathogenesis of Fetal Growth Restriction Syndrome , Mavlyanova NN The article presents the results of molecular genetic studies of genes of biotransformation enzymes of xenobiotics of the first and second phase in pregnant women with fetal growth restriction syndrome. Using the del/del genotype variants of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and G alleles of the GSTP1 gene, one can determine the prognosis of the risk of developing fetal loss syndrome, charac-terized by impaired detoxification during pregnancy
94 Fungi that Survived in a Contaminated Uranium Mine from Brazil , Ednei Coelho, Tatiana Alves Reis, Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira and Benedito Corrêa; The Osamu Utsumi mine was the first uranium mine in Brazil and ceased activities in 1995. Since then, it has encountered prob-lems in rehabilitating the mine site due to high levels of contamination. Thus, the present investigation aimed to isolate and identify fungi from the Osamu Utsumi mine that may be suitable candidates for the bioremediation process and thus get to know the local mycobiota. The pH of the water samples was 3.3. The mean water activity (aw) of soil samples was 0.98. From this extreme environ-ment, a total of 57 fungal species were isolated and identified, with genus Penicillium being the most abundant. The identification by classical techniques demonstrated that these fungi, despite being of the same species, in many cases, present different morphology. The accurate knowledge of the mycobiota capable of growing and survive on this type of environment, which fungi are dominant, provides essential data to help in futures studies. Effluents from the contaminated uranium mine can pose severe risks to the health of the population, as they can contaminate rivers and lakes close to the mine area, so it is necessary to properly treat the water from the acid mine drainage. In the future, the fungi isolated can potentially be used in the bioremediation process, providing an economi-cal and eco-friendly alternative to conventional treatment
95 Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths and Associated Risk Factors among Children Residents in Bandjoun, West Region of Cameroon , Dzune Fossouo Dirane Cleopas and Yondo Jeannette Geohelminth infections, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Hookworms are major public health concerns. These helminths distributed throughout the world with high prevalence in poor and socio-economically deprived communities in the tropics and subtropics cause morbidity and sometimes death. Our study aimed at evaluating the prevalence and intensity of infection of geohelminths and the risk factor in Bandjoun, West Region of Cameroon. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out on three hundred and fifteen (315) stool samples collected from residents using the simple centrifugal flotation and McMaster count technique respectively. Out of the 315 samples examined, twenty-one (6.7%) were infected with the eggs of at least one helminth parasite with prevalence and intensities of infection of 6.7% and 6971.4286 ±14662.4228 for Ascaris lumbricoides and 0.3% and 50 ±00 for Trichuris trichiura. More males (11 children) than females (10 children) were infected. The prevalence of A. lumbricoides andT. trichiura varied significantly with age groups with those of 1- 10 years taking the lead (12.97%) and 11-15 years (7.14%). One double infection (1%) was recorded with A. lumbricoides + T. trichiura. According to fecal concentration of eggs, 22.72% of infections were light, 13.6% moderate and 63.63% heavy. Factors such as poor hygiene and life conditions, lack of drinking water and lack of knowledge on how to fights the geohelminths were found to be important risk factors for geohelminths. This work shows a relatively low prevalence of geohelminths in this area, proof that the national deworming campaigns are achieving success.
96 Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Makkah Workers , Hussam Aldeen Hassan, Abdalla Osman Abdalla Ahmed2 and Bashir Sirag; Aim: The aim of this study isto determine the vancomycin susceptibility in intestinal isolates of Enterococci isolated from healthy workers in Makkah. Methods: disk diffusion technique was used in this study to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility for Penicillin, Ampicillin, Vancomycin and Linezolid. PCR testing for major resistant genes was also used. Results: No resistant isolate was detected by disk diffusion technique. However, eight samples were PCR positive for Van B, two iso-lates were positive for Van C and only one isolate was positive VanC2/C3. Conclusions:all isolates were sensitive by disc diffusion method, and Van genes were detected by PCR in few numbers of isolates.Keywords:Enterococci; Streptococci; Ampicillin; Penicillin
97 A Review of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Use in the Treatment of People Infected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) , Anirban Adhikary, Kakoli Halder, Debmalya Ghosh, Snehansu Biswas, Indranil Chatterjee and Suman Kumar Nath. The pandemic flare-up of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is quickly spreading everywhere throughout the world. Reports from China indicated that about 20% of patients created severe disease, bringing about a casualty of 4%. In the previous two months, we clinical immunologists took an interest in multi-rounds of MDT (multidiscipline group) conversation on the counter aggravation the executives of basic COVID-19 patients, with our partners dispatched from Chinese driving PUMC Hospital to Wuhan to concede and treat the most serious patients. Here, from the point of view of clinical immunologists, we will examine the clinical and immu-nological attributes of severe patients, and sum up the current proof and offer our involvement with hostile to anti-inflammation treatment, including glucocorticoids, IL-6 adversary, JAK inhibitors and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, of patients with extreme COVID-19 that may have an impeded safe framework
98 A Review of Ongoing Trials to Treat COVID-19 , Anirban Adhikary, Kakoli Halder, Debmalya Ghosh, Snehansu Biswas, Indranil Chatterjee and Suman Kumar Nath. The SARS-CoV-2 infection rose in December 2019 and afterward spread quickly around the world, especially to China, Japan and South Korea. Researchers are attempting to discover antivirals explicit to the infection. Some drugs Such as arbidol, chloroquine, remdesivir and favipiravir are right as of now experiencing clinical evaluations to test their sensibility and security in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China, some consoling results have been developed up until now. This article sums up specialists with expected viability against SARS-CoV-2
99 Listeriosis: A Life Threatening Bacterial Zoonosis of Global Importance , Mahendra Pal There are many bacterial zoonotic diseases, such as anthrax, brucellsois, campylobacteriosis, erysipelothricosis, leptospiro-sis, listeriosis, Lyme disease, meliodosis, salmonellosis, staphylo-coccosis, streptococcosis, tetanus, tuberculosis, tularaemia, and yersiniosis, which have significant impact on human and animal health [1]. Among these, listeriosis is an infectious, life threaten-ing bacterial zoonosis of global public importance [1]. Disease is reported from many countries of the world including India [1-8]. It occurs in sporadic or epidemic form in humans and animals in-cluding birds. During the recent years, the organism has emerged as an important food borne pathogen responsible for many out-breaks in human beings in several countries including Australia, Canada, France, Switzerland, and USA [1,9,10]. Murray is credited to describe the disease in 1926 for the first time in rabbit and guin-ea pig [1]. Later, Nyfeldt in humans and Gill in domestic animals recorded the infection for the first time in 1929 and 1937, respec-tively. The name Listeria monocytogenes was proposed by Pirie in 1940 in the honour of the Lord Joseph Lister, the surgeon and the pioneer in antisepsis and for its effect on monocytes [11]. In USA, about 1700 cases of sporadic listeriosis with 550 deaths are re-ported each year
100 Production of Bacteriocin Like Compound from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Screening its Therapeutic Potential , Rashmi Gaikwad, Vinal Pardhi and Valencia D’Souza; Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged to be promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics due to their broad spectrum activity. Bacteriocins are AMPs that have shown immense potential for diversified use in the food and pharma industry, agriculture and apiculture. Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) produce a wide variety of AMPs. They are considered safe additives in food which makes them a potential candidate to replace abusive use of therapeutic antibiotics which leads to bacterial antibiotic resis-tance. In the current work, bacteriocin like compounds (BLC) were isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum and evaluated for their anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. They were further concentrated by employing acetone precipitation and analysed using Tricine SDS-PAGE technique to determine the peptide nature and molecular weight which was found to be approx. 5 kDa after in-situ antibacterial activity assay. Antimicrobial activity of these peptides was investigated using agar cup diffusion method and showed significant bactericidal activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, K. pneumonia and S. epidermidis. The anti-cancer studies of the partially purified peptides displayed notable activity against MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines. The bacteriocin like compound isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum exhibits the potential of being a challenging molecule to replace traditional antibiotics if a reproducible, scalable and cost effective process is developed.
101 Coastal Wave Measurements by Exploitation of Jason-2 PISTACH in the Vicinity of Visakhapatnam Region on East Coast of India , Acharyulu PSN, Prasad KVSR, Vignudelli Stefano, Rashmi Sharma and Venkata Ramu Ch. Satellite altimetry provides precise measurements of wind speed and significant wave height. They have been validated and widely used over open ocean, however, when they come closer to the coast, there is still a need to assess their accuracy and potential usage. This is especially true along Indian coasts, which experience quite opposite northeast and southwest monsoons and a calm period in between them. In this paper, Study on coastal wave heights using JASON-2 tracks in and around Visakhapatnam was carried out, on the east coast of India where the in situ measurements are available to us. Of the new additional three re-trackers available with the PISTACH coastal products, the results show that the RED3 re-tracker performs well with the coastal buoy. The coastal buoy as well as the altimeter capture all the oceanographic signals. The results from comparisons suggest that there is a significant improvement in the significant wave height (SWH) altimeter observations in terms of noise and accuracy after processing. In particular, it was observed that RED3 re-tracker shows better matching with the moderate wave height ranges and better results in proximity of the coast where as OCE3 re-tracker captures all the signals especially during severe weather conditions with less error and better results at intermediate and open waters. The wave height measurements obtained from Jason-2 PISTACH products in the coastal regions are substantially in good agreement with the coastal buoy measurement. There is a need to improve better detection of outliers, which were present even after processing. Also, there is a need to enhance or modify the collocation criteria for coastal regions otherwise the wave which was observed by the altimeter and the buoy will not be the same. These results shows that the Jason-2 PISTACH data able to extend the altimeter data up to ~10 km proximity to the coast and the potential use of RED3 re-tracker in the coastal zone and the use of both the re-trackers in understanding the wave climate in the coastal zone on the east coast of India especially where in-situ observations were scarce. This data will be useful to study the spatial variability and better understanding of coastal dynamics in these limited areas. The results were quite encouraging to use the altimetry data in the coastal regions on the east coast of India
102 Insights into the Identity of the Putative Molecular Target of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus on Chicken Bursal Cells , Hari Mohan Saxena and Pushpinder Kaur; Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV) is an acute, highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of chickens of 3 - 6 weeks of age which causes significant economic losses globally. Lymphoid cells in the bursa of Fabricius are the target cells of IBDV infection. However, the exact identity of the target molecule to which the IBDV binds on the lymphoid cells is still elusive. Im-mature B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and monocytes, the cells to which the IBDV binds, all express MHC II. Activation of lymphocytes enhances MHC II expression. We have found enhanced binding of IBDV to lymphocytes after activation which could possibly be due to increased expression of the putative target molecule on activation. LPS activation of B cells resulted in enhanced binding of IBDV as compared to the untreated cells. TGF β treatment which downregulates MHC II expression, decreased IBDV binding on B cells. IFN γ treatment, which upregulates MHC II expression, increased IBDV binding on B cells. Activation of T cells with Con A, which induces MHC II expression, led to IBDV binding on T cells. Thus, as suggested by the above findings, MHC II molecule may be the putative target for IBDV on chicken B cells
103 Obesity and Niemann-pick-Diseases: Pathogenesis and Bioinformatics Correlations , Abdulkadir Y Maigoro and Garba M Khalid; Interest to understand the molecular pathogenesis of obesity is on the rise, since the disease is becoming of global health concerns with consequences of moribundity, other complications and mortality. However, little is known about the pathogenesis association between obesity and Neimann-pick diseases. This review therefore critically discusses the classical types of obesity with a focus on its genetic links with the Neimann-pick diseases in terms of pathogenesis, associated proteins, signaling pathways, and bioinformat-ics analysis. We analyzed the sequence similarity network between the reported genes found implicated in the two disease pathways respectively. Two nodes of MC/4R-ERK and APPL1 were found connected, an indication of similarity sequence wisely and probably sharing similar cellular function in relation to obesity and Nieman’s Pick disease which could be in a similar way with NPC2.
104 The Influence of the Microorganisms Supernatants of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Escherichia coli were Kept in Nutrient-Free Saline on the Mice Body Weight , Pavel F Zabrodskii and Anatoly A Animitsa; There is a close relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system, based on the efferent innerva-tion of the gastrointestinal tract and the biochemical signals of neuroactive microbiota molecules. The microbiome-gut-brain axis includes the intestinal microbiota, the central nervous system, the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems, including the hypo-thalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system, and the enteral nervous system. It is revealed that the microbiota of the mice intestinal affects the regulation of animal body weight. Supernatant of three main types of intestinal microorganisms (Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Escherichia coli), which were for two days in saline without nutrients (1.0 × 109 CFUs in 1.0 ml of saline), significantly (by 10.2%) increased the weight of mice after daily intragastric administration (0.7 ml) for 30 days. The data obtained suggest that microorganisms of the intestines of animals produce neuroactive substances that can both increase and, apparently, reduce their body weight.
105 Masks Save Lives for COVID 19 , Soumitra Sahana, Indranil Chatterjee, Suman Kumar Nath and Snehansu Biswas; Prompting others that “masks save lives” is not just sound guid-ance. It’s a scientific truth that carrying one in public can assist to gradual the unfold of SARS-CoV-2, the virus accountable for the coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.I’m very cautious to put on a masks backyard my domestic ev-ery time I’m out and about. I do it now not always to guard myself, however to defend others. If by using threat I’ve been uncovered to the virus and am presently incubating it, I wouldn’t favor to un-fold it to different people. And any of us ought to be an unknowing superspreader. We owe it to anybody we encounter, in particular these who are extra vulnerable, to shield them. It’s feasible to put on your masks even whilst you’re outdoor exercising
106 Information Technologies for Control and Management of Environmental Water Quality , KJ Kachiashvili The original computer technologies for controlling and managing the ecological condition of the environmental water objects, de-veloped under the guidance and direct participation of the author, are described in the article. In particular, their purpose, capabilities and peculiarities are briefly described. There is also given a short description of problems solved by using them
107 Electron Microscopy Used for the Selection of the Microbial Strains Requested in the Case of Hydrolyzed Wood Wastes Conversion to Fodder Yeasts , Ana- Despina Ionescu, Angela CÄƒÅŸÄƒricÄƒ and Nicoleta Ene; According to the literature data, the conversion of the ligno-cellulosic materials towards fodder yeasts involves first the use of some selected microbial strains able to produce the enzymatic factors and then the optimal yeasts. The factors with influence on this bioprocess are obviously the applied parameters but also the morphology of the studied microbial strains.The optimal used parameters can be establish by analytical determinations, but the morphology must be observed by optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, electrophoretic mobility measurements or even by atomic force microscopy. Our studies were realized by electron microscopy on the some previously se-lected strains of filamentous fungi and yeasts
108 Superhero Genes in Axolotl Limb Regeneration: Could Deadpool be Real? , Atakan Z Namli and Zeynep GençyiÄŸit; Axolotls (Ambystoma Mexicanum) are vertebrates that have the ability to limb regeneration their body parts compared to most of other living populations. How this regeneration process works, how its mechanism takes place, and how blastemas are formed during differentiation are still being studied by researchers. Therewithal, it is known that many genes have significant effects in this regen-eration process. Tgf-β1, Fgf-8, Pax3 and Pax7, Lin28, Msx-2, HGF, Hoxb13 and Hoxc10 are some of these genes. It is also observed that some genes involved in the regeneration process in the human liver are common with some genes involved in limb regeneration in axolotls. Understanding this limb regeneration that occurs in axolotls is thought to have an inspiring importance in the treatment of limb amputation or loss as a result of various traumas in humans, especially in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
109 Concept of Hurdle Technology for Food Safety of Food Products of Animal Origin , Anita Chappalwar, Vikas Pathak, Meena Goswami, Raghvendra Mishra and Prashant Singh; Foods obtained by animals like milk and meat products are highly perishable and very prone to different physic-chemical and microbial spoilage. These are nutritionally dense food with higher amount of moisture and other nutrients, hence provide conducive environment for growth of microorganisms. Hurdle technology deliberately combines existing and new preservation techniques to establish a series of preservative factors that can achieve multi-target, mild but reliable preservation effects against microbial spoilage of food. Hurdle technology usually works by combining more than one approach. The microbial stability and safety of the most traditional and novel foods is based on combinations of several preservation factors (called hurdles) and the microorganisms present in food are unable to overcome
110 Study of Herbal Antibiotics Derived from Turmeric and Ginger Applied on Enterobacteriaceae , Mehwish Saleem, Mashal Manzoor, Sana Amjad and Aqsa Malik, Humans have been using natural products for medicinal use for ages. Natural products of therapeutic importance are compounds derived from plants, animals, or any microorganism. Ginger and Turmeric are also used as most commonly used condiments and natural drugs in vogue. These are traditional medicine, having some active ingredients used for the treatment of many diseases and killing of gram negative bacteria as well as gram positive i.e. E. coli, Klebsiella sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used in cooking, and in herbal remedies. It’s possible mechanism of action was examined in terms of antioxidant availability during actual cooking conditions and in therapeutic applications using standardized extracts. The assays involve different levels of serial dilutions of ginger and turmeric and their activity on different stages of killing of bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine whether herbal antibiotics are efficient in their result of mortality in enterobacteriaceae. Aqueous, Methanolic and Ethanolic test extracts of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa were prepared. Microbiological tests were employed to determine the zone of inhibition. Standardization of isolates were obtained after incubating for 24 hours. Serial dilutions of Gin-ger and Turmeric were prepared to measure the OD value and growth of bacteria in the dilutions measured by spectrophotometer. The aqueous extracts of two major preparations of turmeric and ginger, corresponding to its use in cooking and medicine, shows significant antioxidant abilities. The studies reveal that the ability of ginger and turmeric having anti-inflammatory potential that shows susceptibility to gram negative bacteria in ethanol and methanol extract. The OD values of serial dilutions of Turmeric and Gin-ger determine the ratio of killing of bacteria in different concentrations. Thus it is concluded that Herbal antibiotics have a significant role in killing of bacteria. According to the research it is concluded that due to the excessive usage of medicines it is to be noted that the bacteria are shifting towards more resistancy. However usage of Herbal antibiotics can minimize this effect. Therefore scientists are shifting more towards Herbal medicines as compared to synthetic antibiotics
111 In-depth Sequence Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Repudiates Mutation Mediated Adaptive Selection in the Virus , Pramita Chowdhury, Bijurica Chakraborty and Sanghamitra Sengupta, Increasing transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 has often been attributed to mutations accumulating in RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 ancestral type originated in China. In this study, using in silico structural modeling and molecular docking, we dem-onstrate that observed low frequency non-synonymous amino acid alterations do not improve the efficacy of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and host’s ACE2 receptor. The major spike haplotype detected corresponds to the ancestral Wuhan isolate which displays the most favorable interaction with ACE2. Although the sequences are different, length and number of pre-dicted B-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, identified using BepiPred 2.0, are comparable to that of SARS-CoV. However, the above data differ from the ones from HCoV-NL63. Analysis of population genetic parameters implies relaxed purifying selection to be predominant force shaping the genetic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, till date. These findings provide important clues in designing therapeutic strategies to contain the pandemic
112 Proficiency-Testing Scheme for Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacter in Poultry Meat , Souad Ben Bari, Marie Dangerville, Romain Le Neve, Abdelkader Boubetra and Anne Tirard, Main food-borne infections in Europe and in the world are caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, the two most involved species of Campylobacteria. This is why, in 2018, BIPEA (Bureau Interprofessionnel d’Etudes Analytiques) launched a new proficiency testing scheme (PTS) to detect and enumerate Campylobacter species in poultry meat samples. This proficiency test can be schematized by three main steps: preparation of homogeneous and stable samples, analyses by labo-ratories applying reference methods (ISO 10272 part 1 and 2 [1,2]) and/or alternative methods and statistical treatment of the data according to ISO 13528 standard [3].Taking part in a proficiency-testing scheme allows laboratories to assess their performance for these analyses and compare their results with those from other laboratories. Therefore, these tests are crucial for laboratories to meet international ISO 17025 stan-dard requirements
113 A Comparative Study of the Malthusian Growth on Indian Economy by the Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Corona Virus Disease 2019 , Soumitra Sahana, Indranil Chatterjee, Sabina Khatun, Suman Kumar Nath, Jafar Ansari and Indrajit Samanta, In December 2019, an outbreak of corona disorder reasons due to coronavirus-2, befell in Wuhan city, china. Later this virus is unfold and infect nearly all international locations in the world. As the no. of contaminated and demise instances will increase hastily World Health Organization (WHO) declare this as a pandemic. As it is a contagious disorder to keep away from spreading of contamination from individual to individual authorities declare extended lockdown in countries. Countries hostilities to deal with corona however in this way, financial system is badly stuck. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the international economy. Magnitude of financial influence is relying upon the length and severity of covid-19. In corona disaster humans no longer solely misery about fitness issue, however additionally due to monetary issue. The foremost contribution of this work is a comparative find out about of pre-Covid monetary situation and post-covid monetary condition. In this paper, we describe about covid-19 sickness and the viable methods in which spreading can controlled, and they have an effect on of lockdown on varies sectors. Major sectors are banking sec-tor, tourism, agricultural region and pharmaceutical sector
114 Real Life: The Story of Stem Cells , Bhaskar Vyas and Rajni Vyas, Stem cell therapy has a long gestation period since the first stem cell was identified in the early twentieth century. It is almost a hundred years that the discovery process passed through dif-ferent stages of identification, description of properties, isolation of stem cells, and finally the application of stem cell therapy for therapeutic purpose or regenerative medicine in the twenty-first century. One could explain this delay in terms of several factors. It is not only due to the promulgation of germ theory and antibiotic revolution that pushed the biological diseases to the background for a long period but also because of the impact of the IInd World War and changing state and science relationship. After the dem-onstration of power that the detonation of nuclear weapons gen-erated and expressed in terms of the fetishism of force that the physical sciences gained greater public visibility and consequently greater funding at the neglect of biological sciences. This was also reflected in the reward system and the discovery of every new par-ticle was honoured with a Nobel prize in the subsequent decades even if it became a routine science
115 Nobody Can Deny an Idea Whose Time has Come: Regulations Will Come and Go , Bhaskar Vyas, Clear out the entire forest: but cut not a single tree. So said J Krishnamurthy. We would like to say, let quackery and quacks be entirely eliminated, but let not a single patient be denied who may benefit from stem cell therapy.Political pundits concur across the globe that the government that governs the least is the best form of government. Karl Marx dreamt of a utopian state of dictatorial governance where state shall wither away
116 Evaluate the Effects of Aflatoxins on Agriculture Foods and the Role of Bio-detoxification , Waseem Khalid, Ayesha Jabeen, Muhammad Rehan, Afifa Aziz, Anam Tariq, Chasheen Fizza, Syed Ali Ur Rehman Siddiqui and Muhammad Abdul Rahim, Food security is necessary for the purpose of human welfare, for this purpose food safety is applied that provides protection against contamination. Agricultural food plays a vital role in human nutrition which is affected due to aflatoxins. The secondary me-tabolized called aflatoxins are derived from Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, these metabolize grow on moist foods and responsible for food spoilage. When humans consumed aflatoxins present food that creates various substances like carcinogenic. For the prevention of aflatoxins in foodstuff, detoxification of aflatoxins is used which can limit toxic substances to an acceptable level in various commodities. The bio-detoxification are specific, efficient and environment friendly in eliminating the possible contamina-tion of aflatoxins in foods
117 Spotlight of Twenty First Century Betacoronaviruses , T Pratheep and G Venkat Kumar, Coronavirus (CoV) have previously been considered as relatively non-virulent respiratory pathogens to human. Beginning of the 21st century, three CoV’s have crossed the species barrier to cause high pathogenic and mortality rates in human populations. However, two epidemic of severe respiratory tract infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) deadly diseases in human. Another one, named SARS-CoV-2 is on-going outbreak of atypical pneumonia and pandemic to global population. This brought CoV alert and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at worldwide. In this review, we focus on present understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, transmission, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
118 Molecular and Biochemical Identification and In Vitro Susceptibility to Itraconazole of Costa Rican Clinical Isolates of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex , Stefany Lozada-Alvarado, Ingrid Salas-Campos, Lorena Uribe-Lorío and Norma T Gross, Globally, the most frequently isolated species of the Sporothrix schenckii complexfrom human clinical samples are S. schenckii, S. globosa and S. brasiliensis. Sporotrichosis is the most important subcutaneous fungal infection in Costa Rica, and, so far, the etiological agents have only been identified by microscopic observation as S. schenckii. The aim of the present study was to identify by phenotyp-ic and genotypic characteristics the species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex in a collection of Costa Rican human clinical isolates.Fifty-seven Costa Rican clinical isolates were analyzed and 18 sequences were deposited in the GenBank database. The isolates are part of a collection of the School of Microbiology of the University of Costa Rica. For the phenotypic characterization, temperature growth, microscopic features and carbohydrate assimilation were performed, and the susceptibility to itraconazole was studied in vitro by the CLSI M-38 microdilution method. Genotypic characterization was performed by enzymatic restriction and sequencing of the calmodulin gene. The presence of two species of S. schenckii complex, i.e. S. schenckiis. str. (53) and S. globosa (4) was demon-strated. A MIC value of less than 1 μg/mL was found in 84.2 % of the isolates. The most accurate techniques for identification of the isolates were enzymatic restriction and sequencing of the calmodulin gen. The carbohydrate assimilation test was the least useful one. All isolates studied were sensitive to itraconazole
119 Nanotoxicology - An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Nanoparticle Risk Assessment , Nida Tabassum Khan and Samiullah Khan, During this era, applications of nanoparticle has exponentially elevated such as being employed in textiles, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicine. Due to their exclusive properties, nanomaterials are now being considered as an empowering domain that serves as the basis for the development of novel nano-based products in the scientific arena and worth millions in the commercial market. However, this perpetual usage of nanoparticles has intensified numerous environmental and health risks. And therefore, requires attentive evaluation in order to analyze their associated toxicological effects. Thus, investigation of their associated toxicity is a requirement. However, the cumulative diversity of nanomaterials requires to exam a diverse group of nano entities for toxicity prediction subsequently making it a challenging task to gather information regarding their potential exposure and probable risk. Pre-viously employed invitro toxicity testing systems were constrained by principled considerations, time and financial accountabilities Therefore, an alternative unconventional computational approach is needed for the evaluation of nanoparticle associated risk. Such computational approaches for risk assessment are characterized as in silico methods that are cost effective and far less time consum-ing than customary testing systems and serves to develop a sound infrastructure for nanotoxicology studies
120 Clinical Utility of Ct Value in Covid-19 Infection , Ashok Rattan and Jitendra Kumar, The clinical spectrum of Covid-19 infection caused by SARS CoV 2 is very heterogenous varying from completely asymptomatic in-fection to severe life threatening infection requiring admission and treatment in ICU and still ending fatally.Concentration of SARS CoV 2 RNA measured in respiratory specimen declines after onset of symptoms. In laboratories where both viral cultures onto Vero cell lines and RT PCR was simultane-ously carried out on respiratory samples from suspected Covid-19 patients, while replicative viruses were isolated in Vero cells only upto the first eight days from onset of symptoms, RT PCR contin-ued to be positive for upto 5 to 12 weeks. Recovery of replication competent virus between 10 and 20 days after symptom onset has only been documented in immunocompromised patients with se-vere Covid-19 disease
121 Microbiota and Obesity , Pavel F Zabrodskii, Obesity rates have increased dramatically in recent decades. Several factors involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of obe-sity have been identified, including diet, lifestyle, environmental factors and genetics. However, none of them fully explains the de-velopment of obesity, and the search for possible causes continues. Intestinal microbiota is considered as one of the factors influenc-ing homeostasis (regulation of the level of basic metabolism de-pending on the diet) [1] through several supposed mechanisms studied on experimental models and humans (synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, metabolic endotoxemia, role of endocannabinoid receptor system, participation of microbiota in lipogenesis, regula-tion of appetite by microbiota production of short-chain fatty ac-ids and modulation of synthesis of certain peptides by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation).
122 Development of HEVNP as a Multifunctional Strategy to Combat SARSâ€CoV2 as Preventive Vaccine and Antiviral Drug , Chunâ€Chieh Chen, Mo A Baikoghli and R Holland Cheng, Hepatitis E virus nanoparticle (HEVNP) is an orally stable, mucosaâ€penetrating delivery platform for noninvasive, targeted delivâ€ery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. HEVNP does not carry HEV genomic RNA and is incapable of replication. The key characterâ€istics that make HEVNP an ideal and unique vehicle for diagnostic and therapeutic delivery include surface plasticity, resistance to the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, significant payload capacity, platform sustainability, and safety. Furthermore, HEVNP can be produced using currently established expression/purification technologies; it can be easily formulated as a liquid or powder and can be distributed (and stored) without the need for a temperatureâ€controlled supply chain. Such a modularized platform proves effective in various applications, including cancer therapeutics, oral insulin delivery against diabetes, and the oral vaccine against infectious diseases. The capsid’s flexibilities fulfill the desired function to conjugating different functional peptides and/or compounds onto the capsule surface and payloads into its interior. Here, we explore further applications of a modularized therapeutic vaccine against SARSâ€CoV2, including lung tissue targeting ligands displayed on the surface of HEVNP and encapsulation of DNA vectors coâ€expressing SARSâ€CoV2 antigens and shRNA to inhibit viral replication
123 Sustainable Intensification for Resource Conservation , Abhishek Raj The term ‘sustainability’ is gaining wider recognitions due to an urgent need of resource conservation and its availability in present and future without affecting environment. Today, the practices of intensive agriculture destroy land sustainability, soil quality and health of biodiversity. High intensive use of chemical fertilizers and heavy mechanizations in agroecosystem affects the land and crop productivity. These practices not only destroy the health and pro-ductiveness but also affect natural resource availability. Burgeon-ing populations necessitates global food requirement that leads to agricultural land expansions and intensive agroecosystem practic-es
124 On SARS-CoV-2, Tropical Medicine and Bioinformatics: Analysis of the SARS-Cov-2 Molecular Features and Epitope Prediction for Antibody or Vaccine Development , Joshua Angelo Hermida Mandanas Introduction:SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is the cause of COVID-19 which is the pandemic as of the current time. It is a global public health emergency and is still on the loose of spreading more infections and deaths. Bioinformat-ics offer extensive visualization and analysis of combined molecular, cellular, biochemical and immunobiologic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 which is indeed vital for antibody and vaccine development. Objectives:This paper presents the SARS-CoV-2 molecular virologic, biochemical, cellular and immunobiologic features and gives a basic B cell linear epitope prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein using bioinformatics which both can serve as a guide for development of vaccines or antibody-based treatments. Methods:Several bioinformatic methods were used, from sequence analysis (Uniprot), structural correlation (PDB), molecular mod-elling (UCSF Chimera) and illustration (Biorender), B cell linear epitope prediction tools, conservancy analysis and search of related epitopes (IEDB) together with determination of disordered regions (GlobPlot and DisEMBL). Results:Host enzymes such as furin, cathepsin L and TMPRSS2 enable pre-processing of SARS-CoV-2 prior to infecting cells such as monocytes, macrophages and alveolar cells. Sialylated cells can potentially be infected with SARS-CoV-2. A 29 and an 11-residues long B cell linear epitope candidates were predicted from the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein to be the potential target of antibod-ies or vaccines. Conclusion:SARS-CoV-2 binds to many host receptors and is enzymatically processed leading to infection of many human cells. Prediction of B cell linear epitopes using bioinformatics can be vital for antibody or vaccine development. Integration of Tropical Medicine and Bioinformatics can offer new horizons and can turn the battle against SARS-CoV-2.Keywords: SARS-Cov-2; COVID-19; Tropical Medicine; Bioinformatics; Epitope; Vaccine
125 Is it Possible to Treat Community and Nosocomial Bacterial Infections, Herpes Virus Infections, Dengue Virus, Fungus Infections and Leptospirosis with the Same Method and Without the Use of Any Drugs? , Huang WL Background: The microorganisms that cause infectious diseases were the principal cause of mortality in ancient societies. Nowa-days, different pathogens are treated with different medications. The current medicine is focused in the pathogenic agent responsible for the disease, and because of that, diseases originated from different pathogens are treated with different medications. Purpose: To demonstrate that it is possible to treat different types of infection (Community and Nosocomial Bacterial Infections, Herpes Virus Infections, Dengue Virus, Fungus Infections and Leptospirosis) with the same method and without using drugs. Methods: Based on 8 case reports of patients with different types of infection (Community and Nosocomial Bacterial Infections, Herpes Virus Infections, Dengue Virus, Fungus Infections and Leptospirosis). All these patients were being treated with specific medications without significant improvement. These 10 patients were submitted to Chinese dietary counseling, auricular acupunc-ture with apex ear bloodletting, and orientation regarding external factors (Heat, Dryness, Dampness, Cold and Wind). The Chinesedietary counseling consisted in withdrawn of dairy products, frying, eggs, chocolate, coconut, honey and alcoholic beverages, besides withdrawn of cold water, raw food and sweets. Results: All the 10 patients with different types of infection presented clinic significant improvement, only with the method used, and without the use of any specific drugs. Conclusions: It is possible to treat different kinds of infection with the same method and without using any drugs. For this aim, it is important to see the patient in an individualized way, considering systemic energy imbalances caused by emotional, dietary and external pathogenic factors. Keywords:Community, nosocomial bacterial infection, herpes virus infection, dengue, fungus, leptospirosis, medication, traditional Chinese medicine, external pathogenic factor, Chinese dietary nutrition, acupuncture
126 Covid-19 Pandemic, Significance of Reimagining Immunity and Relevance of Medicinal Plants to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Perspective , Thounaojam Salvia and Laishram Shantikumar Singh The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerges as a pandemic is potentially a lethal disease which cause immense concern globally. The pandemic has generated mayhem throughout the worldwide due to insufficient threat evalu-ation. The present COVID-19 scenario has come into a precarious stage. SARS-CoV-2 has spread fast compared to other viruses including SARS due to increased globalization as well as pioneer adaptability in every environment. Due to this many agencies, re-searchers, health care workers are being engaged in different ways to tackle and mitigate the burden before it goes out of hand. Here we have highlighted some aspects of the virus and the disease symptoms of COVID-19. The importance of healthy immune system and reimagining the concept of immunity and the role of medicinal herbs in boosting individual immunity have also been discussed. The significance of Indian traditional medicinal practice in tackling diseases, the antiviral properties of medicinal plants and their relevance to SARS-CoV-2 have been point out. We have also highlighted the potential and the possible benefits the antiviral medicinal plants might have against SARS-CoV-2
127 Impact of Susceptible-Dose-Dependent (SDD) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) on Reporting and Prescribing Antibiotics , Kalpana T, Mugunthan M, Symphonia A, Haritha M, Deepashree R and Apurba Sastry Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) introduced susceptible dose dependent (SDD) in place of inter-mediate category for selected drug pathogen combinations such as Enterobacteriaceae-cefepime and Enterococcus-daptomycin. For SDD-isolates, the antimicrobial agent can be used in higher-than-normal doses, precluding the use of higher antimicrobials thereby preventing antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study was undertaken.
128 In Vitro and In Vivo Trypanocidal Effect of the Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Ochna schweinfurthiana , Eteme Enama S, Messi A N, Mahob R J, Augustin Siama, Yede and Njan Nloga AM The objective of this study was to evaluate the trypanocidal effect of the aqueous extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana leaves in vitroand in vivo on trypanosome species: Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. The search for chemical families by screening and evaluating the trypanocidal effects of the extract in vivo in white mice (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and in vitro (0.25; 0.5; 0.75 and 1 mg/kg). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins. The doses of the extract of this plant resulted in a decreased motility of the two species of parasites in vitro. For the highest doses (0.5; 0.75 and 1 mg/kg), the decrease is either significant (p < 0.01) or highly significant (p < 0.001). The activity of the extract (400 mg/kg) highly inhibited parasite densities (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control. Whereas the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg did not inhibit significantly parasite densities. The results recorded show an improvement in the hematocrit rate in the animals treated at different doses of the extract. This reflects a general decrease in anemia.
129 Diagnosis, Virology and Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): A Challenging Sickness to Human Health , Soumitra Sahana, Sk Abdur Rahamat, Indranil Chatterjee, Rajeswar Das, Suman Kumar Nath, Snehansu Biswas and Sanchari Chatterjee. Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have been realize as etiologic dealers of two illnesses of humans: HFRS (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). This article gives a concise overview of hantavirus biology, the sci-entific aspects of HFRS and HPS, and checks for the detection of hantavirus infections in humans. Together, these viruses have yearly precipitated about 200,000 human infections global in current years, with a case fatality fee of 5 - 15% for HFRS and up to 40% for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The high fee of mortality ought to be decreased if advantageous therapeutics ought to be observed for cure of this illness. There is presently no wonderful remedy reachable for both HFRS or HCPS. In this paper, we summarized the Virology, Epidemiology of HFRS and HCPS, Diagnosis, and Treatment of hantaviruses disease
130 Harnessing the Importance and Benefits of Microorganisms to Improve Livelihood , Winifred Òdúnóku Microbiology has been the most experimentally-based biologi-cal sciences. It will also be a major element in the coming biologi-cal era of technology and science and might well play a major role in “sustainable development”. This field of life science that studies microscopic organisms and their interconnectedness with other living organisms is a vast course with various aspects bordering on food, environment, health, agriculture and everything in-between. Indeed, microorganisms (bacteria) are one of the first life forms to appear on earth and they make it possible for all other life on earth to exist
131 Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa) for the Relief of Menopausal Indications: A Review , Anirban Adhikary, Kakoli Halder, Debmalya Ghosh, Indranil Chatterjee and Suman Kumar Nath The motivation behind this article is to survey ongoing information supporting the security and viability of black cohosh items for the relief of menopause-related side effects. Searches of the distributed writing in Napralert, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases were performed from 2003 to 2006. Data from sedate administrative organizations from five distinct nations was gotten to assess wellbeing. While there are a couple of opposing examinations, most of the clinical preliminaries demonstrate that concen-trates of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) improve menopause-related indications. Be that as it may, until this point, in any event 50 instances of conceivable hepatotoxicity have been accounted for. Albeit past security surveys propose that black cohosh is very much endured, the expanding quantities of these case reports shows that further preclinical toxicological assessments of black cohosh are desperately required. As of now, it seems reasonable to prompt menopausal ladies with hidden liver infection, immune system mala-dies or those taking drugs that may affect liver capacity not to utilize items containing dark cohosh
132 Genotyping Study for the Promoter of IL-4 Gene in Iraqi Patients with Tuberculosis , Mazin S Salman and Awatif H Issa Tuberculosis still represents a disaster that puts heavy shadow over all human societies. In spite of the availability of effective chemotherapy and vaccine, tuberculosis is a global health concern for both developing and developed countries. A defect in the genes of the immune response is the most acceptable explanation for susceptibility of some individuals and resistance of others to TB. Cy-tokines play critical role in interactions and integration between the cells of immune system, which leads to effective defense against TB, among cytokines IL-4, which have regulatory role in immune response in Iraqi patients with TB. Seventy-four blood specimens were collected from 74 patients in the Institute of the Tuberculosis and Chest Disease-Basra city, blood specimens also collected from 74 healthy individuals as control. Extracted DNA was amplified using two sets of specific primers for promoter regions of IL-4. Purified amplicons were sequenced and were analyzed using specific software. The genotyping analysis of promoter of IL-4 gene was indicated two alleles C and T, of them C allele is predominant (73%), while T allele is recessive (24%). Although those heterozygous genotypes (CT) were present in patient and healthy control (HC), but the frequency of CT in patients was significantly higher than those of controls. IL-4 promoters carry more than one type of mutations pushing toward increasing susceptibility of some individuals to TB
133 Necroleachate and Public Health , Mariane Malvão Fernandes This paper covers the relevance of necroleachate in cemeteries. Throughout history and nowadays the construction of cemeteries has always been a controversy. Such places are deemed as contaminants due to decomposition of natural bodies inappropriately buried, causing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and environmental impact. However, the concern about the environmental issue in places occupied by cemeteries began in the midst of past century, and recently a great concern about the environment increased. Thus, environmental agencies made some resolutions to prevent that cemeteries become polluting agents, allowing them to operate only after a suitable environmental licensing. In view of this problem, analyses determined that necroleachate is gradually eliminated after burial, and it can reach the groundwater with the action of rainwater and contact with surface waters, bringing negative consequences since its matter causes potential damages to the environment and public health. When necroleachate pollutes the groundwater, we note that it puts at risk both the environment and citizens using ground watershed that can be contaminated by virtue of bacteria, virus, and protozoa. With the aim of environmental quality, it is necessary to apply necroleachate-treatment methods in order to turn it less toxic and pathogenic.This study was the basis of inspection for the Environmental Police of Rio de Janeiro, when the police commanders carried out forensic operations with their teams and they found glaring environmental crimes in all operations.The practice of the environmental police was facilitated by this study when they influenced Municipal and State administrators to comply with the current environmental legislation, reducing impacts on the environment.As uppermost point, the study was the basis of regional and national news about the criminal status of some municipal cemeteries, bringing the civil liability to governmental authorities
134 Estimation of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in Rice Grain Collected from Different Division of Punjab Pakistan , Muhammad Abdul Rahim, Waseem Khalid, Muhammad Zubair Khalid and Ravi Prakash Jha Aflatoxins are bioactive fungi or specialized metabolite or acutely toxic or cancer-causing substances and substances that alter DNA that are derived from polyketides produced by certain fungi that cause severe contamination in agricultural crops. Fungi are primarily responsible for producing aflatoxins in white rice in the presence of high moisture. Mostly, the rice samples were con-taminated with aflatoxins due to unsuitable storage conditions. Furthermore, the food and feed contamination with mycotoxins is a major issue for food safety and for human health. The toxic effects of aflatoxin can cause chronic disease, poor productivity, severe life-threatening toxicity and damage to the immune system. A total of 70 samples of rice were collected from the Capital and different selected divisions of Central, North and South Punjab, Pakistan. The rice is harvested with 18 to 24 percent natural water content and the paddy moisture for storage is dried at 12 to 14 percent. In this study, in Central Punjab (Lahore), the moisture content of 10 samples of rice was 13.47%, in Gujranwala 11 samples were 13.50% and in Sahiwal it was 12.50% respectively. In addition, the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was used to detect aflatoxin in rice. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 were detected in 32 samples (45.7%). The maximum B2 aflatoxin (32%) was detected in the central Punjab samples. Similarly, B1 (7.5%) and G1 (7.5%) aflatoxins were also detected in the samples of central Punjab. Moreover, 20 samples were collected from south Punjab in which 5 samples were infected with B2 aflatoxin (25%) and 2 samples were detected with G1 aflatoxin (10%) and B1 (5%). Aflatoxin G2 was not detected in all samples. The result was showed that aflatoxin has been assessed more in samples that contain high moisture contents
135 A Review: Antibacterial Activity of Several Essential Oils Used in Saudi Domestic Markets Against Certain Bacterial Pathogens , Ahmad M Qumri, Salah EM Abo-Aba and Faisal MB Al-Sarraj. Different researchers for their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential have explored essential oils. The oils are derived through steam distillation of target plants using ancient Arabian techniques to produce extracts with medicinal uses. However, their method of action against microbes is not as well understood as that of antibiotics. The problem of antibiotic resistance has further increased interest in studying essential oil and medical efficacy. Efforts to understand antimicrobial activity have focused on the disk diffusion method and their effectiveness measured using the minimum inhibitory concentration. The Kingdom has numerous flora, including herbs and aromatic flora, whose potential in native medicine should be explored. This review provides a detailed analysis of some medicinal uses of essential oil, as evidenced in past studies to show multifold biological activities of these oils. While many studies report the antimicrobial potency of essential oil, none, to the best of our knowledge, focuses on essential oils’ chemical character-ization from Saudi Arabia. This review aims to explore the antibacterial properties of several essential oils used in Saudi domestic markets against specific bacterial pathogens. The analysis will reveal the need for more studies to characterize the essential oils in Saudi Arabia and ensure their safety, effectiveness, and drug interactions
136 Immunophenotypic Profile of Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia , Shirin Tarafder Background:The diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is based on cell morphology, clinical manifestations and immu-nophenotyping. Immunophenotyping by Flow cytometry is the most reliable methodology for the diagnosis of CLL which is a clonal mature B-cell neoplasm (MBCN). This study aims to evaluate the application of multiparametric Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyp-ing (FCI) as a standard methodology for the confirmation of or exclusion of CLL diagnosis in clinically suspected CLL patients. Methods:Four color FCI method was used in EDTA peripheral blood samples taken from 50 patients diagnosed preliminary as CLL through clinical data, complete blood count, peripheral blood film and bone marrow examination. The following fluorescent mono-clonal antibodies were used: CD19, CD5, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD79b, FMC7, Kappa and Lambda light chains, CD200, CD123, CD10, CD11c, CD3, CD7, CD25, CD30, CD56, CD95, BCL2, CD34. FCI analysis was performed on a Beckman coulter Cytomics FC500 flow cytometer using software CXP to analyze data. Result:Among 50 patients, 8(16%) showed normal T-cell population, while 42(84%) showed pathological B-cell lines. From these, 32 (64%) of 42 patients expressed typical CLL markers, whilst 10 (20%) of them showed B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) profile. Scoring system proposed by Matutes., et al. and Moreau., et al. using CD5, CD23, CD22, FMC7, CD79b and SmIg (CLL, score 4-5 and other MBCN, score ≤ 3) differentiated CLL from B-PLL. CD200 was expressed in all (100%) CLL but not in B-PLL cases except 2(20%). Sensitivity and specificity of CD200 was 100% and 90% respectively. Conclusion:FCI is a fundamental laboratory method without which final diagnosis of CLL can’t be established. CD200 expression is pivotal to MBCN classification. Expression of CD200 in CLL and other MBCNs, supports inclusion of this marker in flow cytometric panels for the differential diagnosis of CLL
137 Presence of Flagellation in Plant Pathogenic Strain of Klebsiellapneumoniae - A New Report , SG Borkar and Ajayasree TS Klebsiella pneumoniae strain Borkar (NCBI accession number: KY941097.1), a new bacterial plant pathogen responsible for root bark necrosis and wilting in pomegranate plants was studied for its colony morphology, cell morphology and flagellation under transmission electron microscopy.The bacterial colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain Borkar were creamy white, circular, raised, fluidal with 2 to 3 mm diameter on nutrient agar media at 72 h of growth. In nutrient broth media the bacterial culture turned into a frothing culture after three days of growth. The bacterial cell size of the pathogen varied from 1.76-2.50 ×0.94-1.08 μm and has minute cilli all over the cell surface. Transmission electron microscopy of the bacterial cells indicated that the bacteria possess sub-polar flagellum measuring 3.44 to 4.33 μm in length. This is the first report of flagellated plant pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae. Generally, Klebsiella pneumoniae is a non-motile, non-flagellated human pathogen. However, Our results along with the results of Liu., et al. indicated that Klebsiella pneumoniae has now evolved itself as soil-borne plant pathogen. But the genus Klebsiella is not yet included as a genus of plant pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, we propose the inclusion of the genus Klebsiella as a plant pathogenic bacterial genus. Further, our results confirm that plant pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenic on pomegranate has a sub-polar flagellation. Our results on flagellation in plant pathogenic Klebsiella pneumonia are supportive to the results of flagellation in human pathogenic klebsiella pneumonia as reported by A.C.Lima. Based on these results, it is proposed to redefine the genus Klebsiella as the bacterial genus of motile and Flagellated bacteria also
138 Impact of Covid-19 Measures on Children Infection Related Hospitalization. Estimation of Causal Inference from observational Data, Using the Google Causal Impact, A Bayesian Structural Time-series Model , Mohammed Shahab Uddin and Khouloud Abdulrahman Al-Sofyani Introduction:Although covid-19 has numerous adverse effects on children, few beneficial effects have been observed such as adapt-ing to learn in a new digital environment, coming closer to family, creating a bond of love, affection among the family members, and awareness of a novel disease. As a result of covid-19 measures such as, social distance, hand hygiene, use of a face mask, the common pediatric infectious diseases, namely, influenza, croup, and bronchiolitis significantly reduced. The aim of our study to examine the causal impact of covid-19 measures as factual probability and the counterfactual probability of average number of pediatric admis-sions due to Covid-19 measures, using the Google Causal Impact, a structural Bayesian time -series model and to explore the use of this model in healthcare research. Method:Study Design: A retrospective observational study. Two-time series data collected from Dec-2016 to Oct-2018 as control, and Dec-2018 to Oct-2020 as the experimental group. Our hypothetical assumption, if all the 0bserved or unobserved covariate which influence the hospitalization of children due to respiratory illness are essentially static. Our assumption during the control pe-riod the observed mean admission and experimental period predicted mean admission should not differ in the absence of Covid-19 measures. Impact of covid-19 pandemic measures on pediatric admission during the post-intervention time could be drawn by sub-tracting the factual probability of admission from the counterfactual probability of mean monthly admission. Setting: Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal Hospital, under National Guard health affairs, located in Dammam, KSA. The Hospital is approxi-mately 100-bed capacity, Pediatric ward bed capacity twenty with average annual admission 1200, winter season exceeded the bed ca-pacity, monthly exceeding 140-150 admission. Data collection: Monthly total number of admission data collected retrospectively from the Pediatric Ward admission log book the proposed time frame. Results: During the control period, the observed and predicted mean admission was statistical, not significant (P- 0.171), in addi-tion, the observed average admission during the control and predicted during the intervention, was the same. As a result of Covid-19 measures, the monthly admissions average value of 29. By contrast, in the absence of covid-19 pandemic measures, we would have expected an average admission of 87(9.4). counterfactual prediction CI [68-106]. Causal effects -58, CI (-78, -39), p values 0.001. Conclusion: Admission was appreciably diminished as a positive impact of covid-19 measures indeed, it was the opposite direction of an adult, nevertheless, it was beyond expectation for admission for pediatric age group during a pandemic. On the other hand, the Google causal Impact algorithm well fitted to explore the casual Inference, and healthcare researchers could use it for causal effect estimation for any interventional time series setup.
139 Transforming A Coronavirus Protein into A Nanoparticle for Production of Promising COVID-19 Vaccine , Porntep Siriwanarangsun, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn and Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn In the mid-1960s, coronavirus were found that it can infect both humans and animals (birds and mammals), whereas novel coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV or COVID-19) with closed relation to SARS-CoV was first identified from a patient with pneumonia, related to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases from Wuhan, China. Presently, there is no best vaccine to end the COVID-19 pandemic.
140 Melanin Adhesivity for Possible Trapping of SARS-CoV-2 on Chin Straps: A Proof-of-concept Assay Using Model Nanoparticles , Juan Carlos Stockert and Jorge Herkovits In the frame of COVID-19 pandemic, improved chin straps are obviously necessary to better prevent aerial infection by SARS-CoV-2. Adhesivity of melanins could be applied for trapping virus, but due to present limitations to work with infective agents, we have performed a proof-on-concept assay using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with similar size (about 100 nm) as a virus model. Cotton fabrics were impregnated with allomelanin isolated from black beans, and ZnO solutions filtered through melanin-containing filters. Results and controls showed that these filters retained efficiently the nanoparticles, suggesting that melanin-treated chin straps could be a valuable and effective protection resource to trap virus and avoid infection.
141 How to Kill A Virus: Strengthening the Immune System, Reducing Inflammation, Relieving Oxidative Stress, Early Detection in the Prevention and Treatment of SARS- CoV-2 (COVID-19) , Jerry T Thornthwaite, Daniel Strasser and Larry Loomis. The bioavailability of important antiviral compounds, their synergism, and boosting the Natural Killer Cells (NKC) are critical in preventing and treating viral diseases. Based on significant research and clinical studies, molecules and elements are identified that enhance their immune modulator activity, specificallythe NKC. These components include Curcumin, Artemisinin, bioflavonoids, Vitamin D3, N-Acetylcysteine, zinc, and selenium, as shown in this review. Increasing the NKC activity, especially in the immune-compromised elderly population, is critical in developing the first defense line against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). When a patient tests COVID-19 positive, proactive treatment can be accomplished to kill the virus. Early detection with the initial measurement of IgA in the nasal passage using a saliva test is critical in the first detection process. Using an analogy from cancer research, one wants to cure cancer before it metastasizes. With COVID-19, the infection must be stopped in the nose before it "metastasizes" to the lungs. The encapsulation of the above components in micelles (3-10nm in diameter) called NutraNanoSpheres (NNS) are protective spheres around the captured molecules inside using fatty acids with hydrophilic heads on the outside, making them thoroughly water-solu-ble. Therefore, the NNS may be taken orally with no breakdown in the stomach, resulting in high bioavailability into the bloodstream. The NNS can be introduced as a nasal spray to prevent or treat viral infections in the Nasopharynx. We have developed a line of NNS that bind to the Spike protein, which may lead to the neutralization of viruses and viral infected cells. The NNS binding to the virus may attract the NKC to increase their killing ability. Finally, as we have seen with our malaria studies, we may be able to develop “in vivo immunization” by the breaking up of viral components for introduction to all phases of the immune system.
142 Covid-19 a Gateway to Enhance China’s Food Safety Culture , Zhai Yuan and Watson Derek Despite scientific advances, the continuous improvements associated with food safety management systems and increasing aca-demic debate. There is a sobering reality in the twenty first century that 600 million people suffer from food contamination. China, through its ‘One Belt One Road’ Strategy is actively encouraging all enterprise sectors to export. However, the Chinese food sector has a tainted history of significant breaches in food safety compliance, which has significantly hindered its export market. The Covid-19 pandemic has once again turned global attending to China’s food safety management systems with increased concern. This paper utilises the implementation of the Enlighten Food Safety Culture model to assess food safety culture within the Inner Mongolian Food Sector and to provides a food safe culture road to recovery in terms of safe practices and in turn strengthen China’s food safety reputation.
143 Hendra Virus Disease: A Highly Infectious Emerging Anthropozoonosis , Mahendra Pal Anthropozoonosis is an infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans [1]. There are a number of anthropozoo-notic diseases that are caused by viruses ( bird flu, cowpox, conta-gious ecthyma, herpes simiae, Margburg disease, monkey pox, ra-bies, swine flu), bacteria (anthrax, brucellosis, cat scratch disease, glanders, leptospirosis), prion (bovine spongiform encephalopa-thy), fungi (Microsporum canis infection, Trichophytonverrucosuminfection), protozoa (sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis), helminthes (gnathostomiasis, trichinosis), and ectoparasites (linguatuliasis, scabies) [2-4]. These diseases affect both sexes, and all age groups, and may occur in sporadic and epidemic form, and are reported from developing as well as developed countries of the world
144 Ensuring Quality of Covid-19 Testing in a State of Emergency , Ashok Rattan The high infectivity of Severe Acute Corona Virus 2 (SARS CoV 2) made Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus of World Health Organization (WHO) urge all member states to “Test, Test, Test”. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was charged with the responsibility of stewardship of 5 T approach, “Test, Track, Trace, Treat and Tech-nology”. ICMR has successfully ramped up testing facilities to have 1122 government facilities and 867 private National accreditation board for testing and calibration laboratories (NABL) accredited laboratories conduct diagnostic tests for Covid-19 and more than 10 crore samples have been tested. Earlier RT PCR kits were ob-tained from international In vitro devices (IVD) companies but subsequently many of the RT PCR and Rapid Antigen tests (RAT) and more recently RT LAMP tests have been manufactured by In-dian companies and made available for clinical use
145 Virus, Immunity and Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. A Perspective , Rodríguez-Leyva Ildefonso and Jiménez-Capdeville María E; A century ago, von Economo described a central nervous sys-tem (CNS) disorder related to an epidemic problem, presented from 1916 to 1927. The principal affection was related to the mid-brain and basal nuclei, whereby the patients showed neuropsychi-atric manifestations, mainly Parkinsonism. Since then, the influ-enza virus was associated to these sequelae. Recently, it has been documented that Von Economo Ìs working hypothesis was that the immune response could affect the neuronal function through anti-bodies, with lymphocytic infiltration of B and T cells in peri-venous localization [1]. The encephalitis that he described, also known as Encephalitis Lethargica (EL), had three different presentations: a) The somnolent-ophthalmoplegic type, characterized by malaise, headache, myalgia and fever. The progressive somnolence lead the patient to coma in one or two weeks, resulting in death in 50 per-cent of cases and in complete recovery in the remaining. Several patients had ptosis, diplopia and rigidity of the extremities, with somnolence periods, suggesting the name “sleepy sickness”. b) The hyperkinetic presentation, characterized by restlessness, twitch-ing or jerking muscles, severe neck and back pain, prostration with inversion of the sleep pattern and presence of chorea. Compared to the somnolent-ophtalmoplegic presentation, the hyperkinetic form had a more acute pattern and a lower mortality rate (40%), but fewer possibilities of full recovery. c) The amyostatic-akinetic form, which was the least frequent, this was associated with chron-ic sequelae, and was designated by Von Economo as parkinson-ism. This set of sequels seems remarkably similar to Parkinson’s Disease, with similar affected sites but some differences: age of onset (anyone), tremor absence and faster evolution. Since then, there are multiple reports of EL related to viral encephalitis, not necessarily associated to influenza [2]. The presence of oligoclonal bands and the beneficial response to steroids suggested the idea that it could be an autoimmune disease, or it could have a similar phenotype to the postinfectious chorea (PANDAS)
146 Nutritional Composition and Therapeutic Benefits of Stevia Leaves: A Mini Review , Waseem Khalid, Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Irfan, Ravi Prakash Jha, Muhammad Zubair Khalid and Afifa Aziz Nowadays, diabetes is a major issue in the world. The diabetes cases are increasing; peoples have used medicines but due to more side effects, the majority have been using herbal plants for the purpose of cure diabetes. Stevia is considered a sweet herbal plant; it is a natural source of sugar but provides zero calories. The leaves of stevia contain protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, antioxidants, phenolic compounds and glycosides. Several studies proved that it can help reduce blood glucose levels. Due to high nutritional com-position stevia leaves aid various other diseases
147 Water Aggression , Oleg Khalidullin A hypothesis is considered scientific if it, in accordance with the scientific method, explains the facts covered by this hypothesis; is not logically inconsistent; fundamentally refutable, that is, it can potentially be verified by a critical experiment; does not contradict previously established laws; possibly applicable to a wider range of phenomena.
148 Mutation: In spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Variant , Jitendra Kumar, Gauttam Bhatia, Arpeeta Mazumdar, Maneesh Bagai and Ashok Rattan On 31st December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) documented a novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respi-ratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. The pilot case started from Wuhan, China and got spread globally via transmission through the person to person contact. Coronavirus is a single stranded RNA virus. Its length is 26 to 36 kilo-bases. As per nomenclature, it belongs to subfamily Coronavirinae, family Coronaviridae, or-der Nidovirales. On the basis of genomic and serological changes, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Del-tacoronavirus are the four major genera of subfamily Coronaviri-nae [2]. In humans, six types of coronaviruses are reported viz HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoVHKU1, SARS-CoV (The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). As a result of human-animal interface activities, large genetic diversity with frequent recombination of genomes, different variations can occur in coronaviruses
149 Fabrication, Characterization, In Vitro Release, and Some Biological Activities of Eucalyptus Essential Oil Loaded Poly (Lactic Acid) Nanofibers , Hayfa Argui, Salih Can Suner, ÇaÄŸdaÅŸ Deniz Periz, Seyhan Ulusoy, Mossadok Ben-Attia, YalçÄ±n CoÅŸkun , Ayhan Oral and Hechmi Said The objective of this work was to evaluate antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis EO-loaded PLA nano-fibers. Different concentrations of E. camaldulensis EO (7.5, 10 and 15%) were incorporated into PLA nanofibers via an electrospin-ning technique. The nanofibers are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Antibacterial activity of essential oil-loaded PLA nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis were investigated by disc diffusion method.The antib-iofilm activity of essential oil-loaded PLA nanofibers was studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results obtained from the biofilm formation test revealed that PLA essential oil inhibited the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by 9.3%, 12.8% and 12.6%, re-spectively. Drug releasing behavior of essential oil-loaded PLAnanofibers was investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy. According to releasing results, as the amounts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil in PLA nanofibers increased, the releasing decreased. The essential oil-loaded PLAnanofiber successfully delivered about 160 h
150 Emergence of a Novel Virus - A Review Article , RJ Charulatha, B Krishna Prasanth and Hariharan The commencement of the 21st century has witnessed deadly viral infections mainly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in 2002 and 2012 subsequently. The current decade further ascended with the emergence of the first outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin from Wuhan City, China which was later identified exclusively as the epicenter of the disease and later linked to the spread of the dis-ease resulting in pandemic [1]. Genomic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize and comparatively analyze the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This article gives a brief view about this new virus [2]. Since knowledge about this virus is rapidly evolving and under research, readers are urged to upgrade themselves regularly
151 pufC Gene Targeted PCR Primers for Identification and Classification of Marine Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodovulum sulfidophilum , Aoi Koga, Nao Yamauchi, Mayu Imamura, Mina Urata, Tomomi Kurayama, Ranko Iwai, Shuhei Hayashi, Shinjiro Yamamoto and Hitoshi Miyasaka The marine non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodovulumsulfidophilum has a wide application potential in the fields of aquaculture, renewable energy production, environmental protection, and biomaterial production. To detect, identify and clas-sify various R. sulfidophilum strains, we designed a PCR primer set targeting pufC gene encoding one of the photosystem proteins. Nucleotide sequence alignment of the pufC genes from five R. sulfidophilum strains revealed that the 3’ region of this gene is rich in nucleotide substitutions (approximately 10 substitutions/100 bp), making it suitable for the identification and classification of var-ious R. sulfidophilum strains. We designed a primer set that amplified 0.7 kb of the 3’ region of pufC gene. For the validation of this primer set, we used fish fecal DNA as the PCR templates, and successfully identified and classified several R. sulfidophilum strains
152 The Screening for the Antitrypanosomal Potentials of the Extracts of Curcuma longa L , Muhammad Muhsin Fathuddin and Rafeedah Fathuddin Background: Extracts of Curcuma longa rhizome extracts were investigated for their biological activity. Methodology: The presence of phytochemicals and antitrypanosomal activities were investigated. Results: The extracts contained the phytochemicals (Alkaloid, Anthraquinone, Carbohydrates, Cardiac Glycosides, Flavonoid, Glyco-sides, Phenols, Saponin, Steroid, Tannin and Triterpenes) in table 1 and 2. The extracts showed very good activity against the parasite from figure 1, 2 and 3. Discussion: The presence of the phytochemical confirms their medicinal potentials. The crude extracts of Curcuma longa were ana-lyzed in vitro for trypanocide activity on Trypanosoma brucei brucei at concentration 100.0 mg/ml, 50.0 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml. The best activity was seen in Petroleum ether extract, followed by the ethanol extract, then Chloroform which was still impressive. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show that the turmeric contains potential antimicrobial components which will be of great use for the advancement of remedies by pharmaceutical industries as a therapy against various diseases.
153 f , d d
154 Hypothesis on Cadaveric Urinary Bladder Transplantation in a Radical Cystectomy, An Alternative Option of Ileal Conduit , Dattatreya Mukherjee
155 COVID-19 in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Prospect to Better Learning , Sharadambal Ramaseri Sunder , Satya Sudheer Pydi, Devender Bansal and Elmoubasher Abu Baker Abd Farag Background: The SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a severe economic contraction and public health concerns in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by challenging each country’s ability to cope up to the infection. Situations are apparently not similar across all the countries in the region. At the early phases of the outbreak, many countries followed strict containment mea-sures to limit the spread of this virus. As the numbers were raising drastically, all the countries carefully strategized various methods to contain the virus. In order to battle this pandemic on all fronts, awareness of aspects influencing the transmission and its manage-ment options are critically essential. Aim: This study aimed to emphasize on the strategies that would help in understanding the impact on preparedness, and response activities to contain the COVID-19 infection. Methods: We conducted a fast-paced review of articles published from December, 2019 to August, 2020 on SARS-COV-2 and CO-VID-19. Publications ranging from observational to experimental studies, short communications, review articles, letters to editor and perspectives with respect to Eastern Mediterranean region were included. Results: The outcomes were concerning to risk assessment, preparedness, response, and control measures in relation to COVID-19 in EMR and recommendations pertaining to wellbeing. Conclusion: There is a desperate need of regional cooperation to protect the health of the people living in EM region. COVID-19 out-break has triggered a clear need of detection, prevention and control strategies of zoonotic infections which would emerge in future.
156 COVID-19 in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Prospect to Better Learning , Sharadambal Ramaseri Sunder, Satya Sudheer Pydi, Devender Bansal and Elmoubasher Abu Baker Abd Farag Background: The SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a severe economic contraction and public health concerns in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by challenging each country’s ability to cope up to the infection. Situations are apparently not similar across all the countries in the region. At the early phases of the outbreak, many countries followed strict containment mea-sures to limit the spread of this virus. As the numbers were raising drastically, all the countries carefully strategized various methods to contain the virus. In order to battle this pandemic on all fronts, awareness of aspects influencing the transmission and its manage-ment options are critically essential. Aim: This study aimed to emphasize on the strategies that would help in understanding the impact on preparedness, and response activities to contain the COVID-19 infection. Methods: We conducted a fast-paced review of articles published from December, 2019 to August, 2020 on SARS-COV-2 and CO-VID-19. Publications ranging from observational to experimental studies, short communications, review articles, letters to editor and perspectives with respect to Eastern Mediterranean region were included. Results: The outcomes were concerning to risk assessment, preparedness, response, and control measures in relation to COVID-19 in EMR and recommendations pertaining to wellbeing. Conclusion: There is a desperate need of regional cooperation to protect the health of the people living in EM region. COVID-19 out-break has triggered a clear need of detection, prevention and control strategies of zoonotic infections which would emerge in future
157 Thailand’s New Wave of COVID-19 , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Thailand had largely controlled the COVID-19 by mid-2020 with a successful story. A new wave of COVID-19 outbreak was identified in Samut Sakhon, a province at the south of Bangkok, Thailand in December 2020. Thailand confirmed 315 new CO-VID-19 cases, the majority of which were local transmission, con-tributing its total cases to 7,694 cases and 64 deaths since its first reported case last January 2020. Samut Sakhon reported 541 ad-ditional cases of COVID-19 on January 4, 2021. The new domes-tic COVID-19 outbreak was hypothetically associated with illegal border migration from neighbouring Myanmar.
158 The Effects of Acute Intoxications with 1,2-Dichloroethane, Tetrachloromethane and Trichloroethylene on Innate Immunity Parameters , Pavel F Zabrodskii, Vladimir G Lim and Vladimir K Parfenyuk Chlorinated hydrocarbons (ChH) - 1,2-dichloroethane (DchE), tetrachloromethane (TChM), and trichloroethylene (TChE) are widely used in industry as solvents for oils, fats, rubber and resins etc. Despite the low frequency of acute intoxication with these compounds (up to 5%), they are characterized by very high lethality (32-96%). Experiments on random-bred albino rats showed that chlorinated hydrocarbons acute intoxications (DchE, TChM, TChE) a single dose of 0.8 LD50 causes a reduction the integral state of the innate immunity (increased mortality of rats from experimental infection by 27.8-41.9% caused by P. vulgaris, decreased LD50P. vulgaris by 1.58-1.68 times, mean effective lifetime of animals (Et50) by 1.70-2.08 times (p < 0.05). ChH acute intoxications decreased the parameters of innate immunity (bactericidal activity of blood serum by 1.43-1.60 times, serum concentrations of lysozyme by 1.70-2.27 times and platelet cationic protein by 1.38-1.62 times, activity of natural killer cells (NK) by 1.73-2.20 times, increases the contents of P. vulgaris in peripheral blood by 1.96-2.37 times and spleen by 1.70-1.98 times in the modeling of an experimental infection (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between parameters of the integral state of the innate immunity and the parameters of innate immunity after various chlorinated hydrocarbons acute intoxications (p > 0.05)
159 Ayurvedic Perspectives to Control and Prevention of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Kathmandu District, Nepal , Sadhana Parajuli, Prakash Gyawali and Narbikram Thapa The aim of the research is to assess the effects of Covid-19 pandemic in public health and socio-economic impact in Kathmandu District, Nepal. The study describes the SAR-CoV-2, disease, impact, prevention and mitigation approach and social impact in the community. The study has been conducted based on the primary data related to the public perception towards COVID-19, prevention and management practices survey was performed through the set of questionnaires. In Nepal 59573 covid-19 active cases has been confirmed where 383 death has been verified. In Kathmandu District 11911 Covid-19 active cases has been found and 67 deaths has been verified despite great efforts, there is no treatment of this disease. However, prevention and management are the best options. Ayurveda therapy has been useful for the prevention of infection as well as best for the immune system booster in the management of COVID-19. Also, there is an urgent requirement to awareness rising among new generation for science and technology to fight against any such disaster in future; if any. There is no need to be panic and proper prevention and management are essential to combat this disease
160 Optimizing the Fermentation Conditions and Enhancing the Keratinase Production from Streptomyces coelicoflavus , Jadhav RS, JK Oberoi, Tejashree Rokade, Rajesh Shingade, Mrunal Yadav, Tooba Momin Total eight soil samples were taken from Sangli district (Maharashtra) India. The potent isolates was identified by using mor-phological, cultural, biochemical, physiological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Keratinase production was optimized using different parameters. The 120 hrs incubation period of was observed for optimum keratinolytic protease production. Inoculum age of 10 days was found to be effective in terms of protease production and degradation.3% inoculum size was showed optimum deg-radation and proteolytic activity.The agitation rate at 160 rpm was found to be optimum.Optimum enzyme production and feather degradation was found at pH 9.0.Maximum production of protease was observed at 400C. The optimum amount of keratinase was produced by Streptomycescoelicoflavus in presence of dextrose and peptone as a carbon and nitrogen source separately respectively. 1% feather concentration was found optimum keratinase production. Streptomycescoelicoflavus was enhanced feather degradation in the presence of KH2PO4
161 Strategies to Manage AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance) , Sulagna Roy With antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rapidly turning into a major health concern, it becomes imperative to be prepared with an arsenal of antimicrobial agents that would work effectively against such drug resistant forms. The challenge here is to avoid redis-covering the already known compounds (dereplication), to develop compounds or strategies to which further resistance would not emerge rapidly and which are amenable to modifications. Some approaches include combining transitional metal elements with al-ready known antibiotics, developing RNA based antimicrobial agents that show highly target specific action, designing antimicrobial peptides with improved biological activity, combining machine learning with suitable experimental designs that would give highly accurate lead identification and also provide access to new chemical spaces with respect to antibiotics, screening new activities or enhancing existing activities in Actinomycetes, controlling target organism population by growth inhibition.
162 Are We Any Closer for a Safe Vaccine to be Launched-Experience of Phase 3 Trials of Certain Vaccines with Immune Responses in COVID-19 with a 3rs Wave in Most Countries Escalating SARS-CoV2-Patients , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh Earlier having reviewed structure and treatment (Figure 1) options of COVID-19 secondary to SARS-COV2 [1-5], still the pan-demic instead of getting controlled is on a rise and urgent need of a vaccine is required with the 3rd wave having attacked the world, here we discuss important points regards to getting insight of dis-ease pathogenesis along with advantage of bridge therapies, like hyperimmune globulin along with convalescent human plasma be-sides developing vaccines, antivirals and monoclonal antibodies. Just 11 months back knowledge was not there. Here we sum up phase 3 trial of vaccines-status
163 Hand-sanitizer Usage During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Case of 'Better Safe than Sorry' or 'excess of Anything is Bad’? , Manmeet Bhalla, Siftjit Kaur and Kiranjeet Kaur In 2019, the world saw the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic which is claiming lives globally on a large scale. Different medical advisories were issued to slow down the transmission of the virus includ-ing the recommendation of using alcohol-based hand-sanitizers. Approximately a century ago, we saw the advent of antibiotics and anti-microbials which were termed as ‘magic bullets’. These were elevated to the pedestal as an answer to majority of human infec-tions which had plagued our society for centuries. This was followed by years of mass production and usage of antibiotics. Selection pressure created by excessive antibiotic usage stroked the selection ‘itch’ amongst susceptible microbial species and carved out a phenomenon known as ‘antibiotic resistance’. If history has a habit of repeating itself, then excessive use of hand-sanitizers these days has the potential to become a major health problem in the near future. Through this review, we aim to remind the medical com-munity and our society that the use of hand-sanitizers must be judicious and should not replace the common practices of traditional hand hygiene, safe distancing and wearing a mask. We also attempt to highlight other potential side effects associated with excessive use of hand-sanitizers
164 Nutritional and Therapeutic Benefits of Psyllium Husk (Plantago Ovata) , Abdul Waheed Khan, Waseem Khalid, Saira Safdar, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Ahsan Shakeel, Nuzhut Jamal, Ravi Prakash Jha, Muniza Baig, Sonia Shehzadi, Muhammad Zubair Khalid and Muhammad Kamran Shahid Psyillum Husk (Plantago Ovata) is useful in allopathic and ayurvedic treatment. Psyillum is a polysaccharide that has character-istics of soluble fiber and insoluble fiber and both soluble and insoluble fiber are more beneficial for humans. Its active ingredient is Metamucil which helps in different disease prevention. Psyillum husk also helps in lowering the cholesterol and increase the produc-tion of bile in this way lowers the cholesterol level in the human body Which helps out in lowering the LDL-level and triglycerides. Psyillum husk has dietary fiber that aid in reducing obesity and Psyillum husk plant has specific flavonoids that prevent the forma-tion of cancer cells.
165 Favorable Outcomes with Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Multiple Cerebral Abscesses , Monternach-Aguilar Felipe Alberto, Arceo-Novelo Jorge Alberto, Rodríguez-Leyva Ildefonso Brain abscesses represent a pathology of multifactorial etiology, with a wide range of signs and symptoms, so that it continues to be a diagnostic challenge in the early stages of the disease, given the low specificity it presents in neuroimaging studies in the first stage week of the evolution of the infectious process. It is for these reasons that when there is clinical suspicion, it is essential to start empirical treatment with Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, and Metronidazole for at least four weeks or until the causal agent is identified, as well as an adequate assessment for those patients who meet criteria for a surgical procedure. This article included characteristics of 5 patients with multiple brain abscesses evaluated at our institution, as well as a brief review of the disease
166 Climate and the Tower of Babylon , Khalidullin O Humanity has destroyed 70% of land with arable land, reser-voirs, asphalt, concrete, landfills and ore. 400,000 hectares annu-ally in Russia alone - an area equal to the sum of the territories of Moscow and St. Petersburg are covered with landfills.
167 Studies on the Efficacy of Leaves Extracts of Centella asiatica Against Escherichia coli, Samonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus , Ebenezer Owusu, Daniel Boamah, Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan, Awura Abena Amponsah and Sylvesta Kaminta Centella asiatica is a traditional herb which is reported to have many biological properties that account for the ethnomedicinal properties of the plant. Studies were carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, 70% ethanol and absolute etha-nol leaf extracts of Centella asiatica by agar well diffusion assay. The tested bacterial strains were E. coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430. The zone of inhibitions produced by the three extracts against the selected bacteria strains were recorded together with the standard drug, Ciprofloxacin (15μg) used as positive control with water and dimet-hyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as negative control. The study showed that all the selected bacteria were susceptible to the aqueous, 70% ethanol and absolute ethanol leaf extract of C. asiatica with the aqueous leaf extract exhibiting the highest antimicrobial activities. The 70% ethanol extract recorded the lowest MIC of 1.56mg/ml for S. typhi whereas that of the aqueous and organic extracts were 6.25mg/ml. The result obtained confirms the antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts of C. asiatica revealed by other researchers
168 COVID-19: Review on Efforts for Containment, Diagnostics, and Treatment in the Indian Context During the SARS-CoV-2 Global Pandemic , Shalitha Sasi, Ramesh Chand Meena, Rashmita Sahoo, Manisha Bhatnagar, Lovnish Thakur, Vivek Chandra, Sushil Mehta and Suresh Thakur The sudden outbreak in Wuhan City of China in December 2019 by a previously unknown virus, has eventually spread like a pandemic to almost all the countries in the world. It left the healthcare system divested of every single resource, be it the supportive therapeutic regimens, diagnostic kits or personal protective equipment, and even the mask and hand sanitizers. This new virus was later on identified as the novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 and was declared as a public health emergency on January 30, 2020, and as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO).The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading at alarming rates worldwide, calling for better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Although our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 has grown tremendously in the past couple of months however a systemic approach to diagnostics, treatment, and epidemiological controls are still lacking, at least in the Indian context. Here we review the efforts on containment, various treatment regimens, diagnostic techniques, and commercial kits available in India and around the world. We also discuss the current disease management protocols and possible therapeutic approaches including vaccines.
169 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Transmission, Preventive Measures and Disinfection Strategies , Spandan Chaudhary, Pooja Chaudhary and Shiv Patel China reported incidence of sever pneumoniae cases with unknown etiology to World Health Organization (WHO) in late Decem-ber 2019, later the cause of the disease was identified as the novel beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Within 3-4 months of duration, most countries of the world have started reporting cases of this novel virus and WHO declared it a pandemic. Mode of disease trans-mission for this virus is via respiratory droplets and contact with aerosol infected surfaces. Here we reviewed the direct and indirect mode of transmission of disease, stability of virus on different surfaces and effective disinfection methods to curb the transmission of the same. This information can be helpful in defining disinfection strategies and policies of preventive measures.
170 Humans Influence the Cycle of Water, and The Cycle - On the Climate , Khalidullin OH Water was created and accumulated on Earth for millions of years. The quality of the water, its structure and its very purpose have evolved in place with biota (community of plants and living organisms). Water is one of the most important drivers of this bi-ota, as well as, the environment itself. Just like the circulatory sys-tem in the body, the in and out carries in every living cell nutrients substances
171 Animal Venom Toxins: Potential Source of Antiviral Agents to Counter Pathogen Attack , Ravi Kant Upadhyay Present review article explains antivirus activity of animal venom toxins against various virus pathogens of important human dis-eases. Venom toxins are highly specific defense molecules, which are secreted from basic glandular structures and used as arsenals to protect territory, food and mate selection. Few venomous animals secrete antimicrobial peptides which exhibit a wide variety of biological effects i.e. kill microorganisms by penetrating the cell membrane and inhibiting cellular functions through toxin-channel interactions. They inhibit virus entry into host cells, and obstruct virus replication. Short toxin peptides act as highly specific potent bioactive molecules and lessen inflammation, regulate glutamate release, modify neurotransmitter levels, block ion channel activa-tion, decrease the number of protein aggregates, and increase the levels of neuro-protective factors. These highly active natural peptides could be used as antibiotics to control virus pathogens and could be used for the development of novel therapeutic agents. By using bio-informatics tools, methods and approaches, both structural and functional diversity of toxin peptides could be used to discover target specific new antiviral drugs for therapeutic purposes. No doubt animal toxins are excellent molecules which exert target specific effects and could become an important treatment options for COVID-19, if viral inactivation is being done in a complete downstream process. It will require in silico molecular modeling studies of novel toxin templates, and their testing in different animal models to determine safety and to explore therapeutic of new drugs
172 Immune Restoration Disorders in Patients with AIDS and Tuberculosis: Novel Treatment Approaches , Usha Kellampalli, Hesham Mohei and Irina Vlasova-St. Louis Tuberculosis (TB) is the most frequent and treacherous opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syn-drome (AIDS) worldwide. In this review, we discuss the pathological immune restoration in AIDS patients coinfected with Mycobac-terium Tuberculosis after starting ART (antiretroviral therapy). We overview how the immune deregulation predisposes to and drive the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS). We describe how poor recovery and maturation of T and NK cells, and the exuberant cytokine response produced by innate and adaptive immune cells marks the manifestations of TB-IRIS. We conclude by discussing the various standard-of-care and novel treatment approaches
173 Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Production of Aroma Compounds 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate , Yash Gupte, Bhaskar Bhadra and Santanu Dasgupta Microbial cell factories for production of fragrant and flavour molecules provide sustainable and attractive alternative for food and cosmetic industries. Majority of the bio-derived fragrant and flavour molecules are derived as either single compound or as mixture from flowers, fruits, seeds or even animals. Two such specific compounds that are used extensively in food and cosmetics industries are 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenylethylacetate (2-PEA) which give characteristic rose and jasmine aroma respec-tively. In this study, we describe a metabolic engineering approach for developing microbial cell factories for production of 2-PE and 2-PEA. E. coli DH5α produced 132.66 mg L−1 of 2-PE and 181.7 mg L−1 of 2-PEA. IPTG induced E. coli BL21 (DE3) culture produced 96.08 mg L−1 of 2-PE and 97.28 mg L−1 of 2-PEA in Luria – Bertani (LB) media. Engineering shikimate pathway can lead to production of many aromatic compounds. This study provides basis for E. coli as a platform for production of flavour and aroma compounds us-ing synthetic biology tools
174 Multi-dimensional Factors Driving the Pandemic and How their Impact Decides any Return to the Pre-COVID-19 World! , Kholis Abdurachim Audah, Dickson Achimugu Musa, David Adebayo, Syed Mahmood Ahmed, Alex Diaz, Abhishek Gupta, Percy Ichchaporia, Anthony Lai, Lori McGrew, Moyosola Otusanya, Srinath Nissankararao, Elizabeth Parrish, Jean Plante, Asmaa Rabit, David Sherman, Ralph Sherman, Sandeep Singh, Sina Varmaghani, Collin C White, Nirmali Wijegoonawardana, Rebecca Xu, Hafiz Yahya, Poorna CR Yalagala, Osama Youssef, Alan Thatcher, George Perry, Ferez Soli Nallaseth There are many and continuously emerging dimensions to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID - 19 Pandemic that it has caused. They go far beyond the boundaries of Health, Medical and Economic causes and consequences. No human activity, which includes Squash, is carried out in isolation and so remains unaffected by these dimensions driving the Pandemic. Breaking minimal con-straints and crossing basic boundaries has societal consequences, but particularly so for personnel in the Essential and Health Ser-vices who risk their lives to ensure the safety and well-being of their fellow humans - every hour and every day! We review a small and representative segment of all these dimensions included as links from a diversity of sources that document the progression as well as the consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Humankind
175 Use of Plant Essential Oils and its Constituents in Corona Virus Therapeutics , Ravi Kant Upadhyay Present review article explains antiviral potential of essential oils more especially as an alternative treatment of coronavirus in-fection. This article emphasizes biological activity of major essential oil constituents and their future prospects for development of low toxic highly effective broad spectrum drugs. These could specifically inhibit virus entry into cells and target virus replication and show virucidal effect rather than they inhibit their development. More appropriate solution is to find protease inhibitors of COVID-19 that will be more appropriate drug molecule. Essential oils could serve as potential inhibitors of viral replication. There is a need of in silico studies of toxin molecules to find most appropriate target molecules to prepare more potent novel antiviral drugs to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics that may be caused by viruses. Hence, there is a need to explore and investigate plant origin active antiviral agents and use them for making highly effective drug formulations. Till the development of a vaccine natural plant products become available for treatment mainly immunity boosting for general public
176 Corticosteroid Actions on COVID-19 and SARS Viral Immune Pathology; A Review Article , SM Rathnasiri Bandara, HMMTB Herath, MN Weerasooriya, KGCYB Weerakoon and SMTN Sensnayake Only few studies are available to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroids in SARS and SARS-CoV-2. Corticosteroids is a hor-mone, as well as a drug, having therapeutic levels and lethal doses, so needs to balance the doses accordingly to the disease. Here we discuss the use of steroids in SARS, MERS and COVID-19 with reviewing the pharmacological and immunological basis of steroids in virus pathology. Steroids can be beneficial in these viral infections by suppressing SARS-CoV induced antibodies, T cells, B cells, cytokines, chemokines, complement signaling, antibody-dependent enhancement, vascular and hematological manifestations, viral replication and COX-2/PGE2 pathways. Steroids can also protects against cell apoptosis and enhance tissue recovery. Corticosteroids have shown some favorable outcomes in patients with SARS and COVID-19 but delayed viral clearance and secondary infections have been reported. Currently it is difficult to formulate clear recommendations regarding steroid use in COVID-19 but can be used in selected patients.
177 Assessment of Air Pollution in Public Health and Socioeconomic Situation in Chabahil, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal: A Community Perspective , Sadhana Parajuli, Prakash Gyawali and Narbikram Thapa The study aims to assess the effects of air pollution in public health and socioeconomic situation in Chabahil, Kathmandu Metro-politan City. Air pollution has become the serious problem in the Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The air pollution has caused serious allergic problems in public health due to dust and carbanmonooxide emission. In the study reveal that the nasal congestions (58%), sneezing (69%), cough (75%), hyperacidity (64%), eye itching (64%) etc. among the local people in the area. Similarly, non-allergic cases have also been reported due to air pollution. There has been found negative trend of air pollution level as compared to previ-ous one in the study areas due to high carbon gas emission, dust and poor environmental sanitation etc. The overall changes in air pollution level have found significantly difference from 2.83 to 9.16 out of ten. The mean score difference is 6.33 during before and after situation mapping in the study areas. There has been found significant air pollution increased after ten years in the study areas
178 mRNA Technology a Promising Strategy for Rapid Response Vaccine Applications against the Emerging Infectious Diseases , Anju Kaushal mRNA vaccine platform is potent and versatile could be used in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against cancer and emerg-ing infectious diseases. They have the capacity to increase protein translation, and assist modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses with improved delivery. Naked/or Lipid encapsulated forms of mRNA could be optimized for mRNA therapeutics. Recently, mRNA vaccines have been used to elicit potent immune response targeted against many infectious diseases in the animals e.g. in-fluenza, zika, rabies virus and others. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, developed and completed the all trials during pandemic, are the proven examples of achieving success on this platform. The vaccine developers have already received the conditional and emergency authorization for mass vaccination in US, UK and other countries. The mass vaccination campaigns are going on amid pandemic. The two leading candidates, mRNA -1273 and BNT162b2, have achieved the highest efficacy ~ 95% boosting humoral and cell mediated immune responses equally well. Diverse approaches have been employed to mRNA cancer vaccines too. Dendritic cell vaccines and other direct mRNA injectables were used in many clinical trials in generating promising T-cell response with disease-free survival. Prophylactic and therapeutic considerations for mRNAs by regulatory bodies include good manufacturing practices cGMP produc-tion, safety and efficacy. It is imperative to elucidate the immune pathways activated by the various mRNA vaccine platforms
179 The Use of Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for SARS CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostic Testing for Pediatric Patients , Meghan Delaney, Joelle Simpson, Bobbe Thomas, Christal Ralph, Michael Evangalista , Mahdi Moshgriz, Joyce Granados, Mark McGuire, Roberta DeBiasi, and Joseph Campos Background: Testing children for COVID-19 via sensitive molecular methods is important, although collecting nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens can be challenging. A less invasive specimen collection approach that yields test results comparable to those from NP specimens would be beneficial to simplify sample collection. Methods: To demonstrate that saliva is a suitable specimen for testing children, the clinical usability and the analytic performance of saliva were compared to NP specimens suspended in viral transport medium. Four different FDA EUA-approved molecular assays and one EUA approved saliva collection device were investigated. Results: There were 526 patients aged 3 and 61 years, 461 (88%) were <18 years, 425 were asymptomatic (81.1%), 92 were symp-tomatic (17.6%). Saliva mixed with stabilizing buffer was found to yield comparable sensitivity to NP specimens when tested on the AllPlex SARS-CoV-2 molecular test (Seegene Inc). The analytic sensitivity of the AllPlex assay with SpectrumDNA saliva stabilizer was found to be 250 genomic copies/mL. Conclusions: Of the four SARS-CoV-2 assays studied, we found the AllPlex assay to be best suited for testing saliva collected from children 5 years of age or older. The sensitivity of viral detection was equivalent to NP specimens when saliva specimens were mixed with the saliva stabilizer
180 Lactic Acid Fermentation: Preparation and Evaluation of Lactic Acid Fermented Carrot Appetizer , Sarita Devi and VK Joshi; Lactic acid fermented carrot appetizer with various pulp content was prepared and was further evaluated for various physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. With a decrease in fermented pulp concentration there was an increase in reducing sugars, total sugars and pH while salt, titrable acidity, vitamin C, carotene content and colour decreased. Due to low salt concentration, fer-mentable pulp was found to be more suitable for the preparation of appetizer than other products. The optimized lactic fermented appetizer had 50 % fermented pulp and 50 % unfermented pulp as per the standard recipe. Vitamin C content ranged between 12.00 to 28.10 mg/100g. In case of carrot appetizer, treatment with 50 % fermented pulp + 50 % unfermented pulp gave the best results for physico-chemical as well as sensory characteristics. Physico-chemical characteristics were in the range of prescribed specifica-tions. During the passage of storage period of the appetizer for six months, there was no drastic change but only slight changes in all the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics except pH, reducing sugars and browning where significant changes took place. Overall, the changes during storage did not affect the acceptability of the product to a greater extent.
181 Clinical and Microbiological Characterization of the Urinary Infections in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder , Elizabeth Hernández González, Esteban Alberti Amador and Javier Rivero Ojeda. Introduction: Complicated urinary tract infection is a very frequent comorbidity in patients with sequelae of neurological diseases, which increases the consumption of antimicrobials and the circulation of resistant germs. Objective: Carry out clinical-microbiological evaluation of urinary tract infections in patients with neurogenic bladder as well as draw treatment strategies based on the best available clinical evidence. Method: We conducted a prospective descriptive study for 1 year, in 43 patients treated at CIREN, who underwent a neuro-restor-ative treatment program with a diagnosis of spinal cord injury (32), demyelinating disease (6), degenerative disease of the central nervous system (3) and static brain injury (2), which present neurogenic bladder among the sequelae and present urinary tract infection during hospitalization. Results: 112 episodes of urinary infection were diagnosed: acute pyelonephritis in 28 episodes and lower urinary tract infection in 84 episodes, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) in 57.6% being isolated as the most frequent etiological agent, P. mirabilis 25% and Klebsi-ella pneumoniae, (K.pneumoniae). 13.4%. Risk factors associated with neurogenic bladder: permanent or intermittent catheter 23.2 and 62.7% respectively. The sensitivity pattern for amikacin and carbapenems was 100%, while the resistance pattern for sulfaprim, penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors and ciprofloxacin varied between 20 and 75% are the most frequent clinical forms of uri-nary tractus infectious in patients with neurogenic bladder; the common risk factor is intermittent or permanent bladder catheter-ization, with E coli being the most frequent etiological agent of these episodes
182 Significant Differences in Nucleotide and Peptide Features Between Chromosomes Suggesting Sequence Non-randomness Across Chromosomes , Gabriel ZK Lim, Hykal H Azmi, Mariia Dolmatova and Maurice HT Ling Eukaryotic genomes are organized into multiple chromosomes. Several studies have suggested that chromosomes are organized functionally and spatially, indicative of selective pressure in chromosomal organization. However, question remains as to whether chromosomes of the same organism are significantly different based on nucleotide and peptide features. Here, we examine three eukaryotic species across kingdoms; animalia (Sarcophilus harrisii), plantae (Prunus dulcis), and SAR supergroup (Plasmodium falci-parum); to identify whether chromosomes of the same organism are significantly different based on nucleotide and peptide features. Our results show that the average GC contents in coding sequences are significantly different (p-value ≤ 3.30E-09) to their chromo-somal GC content in all 30 chromosomes across 3 organisms. Our results also show that 38 out of 45 (15 features by 3 organisms) the nucleotide and peptide features are significantly different (p-value ≤ 0.044) between chromosomes. These results imply the presence of selective pressure in chromosomal organization
183 Influence of COVID-19 On India: Challenges, Innovations, Solutions, and Outcomes , Ajay Kumar COVID-19 pandemic has already affected the whole world very badly. This study aims to present the challenges (healthcare infra-structure, hygiene, testing laboratories and testing kits), innovations (ventilators, virus study), solutions (medication and vaccine), and outcomes (soft power, vaccine maitri, vaccine diplomacy) regarding the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in India. This study represents India’s success and process to overcome the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite initial challenges, India has converted this pandemic to an opportunity to enhance its soft power, diplomacy, and importance as a country in the world by exporting various medicines and vaccines to several countries. India has become one of the leading exporters of coronavirus testing kits, masks, medicines, and vaccines, as well as play an important role in the containment of COVID-19 disease. COVID-19 pandemic taught the importance of health, hygiene, healthy lifestyle, and technology to the whole of mankind.
184 A Cohort Comparison Study Evaluating the Role of Protective Foot-wear in Intensive Care Unit , Gitali Bhagawati, Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Sarita Rani Jaiswal, Rekha Saji Kumar, Sukhwinder Singh Paul, Sanjeev Prajapati, Arnav Bhagawati and Suparno Chakrabarti Background: Intensive care units (ICUs) of many health care organizations (HCOs) consider protective foot-wear like shoe-cover as a component of infection control practices (ICPs) with an assumption that it can prevent Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) in hospital reducing the floor contamination. Keywords: Intensive Care Unit; Health Care Organizations; Infection Control Practices; Hospital Acquired Infections; Protective Foot-wear; Shoe-cover Aim: Aim of this study is to find out the efficacy of protective foot-wear on bacterial floor colonization, different colonizers of ICU air and floor and their association with HAIs. Methods: The prospective study was carried out in an ICU of a superspeciality hospital in Delhi in two phases; Phase I: with shoe covers and Phase II: without shoe covers. In each phase, 36 air culture and 312 swab cultures were collected from particular sites in ICU in morning and evening hours. Blood agar plates, used for processing samples were incubated for 48 hours. Findings: In air culture, the total colony count was found to be 551 CFU/mt3 in Phase I while it was 723 CFU/mt3 in Phase II (p value >0.05). In swab cultures, total colony count was 4522 CFU in Phase I while that 4829 CFU in Phase II (p value >0.05). In both air cul-ture and swab culture, Methicillin Resistant Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) was the predominating organism, followed by Methicillin Sensitive CoNS. Conclusion: This study shows that there is no statistically significant difference on wearing or not wearing protective foot-wear. In contrast, shoe cover wearing activity can contaminate the hands in which there is more risk of spreading environmental contami-nants to the patients if hand hygiene not adequately practiced.
185 Global Influenza Hospital Influenza Surveillance Network (GIHSN), Results of Surveillance for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses in Cartagena-Colombia. Preliminary Data 2019-2020 , Juan Quintero-Soto, Fabián Espitia-Almeida, Jaison Torres-Pacheco, María Fragozo-Ramos, Rita Sierra-Merlano, V Alberto Laguna-Torres, Hernando Pinzón-Redondo and Doris Gómez-Camargo Background: Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is the main cause of death of infectious origin worldwide, and influenza is of special interest due to the availability of vaccines and specific antiviral therapy. Objective: This work includes 2 objectives: (1). Describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses in Cartagena-Colombia. (2). Report the status of immunization and/or vaccination against seasonal influenza. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in two hospitals located in Cartagena-Colombia, the study population included children and adults admitted to the emergency room with an acute infection process associated with influenza. The identification of infectious agents was done by RT-qPCR and multiplex PCR (FilmArray). Results: 278 patients with potential eligibility for the study were recruited, of which 175 (62.9%) met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV, rhinovirus, and influenza, each with 47.1%, 33.6%, and 17.3% of the cases, respectively. 5.6% of the positive cases of influenza were admitted to the ICU and died. The presence of comorbid disease, use of antivirals dur-ing hospitalization, and current vaccination was significantly low. Vaccination status for seasonal influenza was most common in <5 years. Several co-infections occurred and some of them were bacterial, Rhinovirus was the most frequent co-infecting viral agent. Conclusion: The active surveillance model is a valuable tool to investigate the impact of respiratory viral diseases in hospitalized patients, providing information that allows the implementation of preventive and control measures
186 Predominant Bacterial Pathogens and Resistance Profile of Blood Isolates: Blood Cultures’ Surveillance from Tertiary Teaching Hospital , Lina Sallam, Naoufel Kaabia, Amal Al-Aidaroos, Sara Al-Darsony and Abdulrahman Al-Odayani Background: Laboratory reporting of positive blood cultures (PBCs) is crucial and essential for infection control precautions and antibiotic stewardship programs at any healthcare setting, as it promotes the appropriate use of the empirical antibiotic prescription, and the implementation of infection control precautions. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and microbiological data of patients with PBCs and to determine the resistance pattern of blood isolates. Keywords: Blood Culture; Epidemiology; Klebsiella pneumoniae; MRSA; Carbapenem Methods: The laboratory survey of all PBCs was conducted at Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from February to July 2019, where all PBCs were daily identified from microbiology reports and analyzed for demo-graphical and microbiological data. However, contaminated and duplicated blood cultures were excluded. Results: Total number of true PBCs was 632, of which 59.6% were gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and 56.8% were categorized as hospital-onset. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Klebsiella spp. (101 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (57 cases), Pseudomo-nas spp. (56 cases), Enterococcus spp. (50 cases), and E. coli (49 cases). Interestingly, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp were resistant to meropenem in 34% and 89% of cases, respectively. In addition, S. aureus was resistant to methicillin (MRSA) in 57%. In conclusion, our study showed a predominance of GNB in PBCs, with a high rate of MRSA and carbapenem-resistant organ-isms. The data could be useful for the update of the PSMMC antimicrobial guidelines. Conclusion: Our study showed a high rate of PBCs with a great percentage of MRSA and Carbapenem resistant organisms.
187 Climate and Ski , Khalidullin O There are additions to the idea of the Tower of Babel. The idea for the tower was developed to create a giant sealed tank with a lot of debris and ski slopes for skiing. In essence, it turned out to develop garbage collection into large heaps. Simply pressing and stacking layers of existing landfills gives a maximum layer height of 70 meters. The new method will create mountains up to a kilo-meter or more. Even if the base is a radius of 2 - 3 kilometers. Of course, calculations and experiment are needed
188 Soil Organisms for Better Agroforestry Performance , Abhishek Raj Soil is the medium through which plant grow and it stores va-riety of microorganisms, invertebrates, protozoan’s, bacteria, and fungi etc. that play a viable role in soil ecosystem services. Their presence, types and numbers affects an overall soil physicochemi-cal property that indicates soil health and quality [1,2]. Agroforest-ry stores variety of organisms into the soil that plays an important role in its performance and productivity. From a time immemorial, agroforestry system has been gaining wide popularity due to its di-versified nature and better ecosystem services for improving lives and livelihood of poor people. Integrating tree, crop and livestock’s in agroforestry systems have been practiced from an ancient time. In this system, an addition of litter and other plant residues can be decompose by various soils inhabiting microorganism that re-lease essential nutrients and maintains soil organic carbon (SOC) in agroforestry system
189 Corona Virus Impact on Aquatic World: A Short Review , Ruby Singh and Prachi Srivastava Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae which shares an evolutionarily relationship to other member of this family im-pacting human and veterinary medicine. Coronviridae belong to the order Nidovirales which is further divided into two different subfamilies i.e., Coronavoirinae and Torovirinae. There are almost negligible coronaviruses are isolated from aquatic organisms but it has effected many aquatic organisms mainly aquatic mammals which includes beluga whale, Bottlenose dolphin and harbour seal. The aquatic fish which is effected by the genus Bafinivirus under the same family Coronaviridae is White bream (Blicca bjoerkna), fathead minnow and Chinook salmon. There are also several reports suggesting isolation of coronaviruses from Carps. All of these viruses are officially classified as Coronaviruses but some of them are not classified instead shares many similar features with these dreadful Coronaviruses. Current review comprises a detail insight about the history, root causes, mechanism of infection as well as transmis-sion of Corona viruses to aquatic organisms. A futuristic prospect of this virus impacting the nature is facilitating the researchers to examine the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to the genome of aquatic corona virus to bring out the evolutionary virulence.
190 16S-23S Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region-based Genetic Analysis of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Zimbabwe , Nyasha Chin’ombe, Boniface Muzividzi, Vurayai Ruhanya and Pasipanodya Nziramasanga Background:Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are now commonly detected in humans and are ubiquitously distributed in various environments such as water, soil and air. Limited data exist on the diversity and accurate identification of NTM species in Zimbabwe. This study evaluated the use of 16S-23S ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (16S-23S rRNA ITS) in genetically characterizing the diversity of NTM isolated from Zimbabwe during a national tuberculosis survey. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the 16S-23S rRNA ITS DNA from archived NTM isolates from National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL) of the Ministry of Health and Childcare, Zimbabwe. The amplicons were sequenced and analysed using bioinformatics tools. Results: From the 963 archived NTM isolates at the NMRL, 26 had their 16S-23S rRNA ITS DNA sequences analysed. Genetic hetero-geneity of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS was demonstrated among the NTM isolates from Zimbabwe. The analysis showed that there were 15 (57.7%) M. avium, 4 (15.4%) M. palustre, 2 (7.7%) M. seoulense, 2 (7.7%) M. parascrofulaceum, 1 (3.8%) M. sinense, 1 (3.8%) M. asiaticum and 1 (3.8%) M. bouchedurhonense. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the 16S-23S ITS region could be used in characterizing NTM species from Zimbabwe. Most of the NTM isolates from Zimbabwe were closely related to M. avium, a known human opportunistic pathogen. Further studies are however necessary to unravel the true scope of NTM problem in Zimbabwe.
191 The Ophuirid and the Sea Star IgKappa Genes , Michel Leclerc This study was performed from an evolutive point of view. The sea star and ophuirid IgKappa genes for so extended a period of evolution in organisms as distinctively different as sea star, fish, mammal, indicate that they play an essential role in the survival of organisms: role in the regulation of immune response, in Asterids and Ophuirids. The presence of Fc receptor gene, Fab gene in Aste-rias rubens complete these data
192 Seasonal Occurrence of AKK Grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus, (Pyrgomorphidae: Orthroptera) Mangochi, Malawi , Vaitheeswaran Thiruvengadam The preliminary observation and seasonal changes of occurrence of Akk grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus Fab. (Orthroptera: Pyr-gomorphidae) in Mangochi, Republic of Malawi. The present study shows that the primarily the pest of P. pictus, a cause lot of the damage to cultivated crops in Malawi. Its leads to reported that P. pictus is feeder of maize, corn, cassava, mango orchards, betal creepers, forest trees, compea, okra, brinjal, castor, citrus, papaya and alfalfa in some parts of West Africa and Malawi. The learning further harassed that stringent management measures need to be started to addition research and restore the biodiversity of crops of Mangochi in general and Republic of Malawi
193 The Usage of Marsdenia condurango 30C, a Homeopathic (Potentized) Drug Demonstrates Some Cancer Inhibiting Outcomes in In Vitro Assessment of Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines , Srivastava P, Swain P and Kumar RS An ailment in which the proliferation of the cells is uncontrollable it is called as Cancer. Mutation i.e. change in the Genome causes the alteration of normal cells into cancerous cells. As a result of this mutations the Oncogenes are turned on and the TSG i.e. Tumor Suppressor Gene are turned off. Genes are also delimited epigenetically. Methylation and Demethylation are mechanisms by which genes are controlled epigenetically devoid of every variation in the DNA sequence. Cervical Cancer is maximum occurring cancer in women in world affecting the Cervix and around 80% of the cervical cancers are squamous cell cancer and rest are Adenocarcino-mas. Risk factors include HPV infections, smoking, destabilized immune coordination, administration of oral contraceptive pills for more than 5 years, having more than 5 children or having at an early age. Due the rising of this terminal illness, there is a crucial need for the development of Drugs which has the anti-cancerous effects. The emphasis of research is shifted towards the plant based phytomedicines. These Medicines are considered for the reason that they do not have any austere side effects. Homeopathy is now considered as the alternative medicine in cancer research. For this project a commercially available phyto based medicine called Condurango was taken. It’s an ethanolic preparation of plant based compound or extract. The potency of the drug taken was 30c for evaluating its effect in HeLa Cells. It has given away some worthy effects in different types of Cancers. Condurango has displayed anti-cancerous plus apoptotic activities in Cancer Cell Lines. In this project, analysis of the anti- cancerous and demethylating effects of Condurango was done
194 Elevated Metabolic Enzymes and its Association with Insecticide Detoxification in Culex quinquefasciatus Say , Anju Viswan K and E Pushpalatha Background and Objectives: The detoxification mechanism of an insect describes the decreased susceptibility to an insecticide that was previously effective in controlling that insect. There is a chance for detoxification against insecticides in mosquitoes by the over usage of chemical insecticides. The identification of enhanced levels or modified activities of enzymes like esterases, oxidases, or glutathione-s-transferases (GST) can be used to improve vector control programs by the resistance management option. The current study envisage to assess and analyze detoxification enzyme levels of Cx. quinquefasciatus of Kozhikode, Cochin, Malappuram, Thris-sur, and Palakkad town areas of Kerala, India. Methods: The samples were collected from regularly insecticide spraying area and scarcely spraying area of the five locations in the year 2014, 15 and 16. The assays were done according to the protocol provided in techniques to detect insecticide resistance mecha-nism; Field and laboratory Manual [1]. Results: There is a significant difference in carboxylesterase, GST, MFO activities of field populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus with that of laboratory populations. The detoxification enzyme levels of Cx. quinquefasciatus were high in the areas where insecticides sprayed regularly when compared to the areas where insecticides are sprayed scarcely. Interpretation and Conclusion: The level of enzymes increased from year to year and it reinforces the need for constant surveil-lance of mosquito populations susceptibility against the insecticides used in control and it points to the need of employing new phy-tochemicals or other insecticides in the field as an alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides which would be easily degradable and have less harmful effect on other organisms.
195 Past Present Future of Covid-19 Pandemic Problem in the World , Narendra Kumar Chopra, Mohammad Saiful Hoq Ibna Majib and Dassanayake Mudiyanselage The COVID-19 pandemic in its rampage sparked questions in healthcare, administration, economics, community welfare, racial prejudice and politics. Many of the initial cases are believed to be from a common source, the Hunan Seafood Market. China notified the World Health Organization on the 3rd of January 2020 when 27 cases were recognized. Since then it has crossed borders all over the world mainly due to movement during the Lunar New Year Holiday. One week since the notification to WHO, 2019-nCoV was identified.COVID-19 is caused by SARS CoV-2 with a fatality rate lying approximately between 0.5% to 10% worldwide[32](Figure 5). Patients with underlying systemic illness and the elderly have the highest risk of contracting the disease and having a fatal reaction to it. Human to human transmission via aerosolized respiratory droplets is the most common form of transmission. The majority of all patients (80%) are asymptomatic or have a milder presentation. There is insufficient evidence to suggest transmission from asymptomatic patients [33,34]. Early identification, isolation, and symptomatic management of infected patients is the minimum recommended practice worldwide. The use of adjunctive therapy such as hydroxychloroquine and antivirals are not recommended. 6 vaccines are currently entering into the final phase 3 of their clinical trials. Prevention strategies are implemented worldwide to halt the spread of the virus. Masks, movement restrictions, physical distancing, and quarantine measures are a few among the effective. The overview of covid-19 is carried out with the following objectives: We have to live with this pandemic for several years with all precautions of infection control in spite of COVID vaccination which will take several years for development of herd immunity more than 80 percent at international level which will result in decline of new case of COVID-19
196 Prevalence and Pathology Associated with Coccidian Parasite Eimeria tenella in Organised and Unorganised Poultry of Kashmir Valley, India , Sheikh Tanveer Salam and Showkat Ahmad Wani This study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2019 to know the prevalence and the pathology associated with the coccidian parasite Eimeria tenella in both organized poultry farms and unorganized backyard chickens of Kashmir valley. For this study a sample size of 400 intestinal caecae were collected from birds belonging to both organized farms and unorganized village backyard poultry of Kashmir valley. The overall prevalence of the parasite during a two year study was found to be 29.75%. Higher prevalence (35.5%) was recorded in backyard poultry as compared to the poultry birds in various organized farms (24%). Mixed in-fection of E. tenella with other Eimerian species was also found to be comparatively higher in unorganized chicken than the organized poultry. The study revealed that the prevalence of Eimerian infection to be highest (76.47%) during September months of both the years of study. Diagnosis of the coccidian species was done based on the identification of oocysts by morphometry. Infected caecae were preserved and subjected to histological studies which revealed disruption of epithelial lining and congestion of blood vessels. Submucosa of caecum reveals severe haemorrhage, muscular oedema and necrosis. Clusters of oocysts and microgametes were found to be lying free in the lamina propria of caecum. Sections revealed many intracellular schizonts containing merozoites with severe submucosal hemorrhage in caecum. Infected sites revealed massive infiltration of various heterophils and mononuclear cells. Overall histological changes cause reductions in the absorptive surfaces, with resultant decreased nutrient absorption, dehydration, blood loss and increased susceptibility to secondary infections
197 Climate Change and Underwater Technology , Khalidullin O The rise in natural disasters is a warning, a reminder to human-ity about climate change. The change was not easy. For millions of years, water, biota (a single community of plants and animals) and the water cycle have been created and improved in a single system. One of the elements of the biota - man - mastered and enslaved water, destroying most of the rest of the biota on 70 percent of the land. The scale of expansion went far beyond the limits allowed by nature. Man created a new phenomenon - artificial evaporation, which destroyed the water cycle between the atmosphere and the soil. The developing imbalance changes the dynamic balance of the interaction between water, biota and the water cycle.
198 Mapping Habitat to Establish the Gene Bank of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa for Conservation in Nepal , Bimal Bahadur Kunwar Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa is an economically crucial plant mainly harvested and traded for medicinal and religious purposes. Most of the harvesting is made from forests. Due to rapid habitat change, deforestation and over-exploitation, it is feared that such a valuable plant and its precious genetic diversity may be lost from nature. Responding to these challenges, a major initiative has been launched in the Western Terai Landscape Complex to identify the threats and to identify hot spots (sinks) of genetic variability that can be targeted for enriching the forest gene bank concept. To improve our knowledge regarding the natural habitat of the species, literature review, herbarium center visit, and field visits were performed. All accumulated data were subjected to DIVA GIS to plot a predictive map of the plant habitat based on climate and altitude. The Sixteen measured populations distributed along East-West longitudinal gradient in Nepal were explored and tested using GIS maps. For conservation strategies, populations of the Khata site of Dhanaoura VDC, Bardia district is purposed as a hot spot and is a probable sink of the gene pool while remaining sites as a source. Therefore, the transformation of the gene in Khata of Dhanaoura VDC, Bardia district from other sites of the country, is required to conserve the genetic resources of A. marmelos in a constant and stable form. The provided information can be utilized to conserve genetic resources and to utilize the resources sustainability.
199 Novel Cyanoximates as Chemotherapeutic Candidates , Kafayat Aderonke Yusuf and Kyoungtae Kim Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatment plans for several cancer types. The recurrent side effects derived from che-motherapy agents have warranted the search for novel chemical compounds with better efficacy and minimal side effects. In line with this idea, we investigated effects of a group of newly synthesized metal based chemical compounds called cyanoximates on HeLa human cancer cells. Cyanoximates used were Pt(DECO)2, Pt(MCO)2 and Pd(DECO)2 along with the chemotherapy drug Cisplatin as a positive control. We found that the metal cyanoximates reduced cell viability via apoptosis, and that Pt(DECO)2 was most effective among these new cyanoximates. In an attempt to understand the potential mechanism of action of Pt(DECO)2, we performed RNAseq analysis with HeLa cells treated with 0.5 mM Pt(DECO)2. Hundreds of genes in Pt(DECO)2-treated cells were differentially expressed with several upregulated genes known to be involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Our analysis also revealed that cancer growth promoting genes alongside drug transporter genes are downregulated in the presence of Pt(DECO)2. Taken together, our re-sults provide evidence that Pt(DECO)2 can be an alternative agent for Cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and further, our transcriptomic analysis offers new insights into the mechanism of action of Pt(DECO)2 against cancer cells
200 The Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Study the Antibacterial Effect of Saffron (Crocus sativus L) on Pathogenic Bacteria , Thamer Mutlag Jasim Introduction:Crocus sativus is a member of Iridaceae family and its use in health management in practice. Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticle was achieved by agar well diffusion method against Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influen-zae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus. The green synthesized silver nanoparticle can be used in the field of medicine, due to their high antibacterial activity. Plants are the richest source of natural antibacterial agents. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial effect of (Crocus sativus) Saffron. Methods: Saffron was extracted with water and methanol. Hence methanol is a better solvent than water. Result: The biosynthesized AgNPs showed significant effect against S. pneumonia, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniaS. aureus, so it can be used in biomedical application. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles from saffron possess very good antibacterial activity which makes them potent sources of antibac-terial agent.
201 Insect Venom Toxin Peptides, its Antimicrobial Effects and Host Immune Responses: A Review , Simran Sharma and Ravi Kant Upadhyay Present review article explains antimicrobial activity of hymenopteran insect venoms. Insects mostly bees, wasps, hornets use venom toxins to defend their hive, nests and mainly colonies in territory. These insects sting very swiftly and inflict venom in its prey. Insect venom glands secret multiple toxin components which are powerful weapons secreted from venom glands. Bees, wasps, and hornet inflict venom for self and territorial defense and impose physiological alterations with multiple symptoms in intruders; but envenomation does not transmit any pathogen. Bee venom severely affects cytoskeletal system and impairs nerve cell function that results in organ paralysis and deformity and even death after multiple bites. In bees severity of microbial infection is increased due to impact of biotic and abiotic factors. Few phenolic compounds such as flavonoids mixed in honey, propolis, and royal jelly assist in making antiviral defense. Insects secrete antimicrobial peptides in venom which protect themselves from infection by generat-ing immune response against pathogens. Purified venom toxins exhibit antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral defense. No doubt venom components from honey bees, wasps and hornets can be used as templates for generation of new therapeutic agents and bio-pesticides for insect pest management. For this purpose venom gland genome is to be sequenced for finding regulatory genes which synthesize diverse venom components. This overall information generated at molecular level could be used for making diagnostic kits to detect effect of bee venom allergens
202 Molecular Level Microbiological and Clinical Profile of Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetes Mellitus , Samreen Riaz, Abdullah Mohsin, Saima Shokat and Saba Shamim Introduction:The (UTI)-Urinary Tract Infection was most prevalent common disease that involves in all humans. The diabetes melli-tus patients having greater chances to sickness while comparison to the non-diabetic patients. In the current research work, different parameters of microbiology in UTI having patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus have been studied. Method: Total 1000 diabetes type1 and type 2 patients with age > 18 years with or without symptoms of UTI with significant bacte-riuria were enrolled in the study. Identification of the UTI that was according to the clinical history, symptoms and detailed clinical examination and confirmed by urine examination. Other investigations (CBC, serum creatinine, blood urea, HBA1C, fasting and post meal blood sugar and USG abdomen with pelvis) were also done. In the patient’s samples of the urine culture, patterns of antibiotic sensitivity have been observed. Results: The highest numbers of patients were of fever 105 (46.67%) followed by asymptomatic UTI [98; 43.56%]. The presence of anemia and leucocytosis had statistically no significant association with UTI while poor glycaemic control has statistically significant association with UTI in diabetic patients. E. coli (32.14%) was commonest microorganism isolated in urine culture. Gram negative organisms were mostly sensitive to -Imipenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam and Nitrofurantoin while gram positive bacteria were mostly sensitive to -Linezolid, Nitrofurantoin, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin and Azithromycin and showed increased resistance to Fluroquinolones and Cotrimoxazole. Candida sp. was sensitive to Fluconazole, Itraconazole. Conclusions:E. coli is the Universal common bacterial isolate. To treat the UTI with diabetes or without diabetes, aminoglycoside or nitrofurantoin have been used previously from long time. For treatment and prevention of UTI among patients there must be check of antimicrobial sensitivity and its resistance pattern.
203 Energy Alterations and Chakras’ Energy Deficiencies and Propensity to SARS-CoV-2 Infection , Huang Wei Ling Introduction: COVID-19 is a disease caused by a virus that emerged in Wuhan China (December-2019). On January 05th, 2021, there was 84.233.579 confirmed cases and 1.843.293 deaths worldwide. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), COVID-19 is classified as external pathogenic factor invasion. This study was made following a statement of Hippocrates that said “it is more important to know what sort of person has a disease than to know what sort of disease a person has”. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate which are the energy alterations and chakras’ energy deficiencies in a group of patients that were in treatment in an acupuncture clinic in the city of Franca, Brazil, and how is the propensity of them to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The second purpose is to demonstrate that, if the chakras’ energy centers are deficient in these patients, it could compro-mise the formation of Zheng Qi, that is defined as “the capacity of the body to resist different pathogenic factors and maintain relative balance inside the body in relation to the outside world”. Methods: During the period from 2015 to 2020, chakras’ energy centers were measured within a 1000 patients. Of these, 409 re-cords were selected where the initials of the names, age, diagnosis in Western and in Chinese medicine were noted and the result of the measurement of the energies of the chakras were obtained. Results: 89% of the analyzed patients had no energy in the chakras one to six, which corresponds to the five massive organs of Chinese medicine (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lung and Kidney). Only 2,69% of the total patients had energy in the second chakra (that cor-responds to Zheng Qi in TCM).Most common diagnosis, in Western medicine were: anxiety, headaches, low back pain and knee pain. Most common diagnosis in TCM were: Yin deficiency, Yin and Yang deficiency, Heat retention. Conclusion: Almost 89% of the studied population had no energy on the chakras© energy meridians, or the five massive organs in the Five Elements theory. This lack of energy compromises the formation of Zheng Qi, increasing the chance of these patients of acquiring infection by the SARS-CoV-2 and having a more serious evolution because their organs were in the lowest limit of energy. The replenishment of these energies before acquiring this infection, during infection (after expelling the external pathogenic factor) and after infection is of paramount importance for the prevention of this infection and other infectious or non-infectious diseases in these patients.
204 Antimicrobial Activity of Breast Milk against Neonatal Pathogens , Aakhila A and Feminamol V M Breast milk is a nourishment and medicinal shield for the new born. Its various benefits include strengthening baby’s immune system, anti-inflammatory functions, lowering the risk of allergies, mental ailments etc.In this study the antimicrobial activity of breast milk against some neonatal pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida al-bicans) were evaluated. Antibacterial activities of different antibiotics were tested using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Breast milk from different mothers as well as cow milk were subjected to antimicrobial assay by agar well diffusion. Result showed that the breast milk has antibacterial activity against the tested organisms compared to cow milk which have no antibacterial effect
205 The Intestinal Microflora and Antibiotic Therapy , Pavel F Zabrodskii Since the inception of the global Human Microbiome Project in 2007, which was aimed at deciphering the genome of bacteria inhabiting the human body, 395 phylogenetic groups of microor-ganisms have been identified and the total number of species is approaching 1500. Among these microorganisms, representatives of the genera Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria pre-dominate. However, the gut microbiome contains 400,000 genes, which is 12 times more than the human genome, consisting of 35,000 genes. Normal gut microflora is involved in many functions: synthesis of vitamins and some amino acids, excretion of toxins, regulation of immune response, water-salt metabolism, metabo-lism of fats and bile acids, bilirubin, calcium
206 Protocol to Evaluate Antibacterial Activity MIC, FIC and Time Kill Method , Fadwa Alshareef In the evaluation of antibacterial activity using various anti-biotics and ZnoNPs nanoparticles alone and in combination, mi-crodilution broth, checkerboard techniques and time kill curve assay are commonly used. Checkerboard data analysis depends on different mathematical and pharmacological models to detect deviations from theories of no-interaction and to evaluate antago-nistic and synergistic interactions [1]. In vitro antimicrobial drugs formulations in combinations are generally assessed by fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index which denotes the sum of the FICs of each formulated drug tested, whereas, FIC is evaluated for each formulated drug by dividing the MIC of each formulated drug and used in combination by the MIC of each formulated drug used alone. FIC index is based on Loewe additivity zero interaction theo-ry
207 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus: Possibilities and Role of the Most Popular Yeasts in Food Industry , Judit Molnár and Mahendra Pal Fungi are versatile living microbe that has a wide range of uses. Fungi comprised of moulds and yeasts. The yeasts have been rec-ognized to play a significant role in beverage industries. Among the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianusare the most important representatives. Their utilization is largely determined by their reproductive characteristics, which can also be proved by mathematical relationships, such as generation time and maximum specific rate of growth. They are preferred for use in the food, feed, cosmetics and many other areas. Their advantages are mainly due to their metabolic processes and cell growth, which can be used to produce many well-known products such as single cell protein. In some cases, they can also cause deterioration. It is hoped that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus may be the focus of research interest by demonstrating the importance of the yeast species
208 Bacterial Enterotoxins , Bidjeh Kebkiba Bacterial enterotoxins are proteins released in food before ingestion. They are produced by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphy-lococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Vibrio Cholerae, Salmonella sp, Shigella dysenteriae, Yersinia enterolytica, and more rarely Clostridium difficile or Clostridium perfringens. These proteins are toxic substances, which act on the intestines of humans or animals. They are therefore harmful to human and animal health. These proteins are most often responsible for food poisoning. They differ significantly from each other in terms of both their structure and their mechanism of action. Some of them work by activating a cycladic system in the enterocyte, causing water and electrolytes to flow into the intestinal lumen, resulting in dehydration, decreased weight gain, and/or death in animal or human. Intestinal infections and the diarrhea associated with enterotoxins represent in developing coun-tries in particular, a major cause of infant mortality. Foods wich facilitate the growth of bacteria are mainly cream pastries, ice cream, processed foods such as hams, pasta and rillettes; potato, poultry and tuna salads, raw vegetables. This article describes the germs producing enterotoxins, the environments favorable to the development of the germs producing these proteins, types of infections caused by bacterial enterotoxins, different types of enterotoxin-producing bacteria, different types of bacterial enterotoxins, clinical signs observed in humans and diagnosis
209 A Simple and Unique Habit which can Prevent Many Diseases Throughout Life , SS Nair One way to take charge of health is to prevent diseases which are common. There are many diseases that are caused by infecting organisms which enter body through nose or mouth. Examples are: covid-19, influenza and other viral fevers, common cold, cough, chickenpox, measles, rubella, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, tuberculosis
210 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Susceptibility Patterns of Organisms to Fosfomycin as Determined by BD Phoenix M50 , Jacob Birdsall, Steven Siarakas and John Merlino Objectives: To compare the fosfomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations of Enterobacterales and non-Enterobacterales, as deter-mined by the BD Phoenix M50, to EUCAST and CLSI clinical breakpoints. Methods: 158 Gram-negative organisms isolated from clinical samples underwent susceptibility testing using the BD Phoenix M50, NMIC-404 panel. The fosfomycin MICs of both Enterobacterales and non-Enterobacterales were compared to EUCAST and CLSI clini-cal breakpoints. Results: A total of 138 Enterobacterales were tested, including 81 E. coli isolates. 131 (95.0%) were considered susceptible using EUCAST breakpoints and 134 (97.1%) were considered susceptible using CLSI breakpoints. Of the 20 non-Enterobacterales tested, 5 isolates (25.0%) showed an MIC below ≤32 mg/L (EUCAST breakpoint for Enterobacterales), and 16 isolates (80.0%) had an MIC of ≤64 mg/L (CLSI breakpoint for E. coli isolates). Conclusions: This study showed high susceptibility rates of most Enterobacterales to fosfomycin, even in the presence of resistance mechanisms (ESBL and CPO), while most of the non-Enterobacterales tested showed elevated MICs to fosfomycin.
211 Repurposed Drugs as a Ray of Hope for COVID-19 Patients , Arshad Jawed, Rehana Parveen, Sajad A Dar, Shafiul Haque,Raju K Mandal, Naseem Akhter, Mohammed Y Areeshi, Mohtashim Lohani, Ali A Rabaan and Mohd Wahid The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is as an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (nCoV). The information, knowl-edge and treatment about COVID-19 is in a fast gear as it is changing everyday since clinicians and researchers all over the world are trying currently available drugs like chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, convalescent plasma, lopinavir- ritonavir, remdesivir etc., to eradicate this menace. Till date, the best and quick results have been shown by the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. The combination has shown almost 100% recovery of COVID-19 patients with cautioned administration considering patient’s cardiac history, if the benefits outweighs the associated risks. The convalescent plasma therapy too has shown good results for COVID-19 patients. The patients having severe respiratory problems like Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome get resolved in 4 patients after 12 days of transfusion and 3 patients were removed from mechanical ventilation within 2 weeks of treatment. This therapy has not yet reported any adverse events though ABO blood type matching should be done before convalescent plasma trans-fusion from donor to receiver. Though, the number of patients used for clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combina-tion and convalescent plasma therapy were very less to prove the efficacy of these drugs for COVID-19 treatment. But the use of these drugs should be warranted when human race is facing the devastation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The drug named remdesivir very recently has shown positive results as it is reducing clinical recovery time by almost 4 days or 31% when compared with pla-cebo. The combination of other anti-viral drug lopinavir and ritonavir have not shown any positive results yet
212 Marine Algae: Natural Source for Antiviral Compounds to Combat COVID-19 , Amar S Musale, G Raja Krishna Kumar, Venkatesh Prasad, Ajit Sapre and Santanu Dasgupta The global outbreak of a new coronavirus resulted in a health crisis and declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization, (WHO). To manage the extensive morbidity and mortality rates in humans, is a healthcare solution that provides adaptive immunity during different exposure levels. Healthcare specialists around the world are working to develop an effective vaccine. In cases where humans are resistant to therapy and prophylaxis, harnessing natural sources for chemically diverse antiviral lead entities, has a potential for therapeutic development against deadly diseases. Marine microorganisms are known producers of such unique biomol-ecules with pharmacological properties with the potential for the treatment and control of various human diseases. In this direction, microalgae, Cyanobacteria and macroalgae are an untapped resources for potential antiviral molecules. Several cyclic or linear pep-tides and depsipeptides isolated from these sources have demonstrated antimicrobial activity, in in vitro and in vivo studies which has their potential as therapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the current state of understanding of marine-derived biomolecules and their potential as therapeutic drugs. It is assumed that this comprehensive information will encourage scientists and healthcare professionals to research further to understand the potential of these biomolecules for future development towards improving life
213 A Study of Rapid Serological Diagnosis of Ramichloridium mackenziei 653 Isolated Strain Using Counter Immunoelectrophoresis Technique , Fadwa Alshareef Background: Ramichloridium mackenziei cause cerebral phaeohyphomycosis found to be highly neurotropic mostly endemic to the middle east. Objectives: The aim of the study is to develop a simple and rapid technique for the diagnosis of Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis by preparing protein antigen from the Ramichloridium mackenziei 653 isolated strain. Materials and Methods: Ramichloridium mackenziei 653 isolated strain from the patients suffering with Cerebral phaeohyphomy-cosis and were grown on neutral Sabouraud dextrose agar (N-SDA) and broth culture filtrate antigen was prepared and followed by counter immune-electrophoresis. Results:Ramichloridium mackenziei 653 isolated strain purified fractions (PFs) of antigen and and the collected sera of the patient suffering with cerebral phaeohyphomycosis showed good precipitation lines. Conclusion: Thepresent study could be helpful in the development of rapid serological diagnosis of Ramichloridium mackenziei infections based on our invitro results
214 Food Poisoning and Public Health , Parkash Meghwar, Ahsan Ali Depar, Nizamudin Chaniho and Heeranand Globally, with the mushrooming growth of the population, the demand for food commodities is rising worldwide. The furious race of population towards only food without having safety measures from the farm to our homes. The several operations being carried out from farm to fork including harvesting, packing, loading, transportation, unloading, handling, storage, etc. are carried out with complete adherence to Food Safety Laws but if a little mismanagement may lead to contamination with microbes, chemicals, or other environmental particles such as dust, dirt, smoke, etc. Moreover, microbes are present throughout the universe either beneficial to human health or harmful. Even sudden entry of microbes in our food may cause contamination that leads to food poisoning because microbes cannot be visualized easily with naked eye therefore strict hygienic practices should be followed to get rid of from microbial attack on food commodities
215 Clostridium difficile as an Emerging Foodborne Pathogen of Public Health Significance , Mahendra Pal and Mati Roba Bulcha The recent decades have witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of foodborne pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming pathogen that is a common cause of hospital and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea. Clostridium difficile has been isolated from food animals, vegetables, and retail meat that it might be a zoonotic and foodborne pathogen. Zoonotic transmission of Clostridium difficile has occurred after direct or indirect contact with contaminated animal feces. Understanding how the bacterium enters foods and humans are important for developing science-based prevention strategies. The presence of asymptomatic animals that bring and shed bacterium into the environment, infecting individuals or communities directly or through the food chain, is a major public health concern. The most common symptom of Clostridium difficile infections is diarrhea, which is not visibly bleeding and may be soft or watery. In addition, hypoalbuminemia, and sometimes fulminating colitis are some of the other symptoms exhibited by the patient. Since nucleic acid tests have a lower specificity, some clinicians agree that toxin enzyme immunoassays are better predictors of disease. The use of toxin gene cycle thresholds to predict the existence and absence of toxins has recently piqued interest. A variety of novel Clostridium difficile infections therapies are in different growth stages, including an antibiotic ridinilazole and RBX2660, and a vaccine is all in phase 3 trials. Certain measures like hand hygiene, isolation precautions, environmental sanitation, and limited use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may help in the prevention and control of infection due to Clostridium difficile.
216 Molecular Epidemiology and Therapeutic Management of Carbapenem Resistant Nosocomial Pathogens , Shilpa Chatterjee Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized Carbapenem resistant bacteria as critical pathogens owing to their severe mortality and morbidity in patients with Blood stream infections usually referred to as “Bacteremia” or “Septicemia”, especially in clinical and health care settings. Their growing incidence and wide diversity is a global concern, as only a handful of antimicrobial agents are active on them at present. Objective: This study was designed to study the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistant bacteria isolates and also to find the therapeutic efficacy of the last resort polymyxin antibiotic colistin against these nosocomial pathogens. Methods: In this study, non duplicate GNB were tested from clinical samples of Eastern Indian patient population and phenotypic tests such as Kirby Bauer’s Disk Diffusion Assay, MHT were performed on Carbapenem resistant bacteria. Genotypic assays like Multiplex PCR was performed to identify the presence of 8 big genes mostly found in Eastern Indian population i.e. blaNDM, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA48, blaOXA23, blaOXA24, blaOXA48, blaOXA58. MIC of polymyxin antibiotic Colistin was determined to check antibacterial efficacy against these strains. Results: Of the 779 GNB studied, carbapenem resistance was 240(31%) of the isolates were tested positive for the carbapenamase gene. Among the carbapenem resistant bacterial pathogens, the most common Enterobacteriaceae was K. pneumoniae (61%) followed by E. coli (34%) whereas the most common carbapenem resistant organism was A. baumanii (59%) followed by P. aeruginosa (28%). The bla NDM (63%) was the most prevalent carbapenem resistance gene followed by blaOXA48 (22%). The Broth Micro dilution Assay result for MIC of Colistin showed that (77%) of CRE and (82%) of CRO were sensitive to Colistin. Conclusion: Prudent use of antibiotics and stringent infection control measures should be implemented in hospital settings to limit the emergence and spread of multi drug resistant nosocomial pathogens such as carbapenem resistant GNB’s.
217 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts from Vetiveria nigritana (benth.) Stapf, Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze, Kalanchoe crenata (andr.) Haw. against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Roukiatou Traoré, Cheikna Zongo, Arouna Ouedraogo, Emmanuel Sampo, Mahamadi Sore, Boubacar Yaro, Yves Traoré and Aly Savadogo The evolution of increasingly antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species in general and particularly. The emergence of strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are currently a real threat to humanity. There is an urgent need for new efficient antibiotics. Medicinal plants can be the sources of effective new therapeutic agents. This study as performed to study the antimicrobial activity of three medicinal plants (Mitragyna inermis, Vetiveria nigritana, Kalanchoe crenata) from Burkina Faso against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolate from patients. The antibiotics susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains and the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts were evaluated using standard agar disc diffusion method. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the active extracts was done using the agar microdilution method. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded with ethanol extracts of plants against MRSA. No antimicrobial activity was detected with decoction extracts. The MIC and MBC of the different extracts ranged from 0.625 to10 mg/ml for Mitragyna inermis and Vetiveria nigritana extracts and from 0.625 to 5 mg/ml for Kalanchoe crenata extracts
218 Potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus sp. in the Bio-removal of Heavy Metals from a Tropical Soil Receiving Illegal Crude Oil Refinery Products , Sampson T, Ugboma CJ and Mbonu NE Unauthorized refining of crude oil has in recent time posed significant human and environmental health risk. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus sp. in the bioremoval of heavy metals from soil impacted with products from illegal refineries. The experimental setup of the 42-day study involved recreating the samples collected from contaminated and uncontaminated (control) tropical soil in three (3) vessels and labeled as Flask A (containing 300g of uncontaminated (control) original sample to monitor the natural process; Flask B (containing 300g of sterilized sample (Negative control); Flask C (containing 300g of the sample seeded with the spawn and Aspergillus sp). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soil baseline physicochemical composition was determined to have pH as 6.18, Temperature of 29.2oC, Total Organic Carbon of 7.58 mg/kg and Phosphate concentration of 37.56 mg/kg. The result from the studied revealed that experimental setup C, containing fungal inoculum had the best removal rates for mercury, arsenic and lead, with the concentrations declining from 1.05264 mg/kg to 0.00628 for Mercury (Hg); Arsenic (As), 78069 mg/kg to 0.18912 mg/kg; lead (Pb) 13.47452 mg/kg to 4.03056 mg/kg, representing a 99.3%, 91%, and 67.7% removal of Hg, As and Pb, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation (p < 0.05) between the heavy metal removal and change in fungal biomass. This study has demonstrated the role of fungi in the removal of heavy metals from the contaminated media. This potential should therefore be harnessed as a road map for eco-recovery.
219 Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review of Transmission, Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory, and Radiologic Findings , Sabah Mohamed Alharazy Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been confirmed that COVID-19 is transmitted from person to person through infected droplets or direct contact. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic or mild infection to critical illness. Symptoms may include fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, loss of smell or taste. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea can also occur. Ground-glass opacity (GGO) with or without consolidation is the hallmark of this disease in Chest Computed Tomography. Many laboratory parameters are affected in COVID-19 patients, some of which are associated with disease severity and poor prognosis, such as severe lymphopenia, abnormal coagulation parameters, and elevated levels of D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). This review summarizes the current understanding of transmission, common clinical features, common laboratory as well as radiologic findings of COVID-19 infection
220 Marine Macroalgae: Exploring a New Wave of Wound Healing , Haresh S Kalasariya, Hardik B Bhatt and Nikunj B Patel A wound can be defined as damage to tissue organs accompanied by the destruction of the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane. Wound healing is a complex process and requires the involvements of specialized cells and growth factors such as platelets, macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, the action of protein and glycoprotein cytokines, chemokines, and some other growth factors. Also, some basic mechanisms such as anti-infection, antioxidant, anti-inflammation play a pivotal role in the wound healing mechanism. For healing wound properly, there is a wide range of materials are useful nowadays but the new strategy is dealing with the use of new generation wound dressing materials for effective treatment. In current technology, researchers are developing regenerative medicines for effective wound recovery such as an effective drug delivery system, formulation, natural polymer-based biodegradable, and biocompatible drug dressing materials, etc. Normally, tissue engineer deals with some biological viable active ingredients in wound healing treatments. Many researchers suggested that the marine algae-derived noteworthy ingredients such as algal polysaccharides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, essential oils, tannins, saponins, etc. helpful for enhancing wound recovery. The present review study highlights the role of marine macroalgae in wound repair mechanism as well as also revealed its role in antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects which mitigates the wound healing process
221 Mutants and Variants of SARSCoV-2 Across the Globe - A Comprehensive Review , Anju Kaushal Variants of SARSCoV-2 could have the potential to disrupt virus to elevate drug resistance or enhance their ability to escape the neutralization antibodies and innate immune response. Changes occurred by mutation in the spike protein are quite significant for host receptor and antibodies binding. Presence of insufficient protective immunity in the population help transmitting the virus faster; could enhance its capacity for antigenic drift to produce relevant mutations interfering with clinical efficacy of vaccines. The spike protein sequenced from Wuhan strain (the index strain) are presently used in testing reagents and immunogen production. Currently, the relevant mutations reported to provide the specific functional significance are D614G, N501Y, K417N, E484K etc. D614G is the more transmissible form. Emerging new mutations within two viruses may recombine in a host to make it more virulent; could enforce to develop new anti-viral therapies considering multiple recombinants. Various variants emerged during past months in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa), P.1 lineage (Brazilian) and B.1.427 and B.1.429 (California). Deleterious mutations at the immunodominant epitopes could make the Abs susceptible and lead to facilitate the ADE.
222 The Worldwide Environmental Encroachments of COVID-19 Outbreak , Mohd Kafeel Ahmad Ansari, Nasreen Islam Khan, Abdullah Adil Ansari and Gary Owens Following the global COVID-19 outbreak while many articles have been published on the medical issues associated with the outbreak, the environmental impacts of COVID-19 have not been widely studied. Researchers are divided on whether COVID-19 will shrink environmental contamination or lead to significant future environmental damage. This study therefore examined the environmental impacts of COVID-19 on climate change, water pollution and sustainable environment use. The article is divided into four sections. In the first section the current literature related to COVID-19 is reviewed. In the second section a recent update on urban water pollution due to COVID-19 is presented, followed by a discussion of the impact of COVID-19 on climate change and environmental sustainability in the third section. Finally, in the fourth section the global environmental impact of COVID-19 is discussed. The findings of this study reveal that the short term lockdown of industries has had some positive environmental impacts worldwide, such as minimisation of large scale air pollution and also decreased pollution of many local water bodies including ecumenical beaches, Chinchwad, Ganga, Pimpri, Yamuna rivers in India, and canals of Venice, Italy.
223 Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Effects of DISCOGEL® , Samira Shirzadfar, Armin Khavandegar, Nooshin Taherzadeh_Ghahfarokhi1, Soheila Hosseinzadeh, Majid Zohrabi, Mahnaz Jamee, Kiana Zohrabi and Somayeh Yaslianifard Intradiscal DISCOGEL® injection is an accepted interventional method for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. This injectable implant, also known as Radiopaque Gelified Ethanol (RGE), consists of jellified ethanol in combination with a radiopaque agent, tungsten, and has various mechanisms of action. Studies have reported Discogel to be the most effective and safest therapeutic method with long-term benefits, a success rate of 91.4% and a risk of complications of less than 0.5%. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of Discogel against seven common bacterial strains involved in post-intervention and post-surgical infections, namely P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, C. acnes, A. baumannii and K. aerogenes. In-vitro experiments and statistical analysis revealed that different concentrations of DISCOGEL® have significant activity against all tested bacterial strains. No significant relationship between the Gram classification of bacteria and the antibacterial effects of DISCOGEL® was observed. this injectable implant is responsible for these additional benefits
224 The Blood is Red Gold in Time of Saving a Life - Blood Donation During Corona Pandemic in Indian Scenario , Anshika Yadav COVID-19 was declared as a Public Health Emergency of Inter-national Concern (PHEIC) by WHO on 30 January 2020 [9]. Screen-ing of International passengers on airports for COVID 19 was start-ed by Government of India and flights from affected countries like China and Italy were banned. The country was under lockdown for nearly 2 months in three phases: 21 days, 19 days and then 14 days to prevent community spread of COVID-19 infection. During lock-down period, OPD of hospitals were shut down and elective surger-ies were postponed and only emergency services were functional. In view of this pandemic and national lockdown, the apex body of blood transfusion services in India, the National Blood transfusion council (NBTC), released guidelines on 25 March 2020 regarding implications on blood transfusion services and recommendation for the exclusion of at-risk donors
225 A Link among Human Gut Microbiome and COVID-19? , Kawalpreet K Aneja The microbiome is composed of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. The human microbiome is well known but still unfolding in various sites like skin, saliva, mucus, placenta, seminal and ovarian fluids, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract. The mucus lining of our body plays a major role in first-line defense against pathogens. Dietary fiber or plant-based diet and microbial foods strengthen our mucus lining and modulate the innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune system. Perhaps probiotics or microbial foods, personalized nutrition, and supplementation to support gut microbiota should be part of a natural or prescribed regimen to fight against COVID-19 like diseases. Recent studies have found a link between COVID-19 and perturbed gut microbiota. The reduced immunomodulatory bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale, and Bifidobacteria were concordant with a surge in inflammatory cytokines like CXCL10, CCL2, IL-10 and TNFα and blood markers such as C reactive protein, lactate dehy-drogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in patients up to 30 days after COVID-19 resolution. Strong and healthy gut microbiota provide multiple defense systems such as a thick mucus layer that promotes the growth of commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells with tight junctions, and regulate various host factors like antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulin A, proteases, etc. Can we stop COVID-19 like diseases by improving gut microbiota?
226 Gut Microbiota and COVID-19 , Pavel F Zabrodskii The gastrointestinal tract, like the respiratory system, is affect-ed by COVID-19. Viral particles replicate in enterocytes. In addi-tion, immune system disorders are important in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Many commensal microbes are known to have im-munomodulatory effects, and changes in the composition of the microbiota can lead to immune system dysfunction
227 Radioactive Pollution in Drinking Water , Tari Vinaya Satyawan Savitri A radionuclide or radioisotope is an atom that has the same atomic number but different atomic mass i.e. same number of elec-trons and protons and a different number of neutrons e.g. 12C6, 13C6, 14C6. They are carrying excess nuclear energy by which they are unstable in the environment. This excess energy can be used in dif-ferent ways such as either direct emission from the nucleus in the form of Gamma (γ) radiations or it may be transferred to one of its electrons which is released as a conversion electron or it can be used to emit new particles viz. Alpha (α) and Beta (β) particles from the nucleus itself. This process of energy conversion is known as radioactive decay
228 Comparison of MGIT960 with Lowenstein-Jensen Method for Mycobacteria Detection in Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing , Kalpana Thangavelu, Imola Jamir, Ellappan Kalaiarasan, PallamGopichand, Krishnakumariamma Krishnapriya and Noyal Mariya Joseph Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube 960 (MGIT960) and Lowen-stein-Jensen (LJ) medium for recovery of mycobacteria in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and the drug susceptibility testing (DST). Materials and Methods: A total of 2411 pulmonary specimens were collected from TB suspected patients during the study period (July 2018 to March 2020). Specimens were inoculated into both MGIT960 and LJ medium followed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Aura-mine Phenol (AP) staining. DST was performed in MGIT 960 and LJ medium. Results: Of 2411 pulmonary specimens, 190 (7.0%) and 153 (5.7%) were culture positive by MGIT960 and LJ, respectively. Of the 190 MGIT positive cultures, 169 (88.9%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) and 21 (11.1%) were non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). From 153 LJ positive cultures, 138 (90.2%) and 15 (9.8%) were identified as MTB and NTM, respectively. Con-tamination rate associated with MGIT960 and LJ culture was 125 (5.2%) and 113 (4.7%), respectively. The average time to detection for MTB in MGIT960 and LJ were 18.17 ± 8.69 and 32.46 ± 10.46 days, respectively (p value < 0.0001) and for NTM was 18.76 ± 10.67 and 21.00 ± 12.12 days, respectively (p value 0.5611). Sensitivity of streptomycin (S), isoniazid (I), rifampicin (R) and ethambutol (E) were 87.5%, 100%, 100% and 90.9%, respectively. Specificity of S, I, R, E were 99.3%, 100%, 100% and 98.6%, respectively Conclusion: MGIT960 has better recovery, with shorter time to detection and similar contamination rate in pulmonary specimens compared to LJ method. The DST performance of MGIT960 was comparable to LJ.
229 Sequence-based Bacteriological Probing of Domestic Water Sources in Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria , T Sampson and KBD Yom Major sources of drinking water originates from underground water which is then made accessible through boreholes and mono pumps. However, the portability of drinking water across the globe has increasingly continued to be in doubt, due to the problem of microbial contamination, prompting the need for water quality assessments in areas where boreholes and mono pumps are major sources of drinking water. Thus, this study was carried out to assess the bacteriological quality of domestic water sources in Kiag-bodo, Delta State, Nigeria. Water samples used for domestic purposes were obtained from three different boreholes (labelled BH1, BH2, and BH3) and three different mono pumps (tagged MP1, MP2, and MP3) and then assessed for their total heterotrophic bacte-rial count (THBC) as well sequencing the bacterial isolates, using the sanger method, for their genomic identities. Results from the study showed that mono pumps had the greater counts of heterotrophic bacteria with a mean Log10 THBC of 4.55 as against, 3.25 mean Log10 THBC counts observed across borehole samples. There was a statistical difference in the bacterial counts between the mono pumps and borehole samples (p < 0.05). The total heterotrophic bacteria counts (THBC) observed across all six water samples (boreholes and mono pumps) ranged from 5.0 × 102 to 2.83 × 105 cfu/ml, which were all well above the permissible THBC standard limit recommended by WHO and FAO (1.2 × 102 cfu/ml) and the CDC (< 5 × 102 cfu/ml). Molecular identification of the bacterial spe-cies isolated from the domestic water sources (boreholes and monopumps) revealed the presence of four different genus of bacteria to include Bacillus, Proteus, Staphylococcus and Chryseobacteria. The identified species were Bacillus thuringiensis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Chryseobacterium cucumeris. The sources of domestic water in this community were therefore, observed to be well contaminated, containing large amount of heterotrophic bacteria, thus threatens the health of individuals exposed to these water sources. Treatment of these water sources is therefore recommended to check possible outbreak of waterborne diseases in this locality
230 Site Attachment Inhibition: Research Note , Simon Raymond One issue with stem cell therapy immunization is that it re-quires the embryo to undergo stem cell therapy and not all preg-nancies are identified this early
231 Impact of Garbage on Climate , Khalidullin OH Only the outer wall is taken from the idea of the tower of Babel. In essence, we offer garbage collection on very large heaps. The existing pressing with stacking layers on top of each other gives a maximum storage height of no more than 70 meters. The new method will make it possible to create mountains up to a kilometer or more. Even if the base is a radius of 2 - 3 kilometers. Of course, calculations and experiment are needed. A giant sealed container is created with a large volume of debris. The new facility harmo-niously fits into the active circulation of substances and does not destroy the environment. Inside there are controlled processes of converting waste into useful substances. Outside, there is an ac-tive infrastructure - greenhouses and growing plants in summer. In winter - ski slopes for skiing
232 Validation of Optimized Method for Quantitative Estimation of Extracellular Ethanol from Micro-algae , Nishant Saxena, Preeti Singh, Debanjan Sanyal and Santanu Dasgupta Identification and quantification of ethanol in biological samples such as algae, is of paramount importance for research and qual-ity laboratories. An accurate quantification with minimum standard deviation isstilla challenging task due to high interference of salts, ions, metals and biologicalcontaminations. A rapid method for thedeterminationof ethanol content in algae samples was vali-dated for seven parameters using gas chromatography. The study was conducted here, to confirm it’s specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and suitability for ethanol estimation in micro-algae samples. During specificity analysis, retention time of ethanol were found 3.27 minutes for standard and 3.25 minutes for sample, which were statistically similar. The linearity of this method for ethanol estimation was found till 5000 ppm for both standard and sample and R2 were 1 and 0.9953 respectively. In the recovery study, the 100% ethanol were recovered from standard and sample with a standard deviation of less than 2%. Repeat-ability study demonstrated that, the method was found more precise and observed < 1% standard deviation for peak retention time and peak area, similarly < 2% standard deviation was observed among the 10 replicates of standard. In the ruggedness analysis, significant differences were not observed on ethanol content by different analysts on different days of analysis. In the robustness analysis the variation of flow rate, oven temperature and column did not affect the final results of ethanol content significantly. It was found from sensitivity analysis that, this analytical method can detect > 1.36 ppm and can accurately quantify > 4.13 ppm ethanol of algae sample. Validated data indicated that, GC-FID-HSS method is more specific, linear, accurate, repeatable, rugged, robust and sensitive for ethanol estimation. Hence this method can be used effectively to estimate ethanol content in algae samples without any interference from ions, salts, metals and biological contamination
233 How Far Could these New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Take Us? , Fabiana Avila Carneiro and Lucio Ayres Caldas COVID-19 first cases emerged in Wuhan, China, spreading across other countries, culminating in a global pandemic [1]. Re-garding the analysis of the clinical characteristics of patients infec-ted with the new coronavirus, although all ages are susceptible, the published studies showed an average age between 40 and 56 years and a higher incidence in men, but it is clear that more serious ca-ses are related to older population and individuals with associated diseases (obesity, diabetes, heart disease) [2]. COVID-19 in some cases can progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syn-drome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction [3].
234 Gastric Mucormycosis by Rhizopus microsporus in a Patient with Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus , Gitali Bhagawati, Mahesh Gupta, Sania Paul, Rekha Saji Kumar and Lincy Mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive life-threatening angio-invasive fungal infection caused by ubiquitous filamentous fungi of the order Mucorales and class Zygomycetes. The disease spectrum ranges from involvement of sinuses, lung, brain and skin to dis-seminated fatal infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Cases of primary gastric mucormycosis are rare in literature. It can be lethal due to invasion of gastric mucosa by Mucorales. High index of clinical suspicion in patient coming with haematemesis and melena with immunocompromised status can help in early intervention. Common risk factor for gastrointestinal mucormycosis (GIM) has been found to be uncontrolled DM with and without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Here, we are presenting a case of 48 year male patient diagnosed with mucormycosis of gastric fundus coming with history of melena of one week duration and single episode of haematemesis. The patient had uncontrolled DM and was on oral hypoglycemic agent. Fungal culture showed growth of Mucor. Morphology of the fungal colonies as well as microscopic examination of the fungus confirmed it as Rhizopus spp. Fungal colonies were sent for further confirmation by molecular sequencing to reference laboratory. Species level identification was done by ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene cluster internal transcribed spacer [ITS] sequencing. Sequencing confirmed the fungus as Rhizopus microspo-rus. The patient was put on intravenous Amphotericin-B; but was stopped in view of renal function derangement. Later Posaconazole was added and patient responded completely.
235 The CRISPR-Cas System as a Technology to Redefine Industrial Biotechnology , Anirban Goutam Mukherjee, Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari, Sampada Prakash Pendse, Akruti Amol Ingole, Piyush Jagdish Balgote and Surbhi Balwant Dhoke CRISPR technology has revolutionized the field of Industrial Biotechnology, producing numerous miracles. Several CRISPR/Cas9-based methodologies help simple, quick strain development in yeast and investigate their potential for the synchronous presentation of different hereditary alterations, thus promoting and increasing the efficacy of several industrial technologies. CRISPR/Cas9 frame-work aimed at fast genome altering of Clostridium ljungdahlii is a known wide target intended for business creation and increasing ethanol's productivity from union gas by several folds. CRISPR-Cas frameworks have prospective for numerous microbes design-ing solicitations and bacterial strain composing inoculation of societies, self-immunity or auto-focused on cells execution, plus the designing or regulator of metabolic paths enhanced biochemical combination. CRISPR-related protein 9 (Cas9), by the RNA-guided endonuclease specifically, stood out for its guarantee in fundamental examination and quality altering built therapeutics. This review focuses on various industrial and pharmaceutical Biotechnology advancements, including the top qualities for CRISPR-Cas frame-works featuring how these highlights can be utilized in the modern scenario.
236 Corona Virus Generated Pathogenesis, Antigenicity, Neurovirulence, and Host Immune Responses , Ravi Kant Upadhyay This article tries to draw attention of scientific community that coronavirus seems to be a laboratory manufactured virus. Since its outbreak in November 20202 corona virus has infected millions of people and caused thousands of deaths in the world. In a short span of 18 months, it has rapidly spread in more than 207 countries of the world. In all different climatic conditions virus multiplies in squared numbers, with an increase in fatalities and infectivity so far. Its double and triple mutants have appeared with infectivity and lethality, Virus has no effect of climatic conditions and seems thermal resistant; as it is showing almost similar mortality rate in cold countries as well as in warm countries. This is of great concern that reason that virus; behaving like a bio-weapon, much differ-ent that any natural virus. It is mutating at much faster rate. It is mutating like an artificial/recombinant/superimposed RNA virus particle and adjusting sequences accordingly in variable weather conditions. Recently its double mutant strains have been detected in large numbers of patients in India in five states. Though, for prophylactic use many vaccines have been generated whose success will depend on behavior of virus because it is highly mutating. It is still doubtful that existing vaccine will provide protection against fast spreading pandemic virus. Present paper is describing corona virus generated pathogenesis, antigenicity neurovirulence, and host immune responses. In this article few important suggestions have been given on virus transmission, pathogenesis, and develop-ment of immune responses, prophylaxis and vaccination. It is true that spread of Covid-19 pandemic occurred very fast and raised so many a political, socio-clinical therapeutic and economic issues.
237 Generate Intracellular Oxidative Stress is an Obligatory Mechanism of RNA Viruses During the Infectious Process , Carlos A Guerrero Viruses, upon contact with the host cell, make conformational changes in their capsid proteins, leading to the emergence of molecular domains needed for binding to cell receptors in order to facilitate penetration of the virus into the cell. Generally, these conformational changes require the participation of molecules with redox capacity in the cell membrane. Once viruses enter, they need to induce conditions of cellular stress, usually oxidative stress, rapidly. This is a necessary condition for the cell to express molecular factors necessary for the viral RNA to be translated into the corresponding proteins that will allow a successful viral infection. In parallel, or as a consequence of the same oxidative process, the virus induces pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-kB and concomitantly inhibits anti-inflammatory pathways as superoxide dismutase, Nrf2, and PPARγ. Likewise, the viral infection maintains the oxidative condition because it allows the assembly of virions by facilitating the native conformation of their proteins in which the formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges occurs. Under these conditions, the administration of drugs or antioxidant molecules interferes with the virus's oxidative conditions for its entry, replication, and assembly of new virions. In this way, the amount of virions generated per infected cell is drastically reduced, giving the immune system the opportunity to control the infection or reduce its aggressiveness
238 Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM) as a Unique Advanced Frame of Healthcare to Secure the National Biosafety and Longevity , Veronika Medvedeva, Anton Yuryev, Hiroyuki Abe, Andrey Svistunov, Andrew D Miller, Ðœaria Studneva, Eiji Matsuura, Elena Antonova, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, and Sergey Suchkov Policy formation in the field of individual health promotion and protection is leading task of each state. The up-dated medicine is Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM), by improving public health and supporting longevity. In this regard, an upgraded healthcare service, which includes the philosophy, concept and equipment of PPM and aimed at identifying the disturbance at its subclinical stage, is being created and rooted. PPM focuses on predictive and preventive measures that contribute to the development of individualized program for managing a healthy lifestyle that reduce the morbidity rates and increase the working capacity of the population. To succeed the goals of value-based healthcare and the implementation of the PPM principles, it is necessary to combine the assets of the newest advances in basic science with clinical medicine, followed by the introduction and promotion of new genera-tion’s translational applications.
239 The State of Our World After a Generation of Climate Change 'Inaction' , William John Montague The increases in fossil fuel extraction every year over year in this century speak volumes. Millions of years worth of ancient se-questered hydrocarbons, consumed as energy with the resulting compounds being added to our biosphere has overwhelmed the natural cycles. It is impossible to measure and assign responsi-bility for world wide carbon emissions nation by nation. It is also impossible to track the emissions generated by the governments and corporations doing the extraction and production because all of them lie. Rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide every single year over year of the twenty first century sadly show the lack of truth in voluntary national emissions reporting which are supposed to be the basis of the Paris accord. There is now thirty three percent more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than when I was born in 1954 and even in this past year of pandemic travel shutdowns, that number is still going up.
240 Impact of Antiretroviral Treatment on the Plasmatic Viral Load of HIV-1 in Children Followed at the Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital (CHU-CDG), Ouagadougou Burkina Faso , Mahamoudou Sanou, Boureima Tangara, Absatou, Mamadou Tamboura, Fidele Bakiono, Bolni Marius Nagalo, Benoit Kabamba, Jacques Simpore and Rasmata Traore Introduction: Despite the improvement in the coverage and effectiveness of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) interventions, the pediatric epidemic of HIV infection still persists and the number of PLWHIV in Burkina Faso is estimated at the end of 2018 at 94,000, including 9,400 children under 15 years old. Objective: The objective of this work is to contribute to better medical care for children under-15 living with HIV-1 by studying the impact of ART on virus replication, through the measurement of viral load ( VL). Methodologies: This was a retrospective descriptive study carried out at Pediatric University Hospital Charles-de-Gaulle from Janu-ary 1, 2016 to June 30, 2019. The study included all children under-15 infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and with a plasma viral load measured in the Bacteriology-Virology Department during the study period. Results: Out of a total of 811 children, 51% were boys, i.e. a sex ratio of 1.03 and nearly 80% of our patients came from the ESTHER project. The most represented age group was [10 - 15] years (50.06%). Among children, 47.3% had a treatment duration greater than or equal to 4 semesters and 43.2% had an undetectable plasma viral load after 4 semesters
241 Chakras’ Energy Deficiencies as the Cause of Fatigue Post SARS-CoV-2 Infection Patients Treatment , Huang WL Introduction: Fatigue is recognized as one of the most common presenting complaints in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. In traditional Chinese medicine, fatigue is associated with energy deficiencies. The purpose is to demonstrate that patients that is ac-quiring SARS-CoV-2 infections have energy deficiencies in the internal massive organs (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lung and Kidney) prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection and can aggravate their symptoms after the treatment instituted. Methods: Through three cases reports, two with clinical case that had SARS-CoV-2 infections and reported chronic fatigue symptoms after this infection treatment. And the third case report had severe fatigue after the COVID-19 only diagnosed 30 days after the in-fection though serology. Measurement of the internal organs energies through radiesthesia procedure was done before he acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection (case 2). The first and third cases did the measurement only after the infection. Results: All the internal organs were in the lowest level of energy in all patients. The treatment to replenish the energies of these organs were started weeks before the SARS-CoV-2 infection and it was sustained after the SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment. All pa-tients reported in this article improved from their fatigue symptoms in the first week of treatment using homeopathies medications (Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine) and other Chinese medicine Ìs tools (Chinese dietary counseling, auricular acupuncture, moxibustion). Conclusion: Patients with chronic fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment (case report one and two) have internal organs energy deficiencies prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection and after this infection (third case) and they aggravated the fatigue symptoms after the treatment received when using highly concentrated medications (Ebastina, Ivermectin, Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine) and improved their fatigue symptoms replenishing these internal organs energies with homeopathies medications according to the theory Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements based on Traditional Chinese Medicine and other tools, leading to an important improvement of the fatigue symptoms.
242 Enterococcus faecalis and Biofilm Formation , Mazin S Salman Enterococcus faecalis are present as a normal flora in the intes-tines of humans and animals, respiratory tract, also found in soil and water [1]. The clinical importance of this type of bacteria in-creased during the 1990s due to its diversity Infections that cause, as it was found to be responsible for about (90%) of the injuries caused by human enterococci, and their pathogenicity is related to their ability to produce many Virulence factors, which include Cy-tolysin, hemolytic enzymes, sex pheromone, and adhesion factors Lipase, protease, bacteriocin, and others [2].Enterococcus faecalisin addition is high and multiple antibiotic resistance and disinfec-tants, which made it one of the main pathogens causing nosoco-mialinfections. E. faecalis are opportunistic pathogens known for their ability to form biofilms. A biofilm is a collection of bacteria of one or several species
243 Delivery of COVID-19 Vaccines Via Nasal Spray , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Vipawan Annoppornchai As of March 29, 2021, Oxford University, UK launched a phase I trial investigating the nasal spray delivery of its AstraZeneca (AZ)-partnered COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). The study will be conducted at the Oxford University’s Jenner Institute and is aimed to determine the ability of improvement of protection against mild COVID-19 and transmission, including monitoring the safety of the delivery technique and any adverse reactions after vaccination by intranasal administration of AZ-vaccine via an intranasal spray device, compared to the currently intramuscular injection delivery as part of the national roll-out of the same vaccine
244 Conservation Status of Fish Fauna in the Ivo River Basin Southeast, Nigeria , ASIEGBU Victoria Onyebuchi, OYEDIRAN Ajiboye Gabriel and EZEKWE Ifeanyichukwu Clinton Ivo River Basin extends from the Aku stream, Abia State to Ivo River, Okpanku, Enugu State, Nigeria. It is exposed to several anthro-pogenic activities including aggregate and lead-zinc mining. These predisposes the aquatic environment and its fish fauna to manage-ment challenges. It is therefore important to investigate the conservation status of its fish fauna. Fish samples were collected from ten using purposefully selected sample sites using the gillnet and identification were done using standard guides. Fish trophic groups and conservation status were categorized according to International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Species diversity was determined with Shannon-Wiener’s index. Five fish families comprising seven fish species were encountered with highest abundance of 32 individuals in the Ivo Dam and none in Ikwo and Ehu streams. Highest Shannon-Weiner diversity of 1.60 was recorded in the Aku stream. Schilbe intermediuswas the most abundant species particularly in the Ivo Dam. The only forager found in the aquatic system was the Oreochromis niloticus while the other six species were carnivores. Anaspodeglanis akiri and Neolabias powelliwere also found and has been categorized as endangered and critically endangered species respectively. The low fish abundance, diversity and the dominance of carnivorous species over foragers as well as the presence of endangered species and critically endangered spe-cies are indicative that the fish feeding relationship was not in balance signifying a river basin experiencing ecological disturbance with a poor conservation status for foragers. Therefore, a sustainable management strategy urgently needs to be put in place to restore an equilibrium of fish population in the river basin
245 Sticky Bacteria: The Mini-Factories of Gums , Girish B Mahajan and Dipali Rahul Phatak Microbial polysaccharides or gums are classified as, exocellular, cell wall, and intercellular. Within the cell, they play a unique role in controlling energy resources, overcoming water stress, protective function, etc. However, due to their unique gelling and viscos-ity properties and neutral activities, they find wide applications in our day-to-day life. Several of today’s foods and pharmaceuticals require unique texturization, viscosity, flavor releaser, appearance, and water-control properties. These polysaccharides are incor-porated into foods and pharma products as thickeners, gelling agents, and agents to control ice crystal formation in frozen foods. Despite the great diversity of molecular structures, only a few microbial gums have been commercially developed. In the quest for new polysaccharides with better qualities for the above applications, the present research is bent towards exploiting new sources of polysaccharides especially from marine extremophilic and xerophytic microorganisms
246 Can Targeting Gut Microbiota in Perinatal Events Aid in Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Development - Influence T1D Genes Crosstalk with Environmental Factors , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) represents a chronic autoim-mune disease (AD) resulting from a complex interplay between genetic proneness and Environmental factors(EF). Mostly AD inci-dence follows a pattern of north-south, with escalated prevalence visualized in countries, such as Finland, Sweden as well as Nor-way. Gut Microbiota (GM) studies on the implications of extreme climatic environments (like antarctica, time of birth/venue, show impact of extreme cold conditions with no exposure to sunlight thus resulting in Vitamin D deficiency, influence GM composition and immune dysfunction. In case of population from north it is ob-served that circadian rhythm alterations occur and that have also been illustrated to =>immune dysfunction through a swing in the GM, resulting in AD like T1D
247 The Effects of α7n-Acetylcholine, β2-Adrenergic Receptors Agonists, NF-κB, STAT3 Inhibitors on the Implementation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Sepsis , Pavel F Zabrodskii Experiments on random-bred albino mice showed that the administration of α7n-acetylcholine receptors agonist (GTS-21, 15 mg/kg), β2-adrenoreceptor agonist (dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, 25 μg/kg), NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082, 10 mg/kg) and STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201, 15 mg/kg) to mice 2h before sepsis modeling (i.p, 2.5 × 109 CFUs diurnal culture of E. coli O157:H7) caused a significant reduction of mouse mortality at 4 and 24h after E. coli injection due to a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (implementation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway). The effects of the preparations used did not differ sig-nificantly.
248 Microbiological Investigation of Water Samples from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Dhaka, Bangladesh , Shah Murshid UJ Jaman Arowan, Abdihakim Ismail Ali and Saurab Kishore Munshi Water could be a crucial transmitter of nosocomial infections in patients who are admitted to hospitals’ Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the microbiological quality of different water samples from ICU of tertiary care hos-pitals for measuring their potential of causing nosocomial infections. In this regard, drinking and tap water samples were collected from the ICU of three tertiary care hospitals located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total viable bacteria were present in an average of 3 log10 cfu/ml in all the samples. Among the specific bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were predominant and encoun-tered in all samples. E. coli contamination was observed in almost all water samples collected of the three ICUs. Staphylococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. were recovered in water samples from ICU-1 and ICU-2. Fecal coliforms and Vibrio spp. were alarmingly found in the tap water samples of ICU-1. A few of the isolates from the water samples of ICUs were able to form biofilm on the Congo red media that accelerate the risk. Moreover, the bacterial isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Higher resistance was found against Cefixime, Amoxicillin, Nalidixic Acid, Cephradine and Piperacillin. Overall, The findings of the present study reveal that the tested ICU water samples could be a potential source of nosocomial infections by the drug-resistant bacteria.
249 Water Outstanding the Path of War , Khalidullin OH According to the latest climate data - https://www.break-throughenergy.org/our-challenge/getting-to-zero?vgo_ee=yyenBz2Y2qZ7M1i0PaxPzw%3D%3D - The climate changes with carbon dioxide. Its emissions are 51 billion tons per year
250 Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus in Tissue Samples of Colorectal Cancer in Brazzaville Hospital University Center, Congo , Dorine Florence Luthera Ngombe Mouabata, Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba, Gervillien Arnold Malonga, Dimitry Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda, Patrina Joseph Iloukou Mayakia, Donatien Moukassa and Jean Felix Peko Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death and morbidity worldwide. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been implicated as a potential etiopathogenetic agent. He is considered as an oncomodulator virus because of its effects on cell-cycle progression, mutagenesis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. We con-ducted this study with the objective of detecting human cytomegalovirus by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction. Methods: In this study, 41 colorectal cancer formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples diagnosed on histological ba-sis were included. DNA was extracted from these tissues for detection of HCMV DNA virus using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-square test. Results: In 6 cases of colorectal cancer tissue samples (6/41, 14.6%), HCMV DNA was detected. The mean age was 53 years. The histological type of the patients was associated with the positivity of human cytomegalovirus with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.041). Conclusion: The HCMV virus could play a role in creating malignancy and the progression of cancer through the process of onco-modulation. Hehas a contributing role in colorectal cancer; although more study is required to clearly define its involvement in this type of cancer.
251 Study of the Airborne Pollen and Spores in the Atmosphere of Alexandria City, Egypt , Eman M Bassiouni and Wafaa K Taia This study deals with the investigation of both pollen grains and fungal spores trapped from the aerosol of Alexandria city. A Hirst type volumetric seven-day recording trap supplied by Burkrad Scientific (UK) was used and fixed at the University building in El-Shatby district 40m above ground. The results obtained throughout a full year, from May 2019 till April 2020, showed low annual pollen index of 378. The maximum records were in May and June 2019 as well as April 2020. The dominated species were Chenopodi-aceae/Amaranthaceae complex, Casuarina, Arecaceae, Pinus and Utrica representing 9.6%, 8.7%, 6.7%, 5.5% and 4.9% respectively. The fungal spores count was greater than the pollen grains as it showed 4176 annual spore index and dominated by Cladosporium, Alternaria and Aspergillus/Penicillium type (1216, 1133 and 319 respectively). While Beltrania, Tilletia, Pithomyces and Pleosporawere the minimum counts. The maximum records were in June and July 2019, while the lowest counts were in January and February 2020. Correlation analyses of the results obtained with the climatic factors indicated that the pollen grains do not correlate with any climatic factors but depend on the phenology of the recorded species. The density of the fungal spores has positive correlation with both temperature and humidity. Pollen and spore approximate calendars for El-Shatby district in Alexandria city.
252 Novel Cyanoximate Pt (DECO)2 as an Anti-Cancer Drug Using ML1 Thyroid Cancer Cells , Rizvanovic Husref and Kim Kyoungtae Although current therapies for treating thyroid cancer offers good prognosis, there is an unmet need for better alternative anti-cancer drugs for treatment. Studies have shown that platinum based chemicals such as Cisplatin offer decent treatment options, but can also lead to severe side effects as well as develop a resistance. Given that cyanoximes are great ligands and that metals such as platinum offer good anti-proliferative and cytotoxic abilities, we investigated the role of a novel platinum-based cyanoximate in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Stage4 thyroid cancer cell line, ML-1, was used in the present study to test the effects on cell viability and proliferation after treatment of Cisplatin and Pt(DECO)2. Changes in the levels of superoxide were also tested and compared with non-treated cells. Lastly, presentation of cell death was recorded after the treatment. After 24 hours of treatment at concentrations of 1.0 mM of Pt(DECO)2, we noticed drastic reduction in cell viability (F = 45.77, p < 0.0001), superoxide levels (F = 28.57, p = 0.0001), and an increase in cell death. These results suggest that this cyanoximate-induced cell death may work similarly to Cisplatin-based cell death. This in vitro study demonstrated the efficacy of the novel cyanoximate Pt(DECO)2 in treating thyroid cancer. Further stud-ies are needed to delineate the effectiveness of this treatment in vivo and with other cancer cell lines
253 Malaria in Pregnancy and the Utilization of Preventive Interventions among Pregnant Women in Uyo, Nigeria , Edidiong S Akpan, Dennis N Aribodor, Ifeoma K Ugwuanyi, Ogechukwu B Aribodor, Ngozi N Joe-Ikechebelu and Amaechi C Nwachukwu Background and Objectives: Pregnancy-associated malaria remains a major risk to pregnant woman and her foetus in sub-Saharan Africa. Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) and insecticide treated nets (ITNs) are the recommended malaria in pregnancy preventive interventions in the region. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of malaria in pregnant women. We also aimed to determine the use of these pregnant women regarding the recommended prevention interventions to understand barriers to uptake and help to improve their effectiveness. Methods: Blood screening for malaria parasite was conducted on 405 pregnant women from Uyo in southern Nigeria. Information the on use of preventive measures were also obtained using questionnaires Results: Our findings show that 105/405 (25.9%) women were infected with malaria. On the use of preventive measures for malaria control, there was an above average compliance by the study population. For the use of the recommended IPT drug, 73.8% of the women had taken a complete dose, while 25.9% failed to take the drug. Results also revealed that 68.3% of the women always slept under a Long-lasting Insecticide-treated Nets (LLINs) while 19.2% did not use the nets. Interpretation and Conclusion: Our study indicates that malaria in pregnancy is still a problem in the study area. Therefore. advocacy on knowledge and behavior change practices should be strengthened to effectively prevent malaria for improved quality of life during and after pregnancy.
254 Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Couple Patients Co-Infected with Untreated HIV , ahdie Fatollahzade, Arezoo Asadi, Afshin Davari, Abolfazl Fateh, Ashraf Mohabbati Mobarez and Hamid Pajavand In 2019/2020, the prevalence and pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) would challenge global health for the future. This study reports a patient couple with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) co-infected by human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV) with low CD4+ T-cell count, who had not previously taken antiretroviral therapy
255 Water Declares War on Humanity , Khalidullin OH According to the latest climate data - https://www.break-throughenergy.org/our-challenge/getting-to-zero?vgo_ee=yyenBz2Y2qZ7M1i0PaxPzw%3D%3D - The climate changes with carbon dioxide. Its emissions are 51 billion tons per year
256 Pulmonary Emphysema: An Inflammatory Lung Disease , Jai Prakash Muyal Thelungsare the one of the chieforgansof therespiratory sys-temof mammals like in humansand many other animals. In hu-mans, the lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity at the middle position of the chest are is resting on the diaphragm. As shown in figure 1, humans and other animals have two lungs, a right lung and a left lungon either side of theheart. It has been observed that the right lung is slightly bigger that the left lung, the reason is unknown. The tentative weight of lung is 1.3 kilograms and it is spongy and sticky in nature and texture. Each lung is enclosed within apleural sac, this sac contains a special fluid which is called as pleural fluid. This pleural fluid allows theinner and outer wallsof the lung to slide over each other and hence reduces fric-tion amid breathing time
257 Diversity of Glycoside Hydrolase 10 Family Xylanases Found in Rumen Metagenome and Selection of Sequences with Biotechnological Potential , Gabriella Cavazzini Pavarina, Natália Sarmanho Monteiro Lima, Claudio Damasceno Pavani, Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos, João Martins Pizauro Junior and Adriano Marques Gonçalves Metagenomics is an important tool for mining and discovering new enzymes, making it possible to explore the diversity of en-vironments, which could not be explored with conventional methods of cultivating microorganisms. Therefore, this strategy can be used to prospect for xylanases, which degrades lignocellulosic biomass, an important and strategic source of renewable energy of great economic interest. The aim of the work was to identify and investigate the diversity of xylanases of the GH10 family present in the rumen metagenome of Nelore cattle and to prospect molecules with good potential for biotechnological application through in silico analyzes. Pfam was used for the initial selection of GH10 sequences, then the physical and chemical parameters were com-puted using the ProtParam tool, SignalP-5.0 server was used to predict signal peptides and cleavage location, transmembrane helices prediction was made in TMHMM server, version 2.0 and domain annotation was performed with dbCAN meta server. In addition, identity comparison was performed with NCBI BLAST webtool, sequences were aligned with ClustalW and Neighbor-Joining Tree and pairwise analysis were performed. The metagenomics analysis from Nelore cattle rumen returned 38 sequences with the GH10 domain, CE1, GH43 and CBM6 were also identified in these sequences. Analysis of Neighbor-Joining Tree and proteins identity en-abled to differentiate 6 groups with, at least, two proteins with identity higher than 70%. Based on the analysis, 13 sequences were considered unappropriated for biotechnological application for either for being unstable or having transmembrane helices. In this sense, based on the in silico analyzes, 25 of the 38 sequences presented good characteristics for in vitro studies. Thus, in addition to the identification of the 38 sequences with GH10 domain, a workflow of in silico methodologies was suggested to assist the selection of sequences that will guide future in vitro studies
258 Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, Diversity, and Genetic Clonality of Enterococcus Species from Clinical Samples , Arezoo Asadi, Enayati Mohsen, Atieh Darbandi, Hamid Pajavand and Malihe Talebi Over the past decade, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci has posed critical challenges to the treatment of nosoco-mial infections around the world, and VRE infections have been associated with mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. A total of 285 Enterococcus isolates were collected from patients referring to three major hospitals in Tehran from July to December 2012, and species were identified using biochemical tests and PCR. PCR assay and antibiotic sus-ceptibility testing were performed to detect Enterococcus species, virulence factors, and resistance genes as well as to evaluate drug resistant isolates, respectively. The clonality of the isolates was also determined by PFGE. The isolates were found to consist of E. faecalis (65%) and E. faecium (31%) species. According to the results, 39 and 53% of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were resistant to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents, respectively. Also, acm (23, 64%) and hyl (6, 86%) were the most prevalent genes in E. faecalis isolates, while the most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecium isolates were cyt (7, 100%), gel (30, 97%), and asa (29, 97%). PFGE revealed a high heterogeneity among 50 VRE isolates. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and heterogeneous popula-tions of enterococci is considered as a serious threat of global concern
259 Therapeutic Potential of Olive's Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management , Chandrashekharaiah PS, Santosh Kodgire, Vishal Paul, Dishant Desai, Shivbachan Kushwaha, Debanjan Sanyal and Santanu Dasgupta Currently, the world is continuously discovering effective treatment strategies for controlling the Coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19). Many researchers have focused on designing drugs that can affect the replication or protease activity of coronavirus. The clinical testing and regulatory approvals for these drugs will take time. However, currently, there's an urgent requirement for treatment strategies that are safe, effective, and can be implemented through readily available products in the market. Many plant-derived products rich in secondary metabolites have potential health benefits and antimicrobial properties. The olive plant products (olive oil and leaf extracts) are rich in secondary metabolites, for instance, phenols (oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol) and terpenoids (oleanolic, maslinic, and ursolic acid). These compounds were used as an effective anti-viral agent in the past. The phenolics affect the virus attachment and replication. Whereas the terpenoids mainly affect the membrane fluidity of the virus. In recent molecular dock studies, it was found that these compounds effectively bound to Mpro and 3CLpro protease sites of COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and were hypothesized to affect the replication of the virus. Apart from anti-viral properties, these bioactive compounds function as anti-inflammatory, anti-modulatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-oxidative agents. Olive oil has been widely used for cooking all over the world. The consumption of olive oil is safe and is believed to increase immunity against various infectious microbes. Hence olive products can be explored in control of COVID-19 disease. This review summarizes and discusses the numerous properties of phenolic and terpenoid compounds found in olives in the context of COVID-19.
260 State Sponsored Bioterrorism: An Instant Need to Develop Counter Action Strategies and Safety Options for Future , R K Upadhyay Present article explains major threats generated by bioterrorism, risks, and its devastation impact on human life. This article also highlights different bio-weapons or genetically modified micro-organisms, methods of bio-defense, bio-security, surveillance and other strategies to counter attack the bio-weapon dissemination. Terrorists can disseminate these HMMOs in the environment to take revenge from states. Their mental temper is to cause widespread fear and panic among the people beyond the actual social, physical, economic damage and destruction of living environment. Biological agents multiply very fast once they open in the environ-ment and infect people in masses and show high multiplication in affected people. Within few days they cause large numbers of fatali-ties in comparison to any naturally occurring disease. It seemingly put longer implications on society, economy and biological life of an affected country. Therefore, fast counter safety is highly essential to slow down deadly fission or chain of microbes like radioactive wombs. These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security and must require special action for public health preparedness to minimize or breakdown deadly impact of microorganisms by making safety vaccines for immunization, antimicrobial drugs, sera, antibodies and all other prophylactic and safety measures. Further, to mitigate the effect of any virus, bacterial, fungal, protozoan attack, special microbial disease prevention centers and clinical aid centers must be established with all possible equipments and clinical aids. These are more essentially required for the safety of citizens of every sovereign country. This should be included in national security advisory and priority list to create fast acting operational groups in wartime. Covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a China made virus, it has many features similar to a biological weapon.
261 Comparison and Validation of Coastal Sea Level Measurements in the Indian Ocean Regions Using Coastal Altimetry , Acharyulu PSN, Rashmi Sharma, Vignudelli Stefano and Prasad KVSR Satellite altimetry provides an important measurement source for coastal studies. The main aim of this study was to make an effort to check the availability of valid altimeter data and to compare and validate altimeter data in the coastal region of India. The study shows that by adopting specific coastal processing, it is possible to retrieve valid altimeter measurements in the coastal re-gions. The combined use of improved coastal multi-altimeter data would allow us to efficiently observe the temporal and spatial scales of coastal dynamics [16]. Thus, in the present study, two different altimetry missions were considered. The coastal sea-level data was computed from two different altimeter missions the Jason-2 PISTACH coastal data and SARAL Altika data separately and for sea level validation only the RED3 re-tracker and for SARAL 40 Hz high-frequency data was analysed and validated with In-situ tide gauge and PSMSL data. The RED3 re-tracker from Jason-2 PISTACH coastal product with In-situ measurements show that the valid altimeter data can be retrieved around 10 km close to the coast also. Also, the 41 point filtered data was able to reduce the noise in the data set and be able to capture all the oceanographic signals in the raw RED3 re-tracker. The comparison of RED3 re-tracker and filtered data show good matching with the In-situ data. This data helps us to obtain valid altimetry measurements more close to the coast. Similarly, for the SARAL Altika, SSHA measurements show very promising results in the coastal regions of India. This SARAL also enables us to reach as close as 3 km close to the coast because it is the first of its kind to provide sea level measurements in the proximity of the coastal regions due to its narrow footprint size. The validation of altimeter data from multiple missions with tide gauge data shows encouraging results. Along-track comparison shows that valid altimeter measurements were available close to the coast. Improvement of both qualitative and quantitative measurements in the coastal zone was observed from the coastal altimetry
262 The Green Biofuel Conundrum: Technological Advances Versus Economic and Environmental Implications , Shivasuriya Sanath, Shaposhnikov Roman, Sola Lorenzo and Sperindio Riccardo Interest in biofuels production and usage has increased worldwide as part of government policies to address the growing scarcity and riskiness of petroleum use, and, at least in theory, to help mitigate adverse global climate change caused by them. In this writ-ten assay the authors have dealt some different methods to produce biofuels and their environmental and economic impact. They focused on oleaginous microorganisms, organisms that can accumulate a great amount of lipids; belong to this class some yeasts, fungi, bacterium and microalgae. The latters are microscopic photosynthetic microorganisms that represent the most important oleaginous microorganisms in terms of production. Indeed, another topic treated in this work is the microalgae genetic engineer-ing modifications, such as overexpression or downregulation of genes involved in the lipids metabolism, in order to produce a high amount of these molecules for the conversion of them into biodiesel. Subsequently, the beneficial effects on the environment derived from the combustion of this biofuel compared with its counterpart, the petrol diesel, have been described. The problems related to the cultivation on large-scale and the poor knowledge of basic biology that make impossible the industrial production of microalgae, have also been analyzed. On the other hand, another treated subject is the fungal and bacterial depolymerization of lignin in order to produce biofuels. The lignin, a plant derived compound, represent one of the most abundant polymers in the biosphere, unfor-tunately it presents a very complex structure with some chemically inert bond. For these reasons research is still at the beginning, so nowadays we cannot speak about polluting effects and large-scale production, with the consequent economic impact, of biofuel derived from this source
263 Mucormycosis: Current Update in Pandemic COVID-19 , Anish Khan, Aishwarya Soni and Amit Kumar Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic entity caused by a novel corona virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: SARS-CoV-2), which was first documented in Wu- han, Hubei territory in China on December 2019 [1,2]. SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to spread universal to till date with a high propor- tion of infected or affecting more than 10 million people global [1]. Until now, there is no permanent cure for this pandemic viral dis- ease worldwide, although a variety of executive options have been evaluated, and managed with systemic glucocorticoids have also been shown to recover endurance rate of COVID patients [2]. How- ever, an array of complications reported during and post COVID-19 infection due to widespread use of glucocorticoids can lead to sec- ondary fungal co-infections
264 Sputum Quality Challenges the Point of Care Diagnostic System of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Republic of Congo , Laure Stella Ghoma Linguissi, Genevieve Andoseh, Brigitte Tumamo Fotso, Janine Merveille Mboko Ndangui, Narcisse Arsène Balou, Anne Magalie Murielle Mboungou Nzoussi and Albert Mabiala The quality of sputum specimen remains crucial in the accurate diagnosis of TB. Good quality sputum makes for a high diagnostic yield while poor quality sputum yields false negative results and delays diagnosis. We aimed to determine the effect of sputum quality on smear microscopy results in a referral hospital in the Republic of Congo. The Sputum specimens were collected from suspected pulmonary TB patients and macroscopically observed using set quality parameters and then processed using standard Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining for Acid fast bacilli (AFB). A total of 117 TB suspected patients submitted 229 sputum samples that was processed. Out of the 229 samples, 24.02% were of good quality (mucopurulent), 1.31% of average quality (blood tinged) and 72.49% of poor qual- ity (saliva). There were 61 samples (26.64%) that tested positive for AFB while 168 (73.36%) were negative. The positive samples were mainly mucopurulent 88.52% (54/61), while the negative samples were mainly salivary 97,62% (164/168). Thus, 37 (31,62%) patients were diagnosed AFB smear positive (AFB+) and 80 (68.38%) AFB smear negative (AFB-). Smear negative TB was associated with poor quality sputum (saliva). The results of this study show that the quality of the sputum influences significantly the perfor- mance of microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and reveals the fact that inadequate sputum quality compromises the national efforts to control TB. In our study we had a good performance of the macroscopic assessment that identified smear-pos- itive respiratory specimens associated with mucopurulent sputum and smear-negative respiratory specimens associated with saliva. It will be of major importance for health authorities to develop measures that encourage proper and good quality sputum collection for early and accurate pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis thereby reducing disease transmission within the population.
265 Effect of the Geomagnetic Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) on Light Trapped Caddisfly (Trichoptera) Species , Nowinszky L, Kiss O, Puskás J, Kiss M, Barta V and Szentkirályi F This study deals with geomagnetic disturbance storm time (Dst) in relation with the light-trap catch of eight caddisfly (Trichop- tera) species. All the caddisfly species come from our own light-traps. The numbers of catching specimens by generation were calcu- lated relative catch (RC) values. These daily relative catch data were assigned to the daily values of geomagnetic Dst index. The relative catch data were divided accordance with the Dst index values. For each species, a relationship was found between the Dst index and the number of caddisflies captured. However, the results were not identical. Three types of variation were identified: ascending, as- cending then descending, descending then ascending
266 Endocrinological Sequelae-Associated Post-Acute-Covid-19-Illness , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Prajak Boonjitpimol Endocrinological sequelae in post-acute-COVID-19 phase may be caused by iatrogenic complications, immunological and inflam- matory damage, and direct SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) invasion, in- cluding apparently pre-existing diabetes mellitus during acute COVID-19 phase and can be long-term treated with antidiabetic agents other than insulin, although initially related to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) [1]. Primary deficit in insulin production may be mediated by several factors, such as infection stress response accompanying peripheral insulin resistance or inflammation [1]. Thus, reversion of COVID-19-related diabetes, nor that its out- comes difference in COVID-19 long haulers is not confirmed [2]. Lasting damage of the pancreatic β cells is still not confirmed although demonstrated ACE 2 and TMPRSS2, involving in SARS- CoV-2 (COVID-19)-cell-entry expression in pancreatic β cells
267 Species Level Identification of Yeast and Yeast Like Fungus for Prompt Infection Control Measures in Prevention of Outbreaks: With Special Reference to Candida auris in Pre-covid Era , Gitali Bhagawati, Sarita Rani Jaiswal, Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Navneet Sood, Rekha Saji Kumar, Lincy TP, Sania Paul, Mansi and Suparno Chakrabarti Background: Candida auris (C. auris) is emerging as a multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of Candida amongst Non-albicans Candida (NAC) which poses a serious risk of nosocomial spread with high mortality rate. Aim: Aim of the study is to give emphasis on species level identification of all yeast and yeast like fungus (YYLF) for the implementa- tion of infection control practices (ICP) to prevent outbreak, with special reference to C. auris. Methods: The study was done over a period of 12 months in a tertiary care hospital. YYLF isolated from primary culture were fur- ther sub-cultured on Sabouroud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and incubated at 25°C and 37°C for 72 hours. Identification and antifungal susceptibility was done using Vitek 2 Compact system 8.01 (bioMérieux, North Carolina/USA). The 1st two isolates were confirmed by molecular method (D1-D2 sequencing). C. auris specific containment measures were implemented in the early part of the study. Clinical data and outcome were evaluated at end of the period. Findings: Out of 2,487 non-duplicate samples processed over 12 months, YYLF were isolated from 209 (8.40%) samples. Amongst the YYLF, predominant isolate was C. albicans (109/209, 52.15%), followed by C. tropicalis (35/209, 16.74%). Predominant source was urinary samples (115/209, 55%) followed by respiratory samples (60/209, 28%). C. auris was isolated in 7 non-duplicate sam- ples (7/209, 3.35%). Out of these 7 cases, 5 had history of cancer (72.42%). Measures for containment of C. auris were placed prior to the study and implemented at each time of its isolation. No nosocomial spread was detected during this study period.
268 Global Determinants of Covid-19 Deaths: Lockdown Dates and Social Distancing Measures Mattered , Vince Hooper Objectives: The objective of this paper is to examine the influence that various contextual variables have upon the number of deaths due to covid-19, across the world. Setting Level: This study utilizes data for 125 countries for contextual variables from 1st January 2020 until the 15th June 2020. Participants: This study considers deaths from covid-19. Interventions: None. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: The contextual variables considered in this study are stringency index, stringency variability, lockdown date, population density, level of airline passengers and country health security index. Results: It is shown there is a very strong association between the level of airline passengers and covid-19 deaths. The results from regression analysis conducted in this study show significant positive relationships at the 5% level of statistical significance between Deaths from covid-19 and airline passenger levels and stringency variability; significant negative relationships are revealed for strin- gency index and lockdown date supporting the notion that lock down and social distancing measures mattered and were effective. The Global health security index and population density did not significantly affect deaths. Conclusion: This study highlights the strong link between a country’s airline passengers and covid-19 deaths and found that the lockdown date and stringency measures had a significant effect upon deaths. The implications of the research is that lockdown and stringency measures implemented by governments around the world worked and mattered. Further, the fact that global health secu- rity did not affect deaths may indicate better preparedness required to confront future pandemics.
269 COVID-19 Infection in Egyptian Older Patients: Does it Differ? , Ahmed F Sherief, Rana M Taha, Hany M Dabbous, Maha Elgaafary, Ahmed T Elganzory, Mahmoud M Mahmoud, Amal MI Goda and Mohamed M Eltabbakh The affection of older population was noticed early in COVID-19 pandemic with a less favorable outcome. Differences in mortality and prevalence were observed between countries, which could be explained by various theories. We conducted this study to inves- tigate and compare the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among elderly with young and middle-aged patients. Descriptive com- parative study was conducted on 139 confirmed COVID-19 cases recruited from Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital in Obour City from May 1st to June 15th, 2020. According to age, cases were divided into two groups: the elderly group (≥ 60 years old), with 66 patients, and the middle-aged group (< 60 years old), with 73 patients. The mean age of elderly group was 66 years, while that of young and middle-aged group was 38 years. Besides, the elderly group demonstrated higher CURB65 score than that of young and middle-aged group (P < 0.01). In older patients, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock was significantly higher than that of young and middle-aged patients. Furthermore, older patients group exhibited significantly higher mortality than the other group, reaching 13 (19.7%) and 3 (4.1%), respectively. The older population remains the most vulnerable group, suffering from significant morbidity and mortality during COVID-19 pandemic
270 Effect of Freshwater and Marine Photosynthetic Bacteria on Plant Growth , Shuhei Hayashi, Shinjiro Yamamoto and Hitoshi Miyasaka The effects of freshwater and marine purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria (PNSB) on plant growth were compared. The PNSB cells were applied to radish plants (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) for 20 days using foliar spray and it was observed that the freshwater PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, significantly promoted the growth of radish, whereas the marine PNSB, Rhodovulum sp. OKHT16, displayed no promotive effects on plant growth
271 Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review of Risk Factors, Severity, and Complications , Sabah Mohamed Alharazy The world is still facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), since it first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus primarily affects the respiratory system, but increasing evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can affect multiple organ systems and causes several compli- cations. The risk factors for disease severity and complications of COVID-19 include cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases, diabetes mellitus, down syndrome, heart condi- tions, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, neurologic conditions, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, sickle cell disease, solid organ or blood stem cell transplantation, substance use disorders, use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications. Since older people have one or more coexisting medical conditions, they are probably at the highest risk for fatal COVID-19 infections. COVID-19 disease severity can range from mild to critical, with the majority having only mild disease. The most common complica- tion of this disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Other complications include cardiovascular, renal, neurologic, thrombotic complications, liver injury, as well as bacterial, viral, and fungal coinfections. This review summarizes the current under- standing of the risk factors, the severity of COVID-19 infection, and the most common complications of this disease.
272 An Update on the Management of Toxoplasmosis with Relation to Pregnancy with Current Advances , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs secondary to in- fection by the Apicomplexa protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, having the capacity to infect all warm blooded animals [1]. It is a disease prevalent all over the world with Prevalence of 40%-which goes as high as 70% in Mexico based on region [2,3]. Earlier we had reviewed the impact of TORCH testing and management of pregnancy with toxoplasmosis [4]. It has the ability of inducing abortion, encephalitis, with being a major opportunistic threat in patients infected with HIV [5]. 2 phases of human Toxoplasmosis exist, namely acute as well as chronic. During acute phase, the parasite spreads in the tachyzoite stage, that is markedly invasive as well as motile asexual form. At this particular stage, the para- site has the capacity to cross across any kind of biological barrier that are placenta and blood brain barrier (BBB)
273 What do we Need to Learn from the COVID-19 Pandemic? , Huang Wei Ling Since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, many doctors in Brazil have not been able to understand how viruses could cause so many different symptoms
274 Clinical Imaging Procedures and Guidelines during COVID-19 Pandemic , Mustafa Khaled Alhasan and Mohamed Hasaneen COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has affected almost all the world countries and spread quickly among people. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) and governments have implemented strict safety protocols to stop the spread of the virus and to control the infection range. The Radiology department plays a vital role in confirming or following up with COVID-19 cases. Accord- ingly, guidelines and regulations were implemented to ensure staff and patients’ safety and to overcome the high demand for the imaging procedures. The purpose of this review is to highlight and address the current imaging procedures, including health and infection control guidelines applied in the radiology department. Therefore, most recent relevant articles from different databases were reviewed and summarized.
275 Microbial Growth in Soyabean Casein Digest Medium and its Interpretation , Sulagna Roy Soybean casein digest medium, also known as Tryptone Soya Broth, is a highly nutritious versatile medium, which is recom- mended by various pharmacopoeias for sterility testing and mi- crobial limit testing in pharmaceutical industry. It conforms to the harmonized methods of USP/EP/BP/JP/IP requirements. Besides, it is also used for the sensitivity testing by the tube dilution method for antimicrobial agents and also finds use in diagnostic research in microbiology. It is recommended by IP for sterility checking for detection of yeast and moulds.
276 Effects of Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate on Cell Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila Stemming from Different Cell Growth Phases in Aquatic Microcosm , Romeo Tagne Fodouop, Brice Hermann Fokouong Tcholong, Antoine Tamsa Arfao, Ahmadou Fadimatou, Joseph Patrick Atangana Kouna, Guy Epole Etame, Chrétien Lontsi Djimeli, Paul Alain Nana, Geraud Canis Tasse Taboue, Télesphore Sime-Ngando and Nola Moise This study aimed at evaluating the effect of different concentrations of zinc sulfate and copper sulfate on bacterial adhesion A. hydrophila and S. aureus polyethylene at different stages of growth, different exposure times and monitor the pH and conductivity during the adhesion test. The analyzes showed that the maximum abundance of adhered cells were obtained in the lag growth phase and exponential growth phase. A negative and significant difference was observed between the abundance of adherent cells and concentrations of heavy metal salts. Indeed, in every condition of experience, it was noted that increasing the incubation period lead to a significant increase in abundance of bacterial cells adhered to polyethylene, so the increase in the concentrations of heavy metal salts significantly decreases the abundance of adherent cells. These results suggest that the incubation period, growth phase and the concentrations of heavy metal salts have an influence on the adhesion of S. aureus and A. hydrophila in polyethylene. The use of heavy metals with small concentration can be an additional process, in reduction of planktonic cells using adhesion process.
277 Effect of Anthropogenic Activities on the Microbiological Quality of Lobia Creek in Southern Ijaw of Bayelsa State, Nigeria , FV Iyerite, O Obire and SI Douglas The negative impact of human activities on the aquatic environment and biodiversity within the maritime field poses a serious threat on public health. Lobia Creek in Bayelsa State constitutes the main source of rural water supply and is used for various hu- man activities. This study was therefore aimed at determination of the impact of human activities on the microbiological properties of the Creek. Surface water samples were collected from five stations (control, drinking, abattoir, Jetty, and toilet) along the Creek in sterile sample bottles. The samples were transported in an ice packed cooler to the Microbiology laboratory of the Rivers State University for microbiological analyses using standard techniques. The isolated bacteria were also identified after gene amplification and sequencing. The data collected were statistically analyzed using Tukey Kramer statistical tool. Results of microbiological analysis showed that counts of total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.36 ± 0.04 ×105 to 1.44 ± 28.28 × 106 CFU/ml, total fungi ranged from 0.7 ± 0.01 × 103 to 2.1 ± 0.42 × 104 CFU/ml, while total Coliform count ranged from 1.8 ± 0.28 × 104 to 7.6 ± 0.28 ×104 CFU/ml feacal Coliform count ranged from 0.7 ± 0.21 × 104 to 3.8 ± 0.57 × 104CFU/ml. Statistical analysis showed significant difference across the stations of the Creek indicating negative impact of human activities. The bacterial isolates molecularly identified included Lysini-bacillus macroides, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Shewanella algae. The fungi identified were Penicillium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Rhizopus spp. and Mucor spp. The presence of E. coli indicates faecal contamination of the creek water. The presence of Shewanella algae which causes ear, skin and soft tissue infec- tions in the water samples is worrisome. The impact of human activities on Lobia creek therefore poses a serious threat on public health and the immediate environment especially as most of the bacteria and fungi isolated in this study are potential pathogens of microbial infection. The findings in this study should strengthen efforts to ensure strict compliance to policies, personal hygiene and proper waste management practices to avoid outbreak of water-borne disease.
278 Applications of Extended Reality Systems in Aesthetic Medicine Training , Hannah Hyacinth Ceballos and Saad AlSogair Extended reality (XR) systems provide a modernistic approach to training specialists in high-risk professions. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are starting to get utilized more frequently in medical training, preoperative planning, and rehabilitation. With the increased popularity of aesthetic procedures, the demand for a more modernistic approach to training specialists is also growing. Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic has shown us the importance of digital education, and improvements in online teach- ing will be necessary in the future. However, XR simulations are not completely translatable to real experiences and further research is needed for developing substitutes of live and cadaver models. In this article, we provide a review of the XR systems, developed for aesthetic medicine training and their applicability, compared to traditional methods.
279 Resurgence of Bacterial Diseases, Pathogenesis, Host Immune Responses, Prevention and its Control , Ravi Kant Upadhyay Present review article describes causes of resurgence, pathogenesis and prevention of serious and potentially life-threatening bacterial diseases i.e. typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, Brucellosis, pertussis, shigellosis, leprosy, anthrax, and plague oc- cur in human. This article high lights effect of climatic and weather conditions on water, vector and food-borne bacterial diseases, its various modes of transmission to humans. This article also explains effect of various toxins on body tissues, cells and organ systems that results in increase the morbidity in patients. On one side there is a problem in treatment of bacterial diseases and safety of pa- tients and on other side there is rising bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. Development of drug resistant biotypes of bacteria is showing high infectivity, morbidity and potentially devastating consequences of illness with high death rates. These newly resurged bacterial strains are detrimental and making heavy losses to world economy, health, education, tourism, social interaction, religion, labor, markets, transportation, and human freedom. This article emphasizes the various contributing factors which are responsible for emergence and re-emergence of bacterial diseases, and its, diagnostics, treatment and prophylactic measures for community protection.
280 Current and Prospective Therapeutic Regimens for SARS-CoV-2: Review on Modern Medicine and Alternate Therapies , Shalitha Sasi, Sindhu Gopinathan Pillai, Sapna Singh, Ritu Singhal, Lokender Kumar, Imran H Khan, Aarti Yadav, Priyanka Bharadwaj, Prabhakar M, Sushil Mehta and Suresh Thakur The SARS-CoV-2 virus, causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) continues to spread across the globe with the number of confirmed cases crossing 181 million. Rising human causalities and economic losses due to pandemic calls for a rapid development of vaccines and therapeutics. Research institutes, pharmaceutical companies and governments around the world are focused on accelerating the drug and vaccine development to contain virus and prevent further damage [1]. Many existing broad- spectrum anti-viral and immune-modulatory drugs have been identified to treat disease and associated symptoms. However, their effectiveness is yet to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials. Besides, many countries are also looking into traditional medicines and herbal formulas as an adjunct therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, global race for anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is ongoing, with several candidates are in use and few others progressing to phase 2/3 clinical trials. Here we discuss various promising therapeutic strategies and drugs in-use and under development for treatment and management of COVID-19.
281 Booster Foods for Your Immune System: Healthy Notes to Consumers. A Short Review , Majid Mohammed Mahmood and Zenab Ghanim Younus Al-Ameen This review article aims at raising and enhancing immunity to confront SARS-CoV-2 virus (the causative agent of COVID-19 dis- ease) using dietary approaches. Because there is no effective treatment although some medicines approved by FDA, or a successful protective vaccine, the choice to combat this disease and one of the solutions depends on preventing and elevating level of immunity. Therefore, this review reports available scientific evidence that healthy eating can help enhancing the immune system and prevent diseases. Targeting consumers globally to notice much important types of healthy food (mentioned in this review) may help to build up a healthy immune body resistant against viruses and other bugs
282 Comparative Characteristics of the Main Coronavirus Vaccines , Pavel F Zabrodskii Since the beginning of the epidemic, vaccine development has been a priority for all developed countries. According to WHO (26 January 2021), more than 60 vaccines worldwide are already in clinical trials. More than 170 are being tested on animals. There are 22 vaccines that have made it through the final phase of testing
283 Isolation of Multi-Resistant Bacteria of Patients Suffering from Urinary Tract Infections in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria , Umeaku Chinyelu Nkiru, Chimezie Christian Chukwudi, Ozoh Chinwendu Njideka, Nwajiobi Favour Okwukweka, Abana Chioma Chineze and Umeaku-Uzor Ugonwa Chiagoziem The isolation and genetic analysis of multi-resistant bacteria of patients suffering from urinary tract infections in Owerri metropolis of Imo State, Nigeria was evaluated. A total of 50 urine samples were collected from Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Streak plate method of cultivation of microorganisms was adopted in the different selective media used; MacConkey, Salmonella shigella, mannitol salt and eosin methylene blue agars. Nutrient agar was used for the sensitivity. Out of the 50 samples, 9 were male and 41 were females. The patients aged between 20 and 40 years. Results revealed the following organisms; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli had the highest occurrence of 56%, followed by S. aureus with 26%, Salmonella with 8%, while Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 6% and 4% respectively. The isolates were resistant to most of the antibioitics used. Sp (Sparfloxacin) showed the highest zone of inhibition with a diameter of 23mm, and the lowest is 1.0 mm (CN:Gentamycin). E. coli was mostly resistant to SXT (Septrin), CH (Chloramphenical), CN (Gentamycin), S (Streptomycin), and GPX (Tarivid). Klebsiella was resistant to SXT (Septrin), CH (Chloramphenical), CN (Gentamycin), S (Streptomycin), and GPX (Tarivid). Pseudomonas was resistant to SXT (Septrin), CH (Chloramphenicol) and S. aureus was only resistant to SXT (Septrin), AM (Amoxacillin), and R (Rocephine). The organisms show high resistance to SXT (Septrin), CH (Chloramphenical), CN (Gentamycin), GPX (Tarivid), and S (Streptomycin). Plasmid extraction and Agarose gel electrophoresis was done to determine the presence of 16SrRNA gene, CTX-M gene, BlaTEM gene, SHV gene and OX gene on Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp and the result shows 1500bp of 16s gene at 100bp molecular ladder for 16SrRNA gene, 550bp gene bands of CTX-M at 100bp molecular ladder of 1500bp, 401bp of Bla TEM gene bands at 100bp molecular ladder of 1500bp and 293bp of SHV gene bands at 100pb molecular ladder of 1500bp, with OX gene showing no band. The bacteria studied contain antibiotic resistant genes. Therefore, indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be avoided
284 Shared Psychotic Disorder, A Case Report and Review of the Concept `Folie A Famille Ì , Amauri Clozer Pinheiro and Silvia Marli Magrin Saullo It is an unusual mental disorder known as Shared Psychotic Disorder characterized by sharing an illusion between two or more people who are in a close relationship. The primary individual, who has a psychotic disorder with delusions, influences another indi- vidual or more with a specific belief. Usually found between two individuals, but it can include larger groups, or even the family, being called `Folie a Famille Ì. We bring the case of a man who died and his family did not accept the autopsy, claiming that the individual was alive, even with all the evidences pointing the opposite
285 The Tragic Cost of Human Life from COVID 19 by Government Leaders Who Deny Evidenced Based Science , Robert W Buckingham and Renata Ferretti The denial of science has proven deadly for many countries especially Brazil and the United States. The Bolsanaro and Trump presidencies have cost many lives of Brazilians and Americans. The failure to listen to evidence-based science with respect to COVID 19 has increased number of cases and deaths to the people of Brazil and the United States. There appears to be a political war on science by some administrations. Presidents and Prime Ministers must listen to evidence base science and recommend appropriate public health policy to safeguard the health of its populace
286 Effect of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin on Nonspecific Body Resistance, Immune System and Lipid Peroxidation Parameters , Pavel F Zabrodskii In experiments on random-bred albino rats and CBA mice it was found that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TChDBD) in- duced a dose of 1.0; 4.0 and 8.0 μg/kg when administered single time. The main parameters of nonspecific body resistance (NBR), antibody formation mainly to the T-independent antigen, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH) were dose-dependently reduced. TChDBD at the doses used had almost no effect on NK activity. Reduction of immune system parameters was directly related to the initiation of lipid peroxidation
287 Bioreactor of a New Generation , Khalidullin OH Biota - living organisms and plants, consuming oxygen, carbon and a lot of other substances, created and developed life and the very atmosphere of the planet. The main carrier of all chemical elements is water, which dissolves minerals and organic matter from the soil and delivers it to the roots of plants. After a kind of filtration, the water is purified in bodies and plants and, with vari- ous waste, is carried out. Further, this waste evaporates and rises into the atmosphere. Vapors collect in clouds and become the main raw material for sedimentation. The quality of natural vapors, their volumes and speed have been created over millions of years in ac- cordance with the properties of the biota. The water cycle has sta- bilized, providing a sufficient volume of water for a given area at a given time
288 COVID-19 and the Challenges it Poses are Discussed , Abdulaziz Radhi S AL Johni In China, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, also known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), initially emerged and subsequently spread across the world, resulting in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a highly infectious and often fatal viral infection. A genomic study indicates that SARS-like bat viruses, which is known as SARS-CoV-2, are phylogenetically related to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that bats are the virus's primary host. While the intermediate source of genesis and transfer to humans has yet to be dis- covered, many investigations have confirmed the rapid transmission from human to human. There is presently no antiviral drug or vaccine that has been clinically approved for use against COVID-19. However, fewer broad-spectrum antiviral medicines have been tried in clinical trials against COVID-19, and only a handful have shown clinical improvement. This research describes and com- pares the progression and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection with those of other human coronavirus infections, such as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (MERS-CoV). The techniques for developing effective vaccines and therapy combinations to combat the present viral pandemic are also thoroughly addressed
289 Antibacterial Activities and Phytochemical Composition of Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) on Clinical Isolates of Enterobacter cloacae , Raymond Kolawole Oluwaseun This research work aimed at studying the antimicrobial activities of Tithonia diversifolia and its phytochemicals against eighteen (18) Enterobacter cloacae, a Gram-negative, facultative, anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore forming bacteria belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. The increase of bacterial resistance specifically leading to treatment failures is directly responsible for the cur- rent increase in morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections. Resistance to β-lactams in Enterobacteriaceae is mainly (but not exclusively) caused by intrinsic and acquired β-lactamases. Two systems classify these enzymes, one based on the molecular structure and the other in their function. Tithonia diversifolia (Methanol and ethyl acetate extract) was then screened against 18 clinical samples from University College Hospital, Ibadan (UCH), Nigeria. The clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae were further reconfirmed and identified using Analytical Profile Index (API20E) before the determination of the antibacterial activity of the plant using the agar well diffusion. The study showed that ethyl acetate extracts of Tithonia diversifolia leaf showed little inhibitory effects against the tested organism compared to the methanol extract, which showed no observable inhibitory effect. This result further established the resistance of some of the species of Enterobacteriaceae (E. aerogenes and genus klebsiella). However, due to the significant inactivity against the isolates by the methanol and ethyl acetate extract recorded even at higher concentrations, no further research was carried out on them. Therapeutic antibiotics (Rifampicin and Lincomycin) were used as control for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Rifampicin against ten test isolates showed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 37.5 mg/mL (UCH 15, UCH 19), 75 mg/mL (UCH 1, UCH 4, UCH 5, UCH 12, UCH 17, UCH 18) and 150 mg/mL (UCH 10, UCH 16). The Phytochemical screening of extracts of the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia displayed showed the presence of saponin, glycoside, tannin, steroid, phenol, flavonoid and anthraquinone
290 Epstein-Barr Virus and its Capacity to Evade the Immune System to Cause Cancer , Anirban Goutam Mukherjee, Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari, Fereshteh Ramezani, Aishwarya Laxmi, Piyush Jagdish Balgote and Surbhi Balwant Dhoke Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a commonly known herpes virus that contains tegument, envelope, DNA, and a core with an icosahe- dral nucleocapsid. Malignant EBV has been implicated in developing Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, Hodg- kin’s disease, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Gene rearrangements in the immunoglobulin variable region of lymphoma neoplastic cells indicate their origin B-cells in the germinal center. EBV can infect B-cells at all stages and express growth genes. This review focuses on an in-depth idea of how the virus escapes the immune system to cause cancer. Additionally, this work also sheds light on the association of the EVB in various types of cancers like Burkitt’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, and Leiomyosarcomas
291 Is the Mandatory Implementation of a Passport for COVID-19 Vaccine Reduce the Transmission or Not? , Huang Wei Ling On this subject, several items have to be evaluated and not only referring to the pandemic that this measure will prohibit the spread of the virus or not [1]. One of the things that the author is sure of is that the measures taken are not to treat the cause because, according to the popula- tion we have these days, they are not the same as they were 6 or 7 years ago as she showed in the article entitled Is the Population in the World the Same as in the Past?
292 The Accuracy of Non-Conventional Methods Compared to Conventional Methods for Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections , Raghdah A Abdulmajeed, Asif Jiman-Fatani and Dalia EL-Hossary Bloodstream infections (BSI) are severe infections leading to potentially life-threatening illnesses that requires quick diagnosis, which ensures that the patient is administered appropriate antimicrobials and proper care. The identification of microorganisms from positive blood cultures by a conventional method usually takes several days. In this study, we investigated the performance of three rapid technologies viz. MALDI-TOF, FilmArray (BioFire), and Nanosphere for their ability to identify the microorganisms pres- ent in positive blood culture bottles either directly, before subculture, or after subculture and compare it with VITEK 2 method (gold standard). A total of 1,766 microorganisms were isolated in this study. MALDI-TOF identified 437 Gram-positive bacteria (out of 443) Gram-positive isolates from a colony subculture, and showed sensitivity, Positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy of 98.7%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. MALDI-TOF correctly identified 403 Gram-negative bacteria (out of 407) with 99% sensitivity, PPV was 100%, and 99% accuracy. Nanosphere BC-GN assay accurately identified 343 Gram-negative bacteria out of 407 Gram-negative bacteria with sensitivity, PPV, and accuracy of 84.3%, 99%, and 83%, respectively. In our study, out of 443 Gram-positive bacteria, 435 were identified by BioFire with sensitivity, PPV, and accuracy of 98.2%, 99%, and 98.2%, respectively. BioFire could also identify 59 yeast isolates out of 66 with 89% sensitivity, 100% PPV, and 89% accuracy. In conclusion, these non-conventional technologies provided fast and reliable results. Adopting of these technologies should be encouraged in the microbiology labs of the hospitals
293 Isolation of Protease Producing Strains and Evaluation of Protease Assay from Fecal Water and Curd Samples , Eswari Beeram E. coli and yeast strain S. cerevisiae are the well known microbiota in the microbial world and can be easily isolated from the con- taminated water bodies. So, we have chosen these two organisms because of their abundant availability, ease of plating and culturing on media. Proteases are most important in detergent industry and it is easy to isolate protease in large quantities from E. coli and Yeast strain S. cerevisiae and can recover the protease with low cost downstream processing methods. This article mainly focuses on the preliminary results about the secretion of protease in to the medium by fungi S. cerevisiae without requirement for autolysis and found to be cost effective. The protease can be recovered easily by simple pelleting of cells at 4000rpm for 15min
294 A Review on the Pharmacological Importance of Crimson Passion Flower (Passiflora vitifolia: Passifloraceae) - An Endangered Species , Rohit Pal Plants are the gifts from nature and this gift is explored widely by the humans in terms of many essential utility such as medici- nal, edible, essential oil, etc. Among these uses Pharmacological utilization of plants are one of the most vital one. Plants are used as the medicinal remedies from the ancient times. Passiflora species is one of plants that influences the Ayurveda for several remedies such as sedative, anxiety and hypertension etc. But this plant does not have scientific evidence so far. Among the Passiflora species Passiflora vitifolia is one of the species which is not explored much. Although there are few reports that suggested that there are dif- ferent chemical constituents present in the plant such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids., volatile oils etc. therefore, the reports also described the various pharmacological important of this an endangered species. This review comprises the medical important of the Passiflora vitifolia along with their chemical constituents and their structure.
295 Lung Transplant Recipients with COVID-19-infection Management: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun A comprehensive search was carried out in mainstream bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings, including Science-Direct, PubMed, Scopus, MedRxiv COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2, ISI Web of Science, and websites of the news. The search was applied to the articles that were published between year 2004 and half year 2021. With strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 26 articles (2004 = 1; 2009 = 1; 2019 = 1, 2020 = 15 and half year 2021 = 8 articles) from 405 articles of initial literature database (1998-half year 2021). Currently, the Vienna Lung Transplantation Program, plays a leading role in an international con-sortium comprising transplantation experts from Asia, Europe, and USA. A previous cohort study among 90 solid-organ-transplant (SOT) recipients with COVID-19 infection, included 17 lung-transplant recipients (LTRs) and kidney-transplant recipients demon-strated overall mortality of about 24%. In patients awaiting for transplantation who are unlikely to receive an organ donor within 2-3 weeks, the ISHLT recommends COVID-19 vaccination, whereas the guidelines recommend a waiting period of one month post-transplantation and 3 - 6 months post-administration of B- or T-cell depleting agents and a protocol recommended 90 days for both post-transplantation and 3 - 6 months post-administration of B- or T-cell depleting agents. For the application of this issue, we now have some experience and insight for COVID-19-infected LTRs. We look forward to getting the optimal timing of COVID-19 vaccina-tion adjustment of immunosuppression in LTRs, whereas the investigations of the T-cell response and additional COVID-19-vaccine doses are ongoing. In conclusion, Long-term outcomes of lung transplantation in severe COVID-19 patients are still to be investigated. National and international regulatory transplantation professional bodies should track the transplant-COVID-19 patient for estab-lishing the standard guidelines.
296 Akin to the Great Revolutions or Ages, the Combinatorial Approach for Preempting Genetic Diseases Requires the Confluence of Independent Scientific and Societal Developments Emerging from Synergisms Between Serendipitous, Planned and Natural Progressions Significantly Magnifying the Impact Over the Simple Sum of their Individual Components or Subfields , Ferez Soli Nallaseth, David Adebayo, Syed M Ahmed, Kholis Abdurachim Audah, Deepak Bhatia, Vitaly Boyko, Alex Diaz, Abhishek Gupta, Mirhasan H Hasanli, Percy Ichchaporia, Zeeshan Khan, Anthony Lai, Lori McGrew, Shin Mukai, Dickson Achimugu Musa, Srinath Nissankararao, Elizabeth Parrish, George Perry, Jean Plante, Asmaa Rabit, David Sherman, Ralph Sherman, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Sina Varmaghani, Collin C White, Nirmali Wijegoonawardana, Hafiz Shaeque Yahya and Osama Youssef At least 65% of all diseases have a genetic component caused by the insertion of a genetic lesion into the genome as a consequence of the dysregulation of networks of genes for its maintenance. In the long term, a system for preempting these lesions in real time would have an unparalleled and positive impact on Medicine and Humankind. Including in ameliorating Human and Economic bur- dens on a scale of hundreds of trillions of dollars per annum. Assembling this system is indispensable for the Public Interest but sub- ject to benign, if not optimistic, neglect. Many of the sciences, methods and elements of methods for initiating this assembly are avail- able, or in development or conceivable by integrating and synthesizing an array of sub fields in the Life, Physical and Computational Sciences and Mathematics. The process depends as much on good planning as it does on serendipitous discoveries which represent the underpinnings of civilization. The assembly of the system for preempting genetic diseases is akin to those defining epochs or peri- ods on a historical scale. Including the Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, Information Age, Space Age, Green Revolution and Biotech Revolution. All of which are far greater than the sum of their many components and vectors comprising of discoveries, inventions, ex- plorations, planned progressions and of equal significance either serendipitous findings or unforeseeable consequences. All of which underlie civilization in all its dimensions. This is due to the simple reason that all of these vectors and components play associative, combinatorial, synergistic and complementary roles which together magnify the sum of the results of these progressive processes
297 The National Policy and Legal Reality: This Trend of Social Pervasiveness will Continue..., , Said Alavi Kolambil We heard hues and cries from all parts of the world, surely, the major towns were struggling under the strain of government cuts enough without having to conjure additional funds from thin air to meet requirement of some of the most desperate people, it found policy makers struggling to resolve this problem, recent incidents clearly shown how the rotten hand faced by the private health in- surance providers, even one who announced comprehensive health coverage pack without any sub limits. Among other things, we can’t deny the fact, substandard medicines and commodities found flour- ished in the market, it needs to pay higher margin of profit by the common man, no doubt the tense of atmosphere made everyone suffocated we can’t forget how private health care providers looted the wretched man’s money on this pandemic situation
298 Exploration of Low-Cost Solid Waste Coffee Processing to Bio-Carotenoids Production , Mariana Dias Moreira, Jéssica Marques Coimbra, Marcela Magalhães Melo, Luciana Silva Ribeiro, Kelly Cristina dos Reis, Rosane Freitas Schwan and Cristina Ferreira Silva To solve the high-cost production of natural microbial carotenoids, we sought to use coffee processing of low-cost solid waste, as well as high productivity. In this sense, coffee pulp extract (PE) and coffee husk extract (HE) supplemented were used as substrate to carotenoids production by two yeast strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCMA 0156 and CCMA 0340, and one bacteria strain, Derma- coccus nishinomiyaensis CCMA 0685. Three different solvents were used for the extraction and recovery of intracellular carotenoids. The productivity was evaluated employing Plackett-Burman design and Central Composite Design. Maximum specific carotenoids production (361.29 ± 36.0 μg g-1) was obtained in maximum pulp extract and peptone concentration (6.68% e 10.04 g L-1, respec- tively) and middle concentration of yeast extract (3 g L-1) by CCMA 0156. Both the pulp and the husk supplemented were suitable substrates to produce carotenoids with maximum production of 361 and 296 μg g-1. The supplementations shall be carried out; however, it is possible replace pure chemical for by-products. After the optimization process, carotenoid production in PE and HE increased 4.43-fold and 3.08-fold, respectively. The best extract process was using acetone: methanol (7:3, v/v). To reduce the cost of carotenoids production the use of solid waste from coffee processing is a good alternative without lose the productivity by yeasts.
299 Resistance Profile of Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli: Study on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in a Tertiary Care Center , Hadi Younes, Laurene Haddad and Jacques Choucair The natural selection has provided some resistance mechanisms of bacteria or adaptation face some antibiotiques. Or nowadays, overuse of antibiotics and exaggerated in inadequate conditions contributed to the increase in resistance rates. According to the World Health Organization, the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a major problem of the twenty-first century. Increasingly, bac- teria acquire new resistance mechanisms and arrive to surpass the action of antibiotics. To fight against the proliferation of bacteria, it becomes necessary to find new and effective solutions to this major public health issue
300 Multifactorial Effects of COVID-19: Medical Practice, Education and Public Health Challenges , Maryam Mubarak , Hafiz Ahmad, Lovely Muthiah Annamma, Biji Thomas George, Jitendra Jethwani, Jovita D’souza and Sabrin Ali Azim The article aims to provide a brief overview of the multifactorial effects of COVID-19. The authors have tried to categorize the ef- fects into health, financial, psychological, and educational factors. It highlights a brief overview of how Covid-19 influenced each of these factors. The expert opinions, suggestions, recommendations, and proposed solutions to tackle the multifaceted effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are also listed. Technological advances along with stringent policies and guidelines can ease the after-effects of COVID-19 on each of the above-mentioned factors and is detailed in this review
301 Initiation of a New Frontier in Obstetrics and Gynaecolgy - The Role of Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Case of Gynaecological Diseases and the Potential Treatment with Antibiotics, Probiotics and Vaginal Microbiota transplantation - How Practical Will it be - A Systematic Review , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh Learning from Gut microbiota experience, with the use utilization of probiotics mainly comprised by various Lactobacillus spe- cies here we tried to review the association of vaginal microbiota impairment possessing the characteristics of loss or absence of predominance of Lactobacillus in addition to enhancement of microbial diversity has been observed in the past few years to possess an intricate association with gynaecological diseases. Hence we did a systematic review utilizing the search engine pubmed, google scholar; web of science; embase; Cochrane review library utilizing the MeSH terms like vaginal microbiota; dysbiosis; candidiasis; trichomoniasis; HIV; HPV Infection; cervical cancer; atrophic vaginitis; bacterial vaginitis; Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) cor- relation with dysbiosis; uterine fibroids; miscarriage prevention; preterm labour prevention; DUB; Probiotics; lactobacilli spp of vagina; other anaerobes in bacterial vaginitis (BV)from 2005 till date for latest updates in this field. We found a total of 75articles out of which we selected 57 -4 50 articles for this review. No meta-analysis was done. At present antibiotic as well as probiotics can ad- equately cure BV, by correction of the Vaginal microbiota as well as escalating the Vaginal environment. Despite them having efficacy, the limitations are drug resistance in addition to high rate of recurrence. Here we have detailed further the significance of altered vaginal along with uterine microbiome in the aetiopathogenesis of certain gynaecological diseases, besides Initiation of miscarriages, preterm labour that brings a new paradigm In the treatment of these diseases like PCOS, uterine fibroids, etc. Further role of Vaginal microbiome transplantation (VMT) is discussed as a therapy in drug resistant chlamydiasis, trichomoniasis, besides escalation of HIV, HPV with disturbed vaginal microbiota that has become markedly prevalent with the correlation of AIDS with greater incidence of these resistant fungal infections. Hence generation of a Lactobacillus predominance in both vagina in addition to uterine cavity have been demonstrated to aid in reversal of conditions like PCOS. More randomized controlled trials are required for these to be- come the mainstay of treating PCOS that has no definite cure till date, besides prevention of acquisition of HPV and cervical cancer.
302 Analysis of More Post Covid Mucormycosis Cases Observed in Bharat/India , Rajeev Shah and Reena Mehta Mucormycosis which is also called black fungus, because of the black hyphae or black colonies shown in the culture. This is considered a very serious fungal infection, usually observed in immunosuppressed patients. Symptoms of this disease depend upon the location or site of the infection in the body. These infections are most generally observed in the nose, sinuses, eye, and brain resulting in a runny nose, even one-sided facial swelling and pain, headache, fever, blurred vision, swollen and bulging of the eyes, and tissue loss. Other characteristics of the disease include infection of the lungs, stomach, and intestines, and skin. The most common transmission is through the spores of Mucorales molds, and the most common is through inhalation, contaminated food, or contamination from open wounds. These fungi are commonly found in soil, decomposing organic matter (such as rotten fruits and vegetables), and animal manure, but they generally do not affect humans.
303 The Role of an Oral Spray of a Formulation Containing 8.4% Sodium Bicarbonate in Preventing COVID 19 and Other Influenza Like Illness in Humans , Kshitij Mody and Sankeerth Thoota Background: A prospective, double arm, placebo control, single blinded, investigator led research study was performed to assess the strength of an oral spray formulation, containing 8.4% sodium bicarbonate as its active ingredient, in offering a barrier to the development of Influenza Like Illnesses (ILI) including Covid-19 infection and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the spray in subjects with repeated daily use for 28 consecutive days. Methods: 350 subjects were enrolled, 175 in the active product group and 175 in the placebo control group. Randomisation was achieved by block randomisation technique. Subjects in the active product group were given the Investigational Product (IP) and subjects in the placebo control group were given the Placebo Product (PP). Monitoring of recruited subjects was done based on a USFDA approved Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) methodology. Subject Diaries were issued to all subjects to record data and daily monitoring was carried out by telephone. All subjects were monitored in person on Day 1, Day 15 and Day 28. Results: It was seen that a significantly lower number of subjects using the Investigational Product recorded any ILI symptoms as compared to the subjects using Placebo Product. Conclusion: The results establish that the oral spray formulation used in this study is effective in mitigating SARS-CoV-2-enveloped virus-related activity by creating an alkaline pH environment in the oropharyngeal spaces.
304 Role of Colostrum in Immune-Protection and Disease Prevention in Neonates and their Post Natal Life , Ravi Kant Upadhyay Colostrum is naturally secreted nutritionally rich thick biological fluid that contains various bioactive molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones, growth factors, vitamins, lectoferrins, and good repertoire of immunoglobulins which play important role in innate immune defense in new born infants. It contains disease protective and growth promoting micro and macronutrients. Colostrum or milk suckling by mammalian new born babies is a unique phenomenon as it passively transfers important growth fac- tors, which are highly essential for maturation and post natal development. Presence of IgA, IgG and IgM in colostrums protects new born babies from gut mucosal microbial infection. It is highly beneficial for health of sport persons and has high therapeutic value. Commercial storage of colostrums can be used for long term treatment of preterm babies, immunocompromised patients and elderly. Hence, sterilize colostrum collection systems be developed for its clinical and therapeutic use. More specially, for preterm babies con- stitutive colostrum feeds can be generated with infant formula to protect them from microbial gut infection mainly colonizing bacte- ria at larger scale. Present review is emphasizing benefits of breast feeding in newborn infants and sketches out immune-protective, nutritional and growth promoting properties of colostrums
305 Summer Flu: COVID-19 a Changing Regime , Sumeet Kapoor and Swati Ojha Evolution is a continuous process for every living system as it leads to better survival and superiority in biological communities. In microorganisms, genetic drift and genetic shift play an important role in the evolution of novel strains
306 Invasion in the Circle of Water , Khalidullin OH It is generally accepted that we influence the climate through carbon dioxide. What if it's a mistake? Pay attention to other gas- es? These include water molecules in the atmosphere. Changes in precipitation worldwide provide a basis for careful consideration of the precipitation process. The study of the topic leads to the conclusion that there is some kind of sedimentation mechanism. Evaporation is the only raw material in this process. The droplet state of significant volumes at high concentration forms precipita- tion. This requires certain volumes, temperatures, conditions and qualities of molecules. There are many studies of water molecules in the atmosphere, however, no mention of the properties, struc- tures, origin and sources of molecules has been found
307 COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun In patients with cancer, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can contrib- ute to increasing morbidity and mortality [1-3] and decreased survival was found in patients with hematological and intratho- racic malignancies, poor performance status, comorbidities, and increased age [3-5]. Patients with hematological malignancies who were treated with stem cell transplantation and anti-CD-20 antibody demonstrated lower rates of seroconversion, compared to COVID-19-infected-cancer patients [6,7]. Patients with hemato- logical malignancies might have substantially compromised B-cell and T-cell responses [8]. These study results indicated that fol- lowing COVID-19 vaccination, overall high seroconversion rates could be anticipated in cancer patients due to different mecha- nisms and degrees of immune suppression, such as cell therapies (particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell), anti-CD-20 antibody (B-cell depleting) therapies, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroid treatment, and cyto- toxic-chemotherapy-bone-marrow-suppressive effects in certain subgroups of cancer patients
308 Some Qualities of Locally Prepared Drink Sold in Amai, Delta State , Onuoha T Food is essential ingredients for sustenance of life either from plants or animals. Its demand can therefore, not be overemphasized. In Countries like Nigeria, people depends mostly on indigenous technology for food preparations especially food of plant origin. The study was carried out to determine the organoleptic qualities of kunu drink sold in Amai, Delta State. The pH, texture, smell and color change was determined by standard method recommended by Association of analytical chemistry (AOAC). The result revealed an increase in pH value of kunu sample at 24h and 72h (3.54 ± 0.45ab to 4.72 ± 1.21c) and a change in color from (gray to brown). The result further showed a change in texture, smell (from no smell to bad smell). The study therefore revealed the significance of time as an essential factor for the viability of kunu drinks sold in Amai, Delta State.
309 Third Doses (Booster) of COVID-19 Vaccination , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Flaxman., et al. a groups of investigators from the University of Oxford, United Kingdom demonstrated the results studied in COVID-19-vaccinated participants in a preprint published on June 28, 2021 that for those who had 8 to 12 week (median age 39), 15 to 25 week (median age 36), and 44 to 45 week (median age 32) intervals between the first and second COVID-19-vaccine doses, the median level of IgG antibody at the day 28 after the second dose were 923, 1,860, and 3,738 tIgG EU, respectively [1]. These results indicated the longer dose intervals the higher IgG-antibody levels [1]. They identified the median 278 and 1,240 tIgG EU in the groups who had a 8 to 12 week and a 15 to 25 week intervals, respectively after 6 months of the second dose, whereas the data for the 44 to 45 week-interval group are not yet available [1]. Af- ter the second dose, the IgG binding titers to the four SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants (alpha, beta, delta, and D614G) tested were significant higher than before the second dose
310 Characterization and Growth Evaluation of Marine Chlorella sp. for Biomass Production , Chandrashekharaiah PS, Vinay Dwivedi, Nishant Saxena, Vishal Paul, Shyam Prasad, Santosh Kodgire, Rakesh Thorat, Ravikumar Yelchuri, Natarajan Mohan, Shivbachan Kushwaha, Debanjan Sanyal, Ajit Sapre and Santanu Dasgupta The fresh water and nutrients are costly inputs in algal cultivation. Nowadays, marine algae are in focus since they can be cultivat-ed in seawater with minimum freshwater addition. In this study, marine Chlorella sp. was characterized in lab and open ponds (1m2) of greenhouse to evaluate the potential of biomass production. In lab studies, the growth performances (OD and biomass production) of algae in industrial grade nutrient sources were found similar to lab grade sources. The growth at 12:12 h. of light: dark cycle was at par with 24 h. of continuous light illumination. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride, and sodium hypochlorite were determined to be 2.5, 5, and 5 mgL-1 respectively. In pond studies, the strain was found to tolerate salinity up to 5.5%. Highest aerial, volumetric productivities and nutrient removal were observed at 10 cm as compared to 15 and 20 cm depths. The aerial productivities and biomass composition in semiturbidostat mode cultivation at 0.5 and 0.7 OD’s of harvest were found comparable and semiturbidostat mode was found more productive than batch mode. Overall study showed that the marine Chlorella sp. is a robust strain and can be cultivated in open ponds using seawater
311 Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Generation Using Algae: An Overview , Shirjeel Ahmad Siddiqui A large number of organic and inorganic substances are released in the environment on daily basis due to human activities; the waste could be of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. When the waste is in the form of sewage either of industries or that originated from domestic and agricultural practices, it is needed to be treated before its discharge or disposal into the environment because such a practice can cause serious health issues to humans and a severe damage to flora, fauna and biodiversity. As a remedy, wastewater treatment plants have been in use from about l50 years which treats the sewage for its further safer discharge in the water bodies. Wastewater Treatment plants are run and controlled by the governing bodies on a very large scale and are also setup in industries for treating industrial effluents. Microorganisms are widely used in treatment of wastewater during secondary and tertiary treatment process and mainly involve species of bacteria and fungi. In this review, the use of algae in wastewater treatment has been described and it also focuses on how biofuels can be generated using the same
312 The Role of Pd-L1 on Tumor Cells in Host Immune System Escape and Tumor Immunotherapy by Pd-L1 Blockade; Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy , Mehmet Eraslan Immune checkpoints are a group of inhibitory mechanisms that are encoded into the immune system. Mice treated with anti- PD L1 or PD-1-deficient animals showed increased tumorigenesis and invasiveness in syngeneic hosts when compared to parental tumor cells lacking PD-L. The classical type of programmed cell death is distinguished by its morphological hallmarks of apoptosis and its reliance on de novo RNA and protein production. The PD-1 gene was active in both stimulated 2B4.11 and IL-3-depleted LyD9 cells. The findings imply that the genetic landscape of lung malignancies influences anti-PD-1 therapeutic responsiveness. Im- mune resistance can be overcome by blocking the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1), which is produced by T cells. An antibody that precisely targets PD-1, was considered for anticancer efficacy and safety. There is a link between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response. In patients with advanced malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal- cell cancer, antibody-mediated PD-L1 inhibition resulted in long-term tumor shrinkage and disease stability
313 Awareness and Compliance of COVID-19 Imaging and Guidelines among Radiology Staff , Mohamed Hasaneen and Mustafa Alhasan Introduction: lack of knowledge and understanding of COVID-19 disease among radiology staff may result in rapid spread of the infection among them due to the screening of COVID-19 patients using Chest x-ray and Chest CT scan to diagnose the disease. Accordingly, the purpose of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the level of awareness and compliance of COVID-19 imaging and guidelines among the radiology staff. Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted among the radiology staff between September and November 2020. An online questionnaire was developed and shared with the participants from different regions. The questionnaire emphasized on COVID-19 Awareness, infection control procedures and the role of imaging for COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: A total of 262 radiology staff agreed to participate in this study. 48% of the respondents were females. The average age was 36 years. The majority (71%) were bachelor holders. Among the participants, 91% were radiographers while 9% were radiologists. Regarding COVID-19 imaging section, the mean score (62%) was significantly higher for the Radiologists (P < 0.05). Regarding the health infection control questions, most of the respondents reported Sometimes to Always on the Likert scale (1-5) for applying the safety procedures. The job title, work experience and the location factors significantly predicted the COVID-19 imaging awareness scores (p < 0.05.). Discussion: Awareness and compliance of COVID-19 imaging and infection control guidelines are important issues for the radiology staff to ensure their own safety and the efficient delivery of patient imaging procedures. Conclusion: The radiology staff demonstrated an acceptable overall COVID-19 awareness level. The compliance with the infection control guidelines is above average. However, more COVID-19 imaging sessions are recommended to improve the overall performance
314 Growing Role of Arcobacters as an Emerging Potential Pathogen of Humans and Animals , Mahendra Pal, Mridula Devrani, Adugna Girma Lema and Leena Gowda Arcobacters are recognized as emerging pathogens, and are reported from many countries of the world. In diverse parts of the world, Arcobacters have been found in domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, and dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes), meat (poul- try, pork, goat, lamb, beef, and rabbit), vegetables, and humans. Arcobacter infections are spread generally through the contaminated food and water. Arcobacters have been related to human bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea, as well as animal diarrhea, mastitis, and miscarriage. Clinical disorders are mostly related with three species namely A. butzleri, A. cryaerophi- lus, and A. skirrowii. The infection can take two forms: sporadic and epidemic. Exogenous infection is the predominant method of transmission, with ingestion as the primary source of infection. The laboratory help is required to establish the diagnosis of infection. Strategies should be planned to prevent the infection in humans as well as animals
315 Comparison of ZN Microscopy, Culture on LJ Media and Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Assay in Diagnosis of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis , AS Boinwad and JA Iravane Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and classified as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and Extra Pulmonary tu- berculosis (EPTB). EPTB account for 15-20 % cases of tuberculosis. EPTB diagnosis is challenging due to inadequate sample volume, pauci-bacillary nature and unusual clinical presentation. This study determined the role of Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay in diagnosis of EPTB and compared results with conventional smear microscopy and culture on LJ media. All the samples coming to our laboratory during January 2015 to June 2016 were processed with Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay, Smear microscopy and LJ media culture. Total samples examined were 514. 90(17.51%) samples were positive by Gene Xpert MTB/ RIF assay of these 15 samples shows Rifampicin resistance. Samples which were positive by culture and smear microscopy were 58(11.28%) and 28(5.45%) respectively.
316 Leptospirosis: A Neglected Zoonosis of Public Health Concern , Mahendra Pal, Adugna Girma Lema and Harsh Kumar Sharma Leptospirosis is an important emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease that is spread worldwide by pathogenic species of the bacterium genus Leptospira. The disease is commonly reported especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Leptospirosis is a ne- glected tropical zoonotic disease that is rapidly becoming a major public health issue around the world. Leptospirosis has emerged as a prominent cause of acute febrile disease in many developing nations due to neglect, rapid, unplanned urbanization, and poor sanitation. Although it has been stated that leptospirosis is the most frequent zoonotic illness, it is thought to be underreported due to the non-specificity of clinical symptoms and the lack of laboratory confirmation in endemic areas. A wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant, deadly disease, is characteristic of the disease. Laboratory help is needed to confirm an unequivocal diagnosis of leptospirosis. Antibacterial antibiotics are used to treat the acute illness in the patient. This mini review includes all current information on leptospirosis, including its etiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventative measures
317 Internal Quality Control of Neisseria Meningitidis Carriage in Kaya and Boussouma Region of Center-North Burkina Faso from 2016 to 2017 , Sampo E, Sanou M, Sanon B, Somlare H, Ouattara K, Kienou M, Sawadogo M, Ouedraogo A, Kabre A, Bagaya S, Traore B, Ake F, Tarbangdo F, Nagalo BM, Kristiansen PA, Barro N, Ouedraogo R and Sangare L Background: Internal quality control is essential for preventing inaccuracy of disease causing microbial diagnostic, poor reagent quality and equipment dysfunction in a meningeal bacteria carriage study. This study aimed to assess the quality of meningococcal carriage study results obtained from Boussouma and Kaya health districts in the Center-North of Burkina Faso from 2016 to 2017. Methodology: During the N. meningitidis carriage study, internal quality control was performed on culture media, field working conditions, reagents, laboratory equipment and antibiotics discs. Result: During the carriage study, an evaluation of culture media was made. Thus, no defective or contaminated modified Thayer-Martin (TMM) were not recorded. On the other hand, we noted 86 defective fresh sheep blood agar (GSF) media and 201 other contaminated. Evaluation of sample collection conditions showed that the field ambient temperature was between + 22-+ 37°C. The duration of field sampling varied respectively from 77-173 minutes, 74-232 minutes, 74-195 minutes and 75-210 minutes at first, second, third and fourth campaign. The transport duration between sampling sites and the laboratory varied between 26-118 min- utes, 21-187 minutes, 27-121 minutes and 25-137minutes at first, second, third and fourth campaigns. Thus, the delay of samples transmission from the first sample collection until all TMM media laboratory incubation varied respectively 145-264 minutes, 120- 264 minutes, 126-288 minutes and 120-301 minutes at first, second, third and fourth campaign. TMM and GSF sterility control did not show any contamination. We did not observe any colony on TMM media with Proteus mirabilis (NC 04175) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) sowed for selectivity control. On the other hand, growth colonies were observed on TMM and GSF media with N. meningitidis A (ATCC 13077) and N. lactamica (ATCC 23970) reference strains. Reagents quality control showed that N. meningitidis A is Gamma-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide (GGT) and oxidase positive and O-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) negative. On the other hand, N. lactamica hydrolyzes ONPG, possesses cytochrome oxidase and is devoid of GGT. Incubator temperature varied between + 36.3- +36.7°C. Bacteria identification control showed good growth and suitable antisera agglutination with N. meningitidis
318 HScore could be a Predictor of COVID-19 Outcomes , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun, The first commonly clinical criteria used for the diagnosis of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) was established in the HLH-2000 study [1] and in 2014, a hemophagocyt-ic syndrome clinical scoring system (HScore) has been developed for the diagnosis of sHLH [2,3]. For monitoring hyperinflammation (HI) in COVID-19, HScore has been proposed [4]. San., et al. demonstrated in their study on the determining the COVID-19 severity by HScore, MuLBSTA, Quick SOFA (qSOFA), Sequential Organ Failaure Assessment (SOFA), and the Brescia-COVID Respiratory Severity Scale (BCRSS) that the area under the curve (AUC) of the HScore, MuLBSTA, SOFA, qSOFA, and BRCSS were 0.698, 0.860, 0.958, 0.961, and 0.977, respectively
319 Assemblies in Synthetic DNA (Nannochloropsis Species) Crown Cells with Bacillus subtilis , Shoshi Inooka, DNA crown cells are artificial cells in which the outer membrane is covered with DNA. DNA crown cells (artificial cells) can be easily synthesized using a sphingosine (Sph)-DNA-adenosine mixture (Synthetic DNA crown cells), and then cultured in egg white (DNA crown cells). Numerous varieties of both kinds of DNA crown cells have been prepared using a variety of different DNA source To study the potential applications of DNA crown cells, the assemblies in synthetic DNA crown cells and B. subtilis that are formed when several kinds of synthetic DNA crown cells were mixed with B. subtilis were examined. In addition, the suppression of B. sub-tilis growth was observed. Further, target bacteria that were recovered from the assemblies were not B. subtilis (original bacteria),but Brevibacillus, which were produced by synthetic DNA crown cells which promoted the elongation of B. subtilis in the assembly. However, more information on the assembly and formation of DNA crown cells is required to better clarify the characteristics of these cells. The present experiment demonstrated for the first time that an assembly comprising synthetic DNA (Nannochloropsis) crown cells and B. subtilis was formed, that the assembly suppressed bacterial growth, and that bacterial transformation (i.e., from Bacillus to Brevibacillus was observed within the assembly. Moreover, cell-like objects were released from the assembly
320 Mucormycosis and Treatment A Review , Rohit V Pawal, Arjun B Girhe and Suhas R Kolekar, Mucormycosis (Black fungus infection) is a fungal type infection affecting the sinus nasal and lungs areas. There was a rise in the infection rates of mucormycosis in the patients undergoing treatment for COVID-19. These are opportunistic infection caused due to an underlying condition in the host. Rhizopusarhizus is most commonly found to cause mucormycosis. The article is written with the objective to summarize and spread the information regarding the types of mucormycosis as well as organisms (causing agent), statistics regarding the infection spread as well as treatment of mucormycosis within India and Europe. This article also contains the mechanism of iron absorption by fungal organisms along with the host-pathogen interaction. The characteristic of this infection is the extensive angioinvasion leading to vessel thrombosis and subsequently to tissue necrosis. While being an opportunistic infection it on its own is also very deadly with a mortality rate of around 50%. The immense administration of glucocorticoids in the treatment of CoVid-19 turned out to be the root of the secondary fungal infection in the respiratory tract. First-line treatment of this infection can be done by amphotericin B. In South India drugs like Isavuconazole, Posaconazole have also been tested for their safety and efficacy. Although some cases may also require surgery. The surgery along with the antifungal treatment has been found to be more effective for the treatment of infection.
321 Water Circuit - The Basis of the Climate , Khalidullin OH, The main and main driver of the climate on Earth is the water cycle. Each of the links in this cycle has been improving for millions of years. Considering the links in historical development separate- ly, one can see how they changed with the development of man- kind. The common idea that the world’s oceans evaporate most of the water is wrong. https://geographyofrussia.com/iz-4-mlrd-let- geologicheskoj-istorii-zemli-susha-byla-bezzhiznennoj-34-mlrd- let/.
322 Potential Macroalgae Bacteria for “Plant Growth Promotion” , Amita Y Mishra, and Meenu Saraf, Macroalgae plays an important function for marine environment. Algal bacteria degrade algal polysaccharides, like fucoidan andalginate. Plant growth promotion (PGP) through plant growth promoting bacteria is a well-known observable fact and the growth enhancement due to certain behaviour of bacteria. These types of bacteria also gave beneficiary effect on pest, another toxic organism. PGP bacteria are a good alternative of chemical fertilizer by increasing the soil fertility.
323 COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia , Rehab M A El-Desoukey,*, Fawziah M Albarakaty, Nabwa M, Ebtesam S, Abeer M, Yousra A, Wadha M, Mead Gh, Alanoud S and Jawaher H, Corona virus COVID-19 is an epidemic whose devastating results had been felt in all corners of the world and via all humanity of something age, gender, monetary and social popularity from the start of January 2020 and the intensity increasing day-by way of-day. The patients that had symptoms had been remoted at the same time as watching for outcomes. In a few international locations, self-isolation changed into encouraged even as in others, humans needed to be installed quarantine facilities to cut down the unfold chain at once. Different nations identified quarantine facilities in which individuals have been quarantined for 14 days upon which they would be examined. A philanthropist Bill gates, the Microsoft billionaire, committed himself to donating assets for growing a vaccine. Research centers directed their attention to organising a treatment or a vaccine for the killer virus. Many governments inside the global carried out a partial or full lockdown guided with the aid of the rate of contamination and death. China became the first to call for a complete lockdown because it struggled with the new pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected each side of life; social, financial and mental. This has located a lot of strain on governments and people. The financial popularity of many nations and people has been adversely affected and might take a long time earlier than recuperation. This evaluate article aimed to present a wide statistics about the COVID-19 in entire global and awareness on this information related to the ailment in Saudi Arabia.
324 Gravity Bioreactor , Khalidullin OH, The main problem of mankind’s waste disposal is the growth of landfills and landfills. 4,000,000 hectares is the area used for land-fills in Russia. This figure is quite comparable to the size of some countries, for example, Switzerland (4.12 million hectares) or the Netherlands (4.15 million hectares).
325 Regular Blood Donations can Help to Boost Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus? , Ramune Sepetiene, Mohamed Ali and Alexander Carterson, The world is counting on the consequences of the Covid 19 pandemic, which has claimed millions of lives in the last couple of years, while scientists are still looking for answers how to stop the virus spreading, what methods to use to finally feel safe [1]. As the pace and requirements of vaccination accelerate, there is segregation and resistance among people. It is clear that the current situation, the ineffectiveness of vaccination and the kaleidoscope of different opinions are unsatisfactory. While scientific studies are underway, various solutions are being done, recommendations are being made to manage and eventually stop this pandemic, we can already make some insights and offer rational solutions and issues using our own capabilities by blood donations perspective
326 CRISPR/Cas System: A Revolutionary Technique Applied Potentially from Diagnosis to Therapeutics in COVID-19 , Roshan Roy, Ashish Srivastava, Sonal Srivastava, Taruna Gupta, Tripti Singhal, Prashant Kumar, Sunny Dhir and Narayan Rishi, The emergence of Coronavirus disease-2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has also bought new challenges to the researchers to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic methods for the pathogen. The preventive vaccines are approved for the public but their role in the development of herd immunity is not clear due to the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the prime requirement to cope up with the current situation is to develop highly sensitive diagnostics and effective therapeutics to restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among human population. CRISPR/Cas, a talk of the town, is one of the tools that has been used to develop sensitive, rapid and cost-effective diagnostics that may be made available even in the remote areas of the country. The ability of different Cas proteins viz. Cas9, Cas12, and Cas13 in binding and cleaving of dsDNA, ssDNA, and ssRNA, respectively, have been explored for these purposes. The Cas13 based Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PAC-MAN) and the Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK) and Cas 12 based FALUDA technology have already been developed for diagnosis of COVID-19. This review summarizes the role of CRISPR/Cas based approaches for reliable, rapid, and ultrasensitive diagnostics development, and explore the possible therapeutic alternative for combating COVID-19
327 The Soil Microbiome and Human Health , Robert Bolster and Heather Bolster, At Bolster’s Adirondack Farm we focus on studying the microbial life that lives deep within the soil microbiome. Our health is dependent on the collaboration of many different microbes including but not limited to bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and algae. Our interactions, whether it benefits or degrades it, determines the health of our environment, our microbial counterparts, and inevitably ourselves. Displaced pollution, such as microplastics, is just one example that has led to large-scale die off and to the extinction of different microbial species and even whole communities. When these die-offs occur, the world’s microbiome is thrown more out of balance causing a fluctuation in our food supply and fresh water availability
328 Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil From an Abadoned Illegal Crude Oil Refining Site Using Organic Amendments , Douglas Salome Ibietela, Ugboma CJ and Onwukwe JO, This study was carried out to evaluate the bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) polluted soil from an abandoned illegal crude oil refining site using organic amendments: fish pond effluent (FPE), spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and compost soil (CS) from an old waste dump site. Baseline studies on the polluted soil samples were carried out. The treatment options were four experimental setups including control in clay pots. The setups were left to stand for 28days and monitored every 7 days using standard microbiological techniques and gas chromatography. The baseline TPH result was 25,350.2 ± 0.21 mg/kg. This was above the DPR intervention limit, which means remedial action is required. Total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) counts ranged from: 1.3 ± 0.05 x 105 to 2.3 ± 0.04 x 106 Cfu/g, Total fungal counts ranged from 9.0 ± 0.01 x 104 to 7.0 ± 0.01 x 105 Cfu/g, Hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) counts ranged from 1.0 ± 0.04 x 105 to 1.32 ± 0.04 x 106 Cfu/g, Hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) counts ranged from: 7.0 ± 0.02 x 104 to 5.1 ± 0.18 x 105 Cfu/g all across the setups. FPE gave a half-life of 9.6 days with TPH degradation of 88.27%, SMS had TPH degradation of 82.12% with a half-life of 12.2 days, CS gave TPH degradation of 75.53% and a half-life of 14.81 days and the control had the least TPH degradation of 6.0% and a longer half-life of 315.1 days. The following bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified: Psuedomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, Chromobacterium sp, Alcaligenes sp, Arthrobacter sp, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Aspergillus fumigates, Penicillium sp, Cryptococcus sp, Aspergillus lentulus, Rhodotolola sp. These results show that, the addition of these amendments and the natural resident flora enhanced the TPH degradation, with FPE giving the highest bioremedia- tion percent. Hence, FPE may be recommended to be applied in the bioremediation of petroleum polluted soil.
329 Comparative Analysis of Community Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia , Baraa A Amir, Ali A Rabaan and Salwa S Sheikh, The purpose of this study was to investigate community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal carriage rates among outpatients attending a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Additionally, this study involved a literature review for comparison of data between different parts of Saudi Arabia and of the Saudi average to the USA and other countries Duplicate nasal swabs from 3188 outpatients attending Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Center in Dhahran in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between January 2013 and December 2014 were tested using Xpert MRSA-SA Nasal Complete G3 kits (Cepheid). A literature review was also conducted using Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library regarding MRSA nasal carrier status. Nine hundred and thirty-one patients (29.2%) were nasal S. aureus carriers, of which 121 (3.8% overall; 13% of S. aureus carriers) were colonized by CA-MRSA. Our measured CA-MRSA levels were lower than those observed in smaller studies from north-central or central Saudi Arabia, but comparable to levels observed among pediatric outpatients from Riyadh. Overall Saudi levels were higher than for countries including the United States and European countries. Targeted public health strategies to address CA-MRSA levels in Saudi Arabia are indicated.
330 Effect of Nickel Sulfate on Yeast Growth and Cell Division , Suliman M Hussein, Fauzia R El garabulli and Aml O Alhadad, Environmental factors influence carcinogenesis by interfering with a variety of cellular targets. Quantitative evaluation of genetic effects of atmospheric pollutant; ozone, cigarettes smoke and metals, have been performed in yeast system by many workers. In this work, the effect of nickel sulfate on growth and cell division was investigated in yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The results revealed that, there are significant changes in the yeast dry weight and cell number in samples treated with different concentrations (0, 4, 10, 20, 100, 200 ppm) for different time (4, 10, 24, 48h). These changes were concentration and time dependent. In addition, there were changes in size and shape of yeast cells and in colony size
331 Effect of Apple Quality, Yeast Strains and Use of Antimicrobial Additives on Cider Production with Therapeutic Potential , Mujahid Hassan Khan, The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of apple quality on cider production and to determine the therapeutic potentials of the apple cider. Apple Cider possesses antioxidant property, and it is highly beneficial in Type 2 Diabetes and environmentally induced malignancies. Modifiable risk factors and behavioral modifications, such as eating habits, are reported to prevent 30-40% of cancer cases. Basically, the effect of yeast strains on cider, effects of cultivars on cider production and therapeutic potentials including anti-carcinogenic effect, antimicrobial activity, hypocholesterolemic effect, hypolipidemic effect and glycemic control, antioxidant activity are reviewed.
332 The Maternal Microbiota impact on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review , Poorva Rao, Ketaki Rajwade, Preeti Arora, Anita Tiknaik, Sreeja Parthasarthy, Sharvari Ozalkar, Pradnya Nikam, Sanjay Gupte, and Sarjan Shah, Human Microbiome is the community of micro-organisms that lives in and on the human body. The human microbiome consist more than 100 trillion cells, which are ten times more than hu- man cells and contain 27 times more genes than the human genome. The microbes reside on different sites of human body. For example, the skin, mouth, nasal cavity, gut, reproductive tract, and possibly the placenta host unique microbial communities [1]. Hu- man microbiota includes archaea, Protista, bacteria, fungi, and viruses that exist on and within the human tissues, fluids and body cavities, along with varied anatomical sites. This microbiota plays an important role in immune system, human physiology and nutrition. In the human body, a large number of microorganisms exist in a mutualistic, peaceful relationship, but in immunosuppressed situations, a few of them become opportunistic, resulting to acute, deadly, and chronic illnesses. Every human body hosts unique microbiome within itself, which enables different individuals to be have differently when encountered with external stress
333 Regulation of the Hurdles in Addition to the Obstacles Associated With the Eradication of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Epidemic in India - Stress on the: National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh, India possesses a greater tuberculosis (TB) load in contrast to any other country, that accounts for a calculated 25% of the global load. Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a biggest public health difficulty in India. Massive alterations In the drug regimens is the requirements, for patients with DR-TB, that are mostly correlated with poor sticking to the treatment in addition to less than optimal treatment results in contrast to the drug sensitive tuberculosis. This hurdle of tackling DR-TB is key with regards to India, since India aids In greater than27% of global DR-TB patients. In the last few decades India has, become energetic with its fight against tuberculosis, with an execution of a revised National Strategic Plan (NSP) with the aim of eradication of TB by 2025. Nevertheless, for accomplishment of this aspiring objective, the requirement for India is to take a multistep strategywith regards to the DR-TB management. Inspite of consistent actions done via the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, considerable hurdles are faced by India in the context of DR-TB –care, specifically in peripheral, apart from resource restricted endemic areas. Here certain biggest short com- ings that are correlated with the escalation of the DR-TB epidemic in India as well as their influence
334 Effect of Amoxicillin/Aqueous Extract of Cussonia arborea Hochst. (Araliaceae)on the Survival of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Groundwater in Yaoundé (Central Region of Cameroon) , Luciane Marlyse Moungang, Christophe Colombe Fotso Simo, Antoine Arfao Tamsa, Sophia Loeticia Ngoumnaï, Olive Vivien Ewoti Noah, Yves Yogne Poutoum, Golda Reine Zame Meva’a, Lazare Sidjui Sidjui, Stéphanie La Blanche Guetchueng Tamdem and Moïse Nola, Herbal medicine is being increasingly used against infections in many parts of the world. The plants belonging to the genus Cussonia especially Artemisia asteraceae are among the most exploited and several of these species have been described as having antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antibiotics which have been for several decades for the treatment of bacterial diseases are losing their effectiveness more and more leading to the emergence multiresistant strains of microorganisms. These create the need to search for new alternatives especially in medicinal plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of combination of amoxillin and aqueous extract of Cussonia arborea on some bacteria isolated from ground water.
335 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy on Omicron Variant , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun B.1.1.529 or Omicron variant, a variant of concern, designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) on November 26, 2021, on the suggestion of the WHO’s Technical Advisory Group on Virus Evolution (TAG-VE) [1]. Whether Omicron variant is more trans- missible or causes more severe COVID-19 is not yet clear com- pared to other SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants, including Delta variant [1]. Several epidemiological studies are ongoing in South Africa, first country of Omicron variant identification with rising of number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-positive persons [1]. Cur- rently, no information on different Omicron-related symptoms is available, compared to other COVID-19 variants [1]. Increased risk of Omicron-variant reinfection could easily occur in individu- als with previous COVID-19 infection [1]. Reverse-transcriptase- polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) continuously is the method of Omicron variant detection
336 The Correlation of Tuberculosis Smear Results and Immuno-suppression with CD4+ Counts as Surrogate Among HIV Infected Patients , Kingsley Kamvuma, Yusuf ademola, Warren Chanda, Michelo Miyoba, Sam Bezza Phiri, Christopher Newton Phiri and John Amos Mulemena Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M. tuberculosis are two intracellular pathogens that interact at the cellular, clinical and population levels. Since the recognition of AIDS in 1981, the number of reported cases of TB in the world has increased substantially, especially in regions with high incidence of AIDS. The main aim of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between sputum smear positives and low CD4 cell counts among HIV infected patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study involving 473 participants. The patients recruited in this study were those who tested HIV positive and smear positive for TB. Their HIV status was determined by performing an HIV blood test, if they were HIV positive their CD4 cell count were then made Results: This study examined the relation between smear positivity and low CD4 (below 200 cells/μl) together with CD8 and CD3 markers as a measure of immune function among patients infected with HIV. The study participants’ constituted males 67% and females 33%. The overall mean age was 33.2 (SD 6.9) with the youngest and oldest participants being 18 and 60 respectively. It was found that smear positive results negatively (r = -0.13; p = 0.021) correlated with CD4+ below 200 cells/μl. No correlation was observed between smear positives and CD8+ or CD3+ since the calculated correlation coefficient was not statistically 0.007 (p = 0.9) and 0.03 (p = 0.6) respectively. There were more 3+ smear results below 200 cells/μl than the others while above 200 cells/μl 1+ was the most commonly reported smear result. The scanty smear positives were the least commonly reported result in the low and high CD4 counts. Conclusion: The smear positive result negatively correlated with a low CD4+ (r = -0.13; p = 0.021) but no correlation with low CD+8 and CD+3 results was observed. The long held theory that low bacillary counts in patients with low CD4+ counts needs to be revisited. The reduction of CD4+ cell count parallels’ that of the total lymphocyte count and is more marked in patients with high bacillary counts. Further, studies are required to confirm these findings
337 A Brief History of Listeria Species, Increasing Trend of Foodborne Listeriosis in Ready-to-Eat Food and their Interaction with Antibiotics and Possible Control Measures , Himadri Majumder Listeriosis is a serious foodborne infection affects mainly the vulnerable groups in the community. Since 1940, twenty-six species with eight subspecies have been identified to date from environment, water and food sources where L. monocytogenes alone is con- sidered as a major human pathogen. Foodborne disease outbreak amidst the COVID-19 pandemic would have added consequences to the economy and public health. Approximately 2.4 million cases of food borne illnesses were reported with more than 16000 hospitalisations in 2018. Between September 2019 and July 2021, there were 57 food products recalled by the UK Food Standards Agency those found contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Even though, L. monocytogenes is so far known to be sensitive to antibiotics, their unique antimicrobial resistance to fluoroquinolones, mainly in ready -to- eat food, has been explored together with their durability against commonly used disinfectants in food manufacturing settings. Due to their idiosyncratic growth and survival ability along with the potential of causing serious health consequences including mortality, the article has recommended to set out a “Zero tolerance” to L. monocytogenes detection where current legislated limit in 10 - 100 cfu/g throughout product shelf life.
338 Shortening the Isolation and Quarantine Period for the General Population in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Currently, Brazil, Germany, and Jordan are following the World Health Organization (WHO)’s recommendation of 14 day isolation period [1]. The isolation period in France and Japan is 10 days, whereas in New Zealand, if the individual is fully vaccinated with 72 hours of free symptoms, the isolation period is 10 days, but it is 14 days if they are unvaccinated with 72 hours of free symptoms [1]. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) is now shortening the recommended isolation time for the public by motivated change through science showing that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission, including the Omicron variant transmission generally occur in the 1-2 days before and 2-3 days after the symptom onset
339 Phytotoxicity of “Tide” Detergent Powder Using Lens culinaris Seeds as a Bioassay , Xiang Cai and Sergei A Ostroumov The indiscriminate use of synthetic laundry detergents (SLDs) triggered notorious prevalence of toxic pollution in water environment. SLDs synthesized from surfactants and other chemical compounds pose ecotoxic risk to living organisms once invading the ecosystem. The widespread presence of terrestrial vegetations in ecosystem may be subject to exposure to SLDs. It is important to test phytotoxic effect of SLDs on terrestrial plant species and form a system of phytotoxic risk assessment. The phytotoxicity of “Tide” detergent powder (TDP) was tested using Lens culinaris seeds as a bioassay. The bioassay showed that the seed germination percentage (ca. 0% - 90%) reduced sharply due to an increase in TDP concentrations (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%) within 72-h and 96-h, respectively. Meanwhile, the increasing concentrations inhibited root elongation (ca. 0.0 - 8 mm) after 72-h long exposure to TDP, and also impeded root elongation (ca. 0.0 - 17 mm) after 96-h. The phytotoxicity was assessed depended on two indices: seed germination and root elongation indices. The present study validated an effective and economical bioassay, in which the phytotoxicity ranks (slight, moderate, high and extreme) were graded.
340 Transgenic Animal - Mini Review , Titas Sarkar, Anamika Saha, Mayukh Maji, Dipak Kumar Singha and Manas Chakraborty The word Transgenic stands for one or more DNA sequences from another species have been introduced by artificial ways.Transgenic animals are used as biomedical models in laboratory research, like rodent species. Rodent species which are important tools for researching human disease. These transgenic animals easily understands gene function in case of any disease and helps to determine the disease. Transgenic animals helps to produce complex human proteins in very large quantities. Transgenic animals have foreign genes in their genome and for this reason they can show some special properties other than normal animals. These properties lead to discover new drugs, helps in gene therapy etc. In case of gene therapy as defected genes could not function, so healthy genes are inserted by the help of vectors in th human body. Other than this, transgenic animals help in xerotransplantation. Pig is the experimental animal in case of xerotransplantation. Transgenic animals also play important role in agricultural field. Amount of milk with good quality and healthy meat have increased and farmers get benefited due to transgenic animals. These genetically modified animals are disease resistant and used in industrial purposes also.
341 Exploring the Biotic Stress Tolerance Potential of Heavy Metal Tolerate Rhizobacteria Isolated from Mines Area and Landfill Site , Sarita Sharma, Rathod Zalak R and Saraf Meenu S Agriculture is critical to any economy, particularly those in developing and developing countries. Increased abiotic and biotic stressors have a negative impact on crop output around the world. Microorganisms that live in the Rhizospheric zone of plant soil are known to help alleviate these pressures, resulting in increased crop productivity and output. The goal of this study was to study the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Rhizospheric bacteria, which is isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the Zawar mines area in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, and the Pirana landfill site in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, and demonstrating the ability to withstand both abiotic (heavy metal) and biotic stress. Six of the 91 bacterial isolates that showed strong tolerance to heavy metal were chosen for further investigation. Three from the Zawar mines area and three from the paranal and fill site showed great resistance to heavy met- al, and their biotic stress tolerance was explored further. Antifungal activity was tested using Macrophomina phaseolina , Fusarium oxysporium (Pink), Fusarium oxysporium (White), Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma spp. Antibacterial activities of the three chosen bacterial strains were also evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus). SMHMZ4 and SMHMP23 have the most antagonistic activity among the six bacterial strains investigated
342 Isolation and Screening of Multivariant Enzyme Producing Endophytic Bacteria from Citrus limon , Rathod Zalak R, Sharma Sarita and Saraf Meenu S Endophytes have a property of various enzymes production which work as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and are a good source of secondary metabolites with phytochemicals properties. The objective of this study was to identify the enzymatic properties of the endophytes which were isolated from various part of Citrus limon plant. A total of 27 bacterial endophytes were isolated with three Bacillus spp. gave best results and showed multivariant in enzymes production. It may be good for plant health and growth
343 Importance of Environmental Monitoring in Clean Room , Moniky Rufino dos Santos Andreoli The aseptic area or clean room in pharmaceutical industries is where sterile products are produced. Where the final sterile product is not subjected to terminal sterilization. For this sterile product to meet the requirements of sterility and absence of pyrogenics, the environment must be controlled, meet cleaning standards and undergo qualification. For this, Normative Instruction Number 35 of August 21, 2019 and ISO 14644-1 must be followed. In this case, for a safe production with regard to contamination by microorganisms, it is necessary to carry out environmental monitoring. These areas are called Clean Rooms and are classified into classes 5, 6, 7 and 8. Each degree has a need for environmental monitoring in addition to having control of air flow, pressure, temperature, humidity, noise, vibration and lighting
344 Clinical, and Diagnostic Characteristics of an Unsuspected Course of Urinary Tuberculosis: A Brief Report , Gloria G Guerrero, Luis A Aguilera-Galaviz, Arturo Araujo-Cornejo, Iskra Tuero and Juan Manuel Favela-Hernández, Human Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) remains a serious public health problem because of the high percentage of asymptomatic infection. Even worse, from this percentage, around 20% develop disseminated Tuberculosis involving the urinary tract. How to approach this?. A key issue is the accuracy and speediness of the diagnosis. In the present brief report, we described and pinpointed an unsuspected course of urinary Tuberculosis in an individual that presented signs not very characteristic of non pulmonary TB. The main symptoms were microhematuria, urinary incontinence, and urinary infections. To gain insight into the characterization of the clinical manifestations of the infectious disease, we pursued unconventional analysis assays, along with classic microbiological media tools. Molecular (microarrays, pattern of biomarkers) and serological reactivity (mycobacterial antigens detection) were determined in both blood and exudates. Remarkably, in the urinary diagnosis of Tuberculosis, these alternative tools could provide strong support and input to the clinics, especially in unsuspected cases.
345 Significant Differences in Media Components and Predicted Growth Rates of 58 Escherichia coli Genome-scale Models , Felicia Leyi Tan, Zhi Jue Kuan, Nabil Amir-Hamzah, Xander Kng, Yik Yew Wee, Si Xian Sor and Maurice HT Ling Escherichia coli is a common host for metabolite production and genome-scale metabolic models (GSMs) is an important computational tool to aid in such experimental design. As of September 30, 2021; 58 GSMs have been registered with BiGG database. However, these GSMs had been built for different applications and no large-scale comparative study had been performed to-date. In this study, we examine the media components and predicted growth rates of these 58 GSMs using flux balance analysis across various glucose uptake rates. Only 5 out of 29 uptake rates (as proxy for media components) are common in all 58 GSMs; namely, proton, water, ammonium, oxygen, and phosphate. 74.25% (2370 of the 3192) pairwise comparisons of predicted growth rates show significant differences (p-value < 0.05) and 34 of 42 pairwise comparisons of predicted growth rates within the same strain are significantly different. Hence, our results demonstrated substantial differences in media components and significant differences in predicted growth rates between the GSMs and even within GSMs constructed for the same strain.
346 Doxycycline and Ribavirin as Antiviral and Novel Combinational Drug to Treat Dengue, Chikungunya and as the Most Potent Antivirals for COVID-19 , Rajarajan Swaminathan, Shanthi Sabarimurugan, Sangeetha Kothandam and Indu Purushothaman Objectives: To discover an effective antiviral for the treatment of Dengue and Chikungunya by in-silico and in-vitro antiviral studies. To detect a highly potent antiviral by in-silico evaluation to combat the unabated prevalence of COVID-19 as the second wave despite ongoing vaccination for emergency use. Methods: The in-silico antiviral studies on Dengue and CHIKV have been studied through molecular docking and confirmed through in-vitro studies. The minimum nontoxic concentration of Doxycycline and Ribavirin were evaluated by cytotoxicity assay and the efficacy of monotherapy and combinational therapy was experimentally evaluated against CHIKV and Dengue serotypes in Vero cell lines. The statistical analysis was done through GraphPad Prism. Along with Doxycycline and Ribavirin, another five drugs have been studied for the anti-COVID-19 effect through virtual screening. The 3D structure of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease protein was retrieved from PDB and docked with compounds using Auto Dock 4.2. Results: In-silico docking efficacy of Doxycycline and Ribavirin were justified by the results of in-vitro antiviral assay as monotherapy on Dengue and CHIKV. Interestingly the combinational efficacy of Doxycycline and Ribavirin was slightly superior to the monotherapy MIC value. Interestingly the combinational effect of Doxycycline and Ribavirin exhibited superior synergetic inhibitory activity than individual drug efficacy. The combinational antiviral efficacy as MIC against CHIKV strains were 62.5 and 125 μg/ml for Asian and ESCA strain respectively. The combinational MIC of Doxycycline and Ribavirin on Dengue subtypes 1, 3, and 4 were 7.8μg/ml, and Dengue 2 was 3.9μg/ml. All the statistical analyses were highly significant at P < 0.0001. Enthused by the results on Dengue and Chikungunya, the antiviral efficacy of these drugs to SARS-CoV-2 was studied by in-silico assay in comparison with Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine, Azithromycin, and Favipiravir by their relative docking efficiency. Conclusion: Doxycycline and Ribavirin are found to be potentially safe and efficacious for the treatment of Dengue/Chikungunya and the novel combination of them is slightly superior to its individual effect. Also, Doxycycline and Ribavirin are considered as the most potential drug for further evaluation in the treatment of COVID-19.
347 Griffithsin; A Potential Therapeutic Agent for SARS-CoV-2 , Saba Siddiqui and Armin Ahmed Griffithsin is a red algal protein with promising broad-spectrum antiviral action. It exists as a homodimer, and every monomer has three monosaccharide binding sites arranged as an equatorial triangle. It acts in the early part of the viral disease by hampering viral entry inside the cell. Envelop protein of many viruses shows rich glycosylation with mannose which binds with monosac charide binding sites of Griffithsin in a multivalent binding fashion, thus bringing changes that interfere with the host cell invasion. Previous in-vitro and in-vivo studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have shown excellent inhibitory action on these viruses with no or minimal toxicity. It has also been studied for its synergistic antiviral action with Carrageenan (another algal derivative) and EK1 (a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor). There is growing interest in Griffithsin as a prophylactic and therapeutic option for the current COVID 19 pandemic due to its potent action, topical application causing inhibition of viral entry, safety profile, chemical stability, easy large-scale production, and synergistic action with other antiviral agents.
348 Compost Soil Amendment: An Approach to Enhance Crop Productivity by Improving Soil Physiology , Ieshita Pan An excellent alternative for improving soil quality is composting, where intricate organic matter is converted into the simple stable end product through microbial decomposition. Although mainstream research has focused on environmental impacts, compost production and use, few reports point out key contributors and their mechanism to improve soil. In the past, the use of organic supplements to control soil biological remediation has been successful, but humus has been required as an external supplement to increase fertility. This study summarizes the role of key contributor in composting to improve crop productivity. In order to identify that, various soil quality indicators are examined. In all cases (1) The humic acid concentration is directly proportional to soil nutrient contents, NPK, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other parameters such as soil enzymes, CEC, water holding capacity, and microbial colonization. (2) The external addition of humus increases production costs. However, process modification either by microbes or the addition of mineral additives/fillers during composting is economical and can improve the humification process by preventing nitrogen loss. The humus-rich, inexpensive use of compost protects the quality of the environment because it breaks down solid waste. (3) To make a long profit from the compost, the product must be mature, stable, and free from pathogens. Recent development has not only limited itself to microbial degradation in order to obtain high quality compost, but has also produced commercial formulations. Almost all solid organic wastes are enriched with lignocellulose, and microbial inoculation allows about 30% improved deterioration compared to non-inoculated treatment to obtain humus-like substances. This review article discusses about the easiest way to enrich the soil with humus through microbial degradation of lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose in bio-organic waste to form compost, promote soil fertility and at the same time keep the environment clean and healthy. Not only soil fertility but also the development of high quality, nutritious food is urgently needed for new cultivation methods. Instruction to maintain the international economy and to protect the environment, soil amendment with compost is the necessity as it correlates with humus enrichment.
349 , The entire globe even with organized public health system is suffering from COVID-19 pandemic due to the Increasing rate of transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. In Africa, where the pandemic is expanding, there are major loopholes in financial resources, knowledge, health-care infrastructure, protective equipment, response capacity etc. Apart from this, Africa is torn by hunger, others disease outbreaks like Ebola, AIDS, TB which weaken this continent to fight against COVID-19. Here we summarized (a) the current scenario of COVID-19 outbreak in 11 African countries (b) the state of public health care infrastructure that might shape the devastating effect of pandemic crisis (c) the mode of heterogeneity in vaccine distribution policy in 11 African countries and the impact of vaccination to manage the pandemic (d) the improved strategies of the roll-model African country to deal with the rampant COVID-19. We highlighted that many high-income country like South Africa, Nigeria etc. were unable to deal with the outbreak due to lack of planning, useful policies, effective strategies, but in spite of being that a number of low-income African countries like Rwanda, Seychelles etc. have taken action swiftly by activating necessary policies, financial tools, effective strategies of vaccination to combat the disease. Variations in epidemiology, socio-economic factors in Africa shape the pandemic in a dynamic way and therefore, the findings of this review unpack broad lessons relating to Africa’s capacity, success story, and strategy to contain the pandemic that should be considered as a part of remarkable framework in COVID-19 management.
350 Whipple’s Disease-An Enigmatic Diagnostic Challenge Despite a Centenary of the Detection of the Etiologic Agent-A Short Communication , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur Gautam Allahbadia and Mandeep Singh Whipples disease (WD) represents a chronic infectious disease that was initially detailed by George Whipple in 1907. As per Whip-ple the intestinal lipodystrophy that was visualized was secondary to the aberrant lipid metabolism as well as not an infection. In 1952 it was thought to be due to bacterial causation along with antibiotic therapy attempt seemed to bring success. Nevertheless, it was only in 1992, that the bacteria got isolated with name of Tro- pheryma whipplei got assigned, whereas in 2001 again the name was altered to Tropheryma whipplei that was thought to be the correct spelling
351 A Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak, Heterogeneous Vaccine Dissemination and Effectiveness of Public Health Strategies in African Countries , Pramita Chowdhury, Arunima Bhattacharya, Sohini Bose and Arup Kumar Mitra The entire globe even with organized public health system is suffering from COVID-19 pandemic due to the Increasing rate of transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. In Africa, where the pandemic is expanding, there are major loopholes in financial resources, knowledge, health-care infrastructure, protective equipment, response capacity etc. Apart from this, Africa is torn by hunger, others disease outbreaks like Ebola, AIDS, TB which weaken this continent to fight against COVID-19. Here we summarized (a) the current scenario of COVID-19 outbreak in 11 African countries (b) the state of public health care infrastructure that might shape the devastating effect of pandemic crisis (c) the mode of heterogeneity in vaccine distribution policy in 11 African countries and the impact of vaccination to manage the pandemic (d) the improved strategies of the roll-model African country to deal with the rampant COVID-19. We highlighted that many high-income country like South Africa, Nigeria etc. were unable to deal with the outbreak due to lack of planning, useful policies, effective strategies, but in spite of being that a number of low-income African countries like Rwanda, Seychelles etc. have taken action swiftly by activating necessary policies, financial tools, effective strategies of vaccination to combat the disease. Variations in epidemiology, socio-economic factors in Africa shape the pandemic in a dynamic way and therefore, the findings of this review unpack broad lessons relating to Africa’s capacity, success story, and strategy to contain the pandemic that should be considered as a part of remarkable framework in COVID-19 management
352 CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy: Hopes and Challenges for Cancer Treatment , Vikas Vikram Singh himeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell is a novel class of im- munotherapy that involves genetically manipulating immune cells derived from the patient to better recognize tumor antigen. This cell-based gene therapy has become the standard of care in some hematological malignancies including pediatric acute lymphoblas- tic leukemia and for certain types of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Three kinds of CAR-T cell therapies, Kymriah, Yescarta were ap- proved for clinical application in 2017, and Tecartus was approved in 2020, while several others are still under the clinical trial phase. These approved therapies target CD19, a surface antigen, found on B cells. CAR-T cells have existed since the late 1980s but over the years the design has become more complex and more effec- tive as our knowledge of how the immune system functions have expanded
353 Toxoplasmosis Options Now and in the Future , Abdulaziz Radhi S Aljohni, Ahad Amer Alsaiari, Omar Abdulrhman Alfaroq, Azeza Abdulrhman Alfaroqie, Abdulrahman Alhomadi Alanezi, Majed Saad Alahmadi, Tariq Ibrahim Alhazmy, Ameenah Mualla Saad Alharbi and Bandar Mulfi Alluqmani Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which is transmitted from person to person. Even though felids are the most common hosts of T. gondii, encysted parasites can survive in the tissues of almost any host for an extended period, possibly even for the rest of their lives. Certain clinical cases are the consequence of fresh T. gondii exposures, whereas others are the result of parasites in tissue cysts becoming reactivated, as has happened in some cases recently. Among warm-blooded species, including humans, T. gondii infection is frequent. In immunocompetent, non-pregnant persons who are not pregnant, infection usually results in no sickness or just moderate clinical signs. In contrast, infections acquired during pregnancy can result in minor to severe congenital abnormalities in the fetus, and immunocompromised humans or animals can have severe, life-threatening diseases as a result of these infections. Serious and life-threatening infections in immunocompetent adults in French Guiana and Suriname have recently raised the prospect that some extremely virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii may occur in tropical woods, according to new findings
354 A Holistic Approach to Understanding Epigenetics, its Mechanisms and Effects in the Biological System , Sneha Ganguly Epigenetics is the study of inheritable changes in gene expression or the gene phenotype, which does not involve any change in the DNA sequence. The “epigenetics” word implies “in addition to changes in the gene sequence”. It means that these changes are hereditary if the germ cells are involved that it usually involves transmission from the parents to the daughter cells. Originally it was meant for changes across generations, but now it includes changes due to cell differentiation in one organism. Epigenetic mechanisms aid in regulating gene expression within the cell as well as silencing of certain sequences. In certain cases the effects of epigenetic changes can be reversed. These changes usually involve addition of chemical groups to the DNA sequence, such as methylation, acetylation (addition of acetyl group), ubiquitinylation (addition of ubiquitin protein, they tag protein for proteosomal degradation), phosphorylation (addition of phosphate group).
355 About Climate, Flooding and Underwater Technologies , Khalidullin OH Waters enclosed in reservoirs in front of hydroelectric power plants are also devoid of natural functions - they evaporate from the surface, bloom with algae, but most of it breaks on turbine blades. The destroyed and unused structure of water evaporates into the atmosphere without fulfilling its mission. These vapors are supplemented by all waters taken from nature for irrigation, technological and communal processes. There is more evaporation of such waters than evaporation from biota. The fumes emanating from other than biota can be called artificial. Their volumes, evaporation rate and quality become commensurate with natural fumes or fumes from plants and living organisms. Therefore, the climate is changing and natural disasters occur.
356 Isolation and Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus in Locally Fermented Milk - Cereal Mixture ‘Fura-da-nono’ Commonly Sold in Wamba LGA Area of Nasarawa State , Dashe Yakubu Gunya , Christopher Alfred Sambe , Logyang Lot Emmanuel , Agada Godwin Ojonugwa, Shekaro Audu and Barde Israel Joshua Fura is a locally fermented cereal based food commonly consumed in the Northern part of Nigeria, it is thick soft ball snack that is produced mainly from millet or sorghum mixed with spices such as ginger, pepper, black pepper and gloves to give it its desired taste. It is a semi-solid meal made from millet or sorghum and is used as staple food in most West African countries including Nigeria and Ghana. Fura is considered to be natural food since the raw material (millet) has been reported to have protein content up to 11% protein by weight and are rich in B vitamins such as niacin, B6 and folic acid, iron, potassium, zinc, magnesium and calcium content. They are also rich in some phytochemicals, including phytic acid which lower cholesterol and reduce the risk level of cancer in those who consume it. Moreover, cereals as functional foods provide dietary fibre, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants required for maitainance of human health. The aim of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus in locally fermented milk-cereal mixture ‘fura-da-nono’ and to carry out susceptibility test on the isolate of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from ‘fura-da-nono’. The study was conducted in Wamba Local Government Area of Nasarawa State using cross sectional study design . Two markets in Wamba Local Government area are selected based on convenience and availability of ‘fura-da-nono’. These include Sisinbaki market and Wamba main market. Random sampling method was applied for the selection of 100 samples (24 samples from the Sisinbaki market and 76 samples from Wamba main market). Each sample was collected in a sterile sample bottles and transported on ice to the Microbiology Laboratory Section of Diagnostic Laboratory Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Nigeria for culture and microbiological examination. Chi-square test was used in determining the statistically significant difference between the occurrences of Staphylococcus aureus in locally fermented milk-cereal mixture (fura-da-nono) in areas all the samples. P ≥ 0.05 is considered significant. The isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in locally fermented milk-cereal mixture (fura-da-nono) in the study area suggests that consumption of dairy products especially those that are produced using traditional methods constitute health hazard to consumers because the product can serve as medium for transmission of pathogenic microbes if is not prepared in hygienic way. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the S. aureus isolates revealed higher susceptibility to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and cifoxicin, while high levels of resistance to tetracycline were recorded. This could be of public health concern as tetracycline is one of the commonly used antibiotic in the study area to treat some infections. The findings from this study strongly suggests that selection pressure imposed by the use of antibiotics in human and in livestock production is a key driving force in the promotion of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus since this organism infect various hosts. This study revealed that Fura-da-nono sold in Wamba and Sisinbaki are unsafe for human consumption because they contain Staphylococcus aureus organisms.
357 Potential Salivary Coronavirus Infection Therapy with Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), a monocarboxy peptidase for cleaving several peptides within the renin-angiotensinsystem and other substrates that widely expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, with relatively low expression in the lungs [1] (Figure 1). Interestingly, higher RNA expression of ACE 2 in lung AT2 cells was found in Asian donors, compared to African and white American donors [2]. Soluble ACE 2 that lacks the membrane anchor circulates in small volumes in the blood [3]. ACE 2 and TMPRSS 2 protein expression are identified mainly in the cytoplasm and cytomembrane of the epithelial cells in the se - rous acinus cells in submandibular and parotid salivary glands and in vitro, exogenous ACE 2 and TMPRSS 2 can anchor and fuse to human oral mucosa and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can bind to ACE 2 receptors in the salivary glands
358 Evaluation of the Microbiology and Some Physicochemical Properties of Bonny River, Rivers State, Nigeria , Douglas Salome Ibietela and Longjohn Ibiene Rogers The continued contamination of rivers by humans is on the increase and such contaminations have resulted to limited supply of safe water for domestic and recreational purposes. The Microbiology and some physicochemical properties of Bonny River was evaluated. Sample locations were designated as: A: refuse disposal point; B: close to oil spill area; C: in close proximity to public toilet, D: away from human activities; E: industrial area, all along the river. The following parameters which include: total heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and microalgae of the surface water samples were evaluated using standard microbiological methods. The microorganisms were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the surface water samples were determined using standard methods for the examination of water. Results of the total heterotrophic bac- terial counts for A, B, C, D and E are: 1.13 ± 0.42 × 106, 5.6 ± 0.55 × 105 , 1.6 ± 0.50 × 106 , 6.6 ± 0.70 × 105 and 1.02 ± 0.25 × 106 cfu/ml, respectively. Results of the coliform counts for A, B, C, D and E are 1.48 ± 3.08 × 105 , 8.6 ± 0.73 × 104 , 8.3 ± 1.04 × 104 , 3.4 ± 2.63 × 104 and 8.4 ± 0.20 × 104 cfu/ml whereas the results for the fungal counts are: 8.3 ± 0.43 × 102 , 4.7 ± 0.48 × 102 , 1.3 ± 0.45 × 103 , 4.3 ± 0.45× 102 and 1.3 ± 0.57 × 103 cfu/ml, respectively. Total heterotrophic bacterial counts were higher in samples collected from location A followed by locations E while the least counts were recorded in location B. Thirty-six bacterial isolates belonging to: Pseudomonas sp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp, Alcaligenes sp, Serratia sp, Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp, Salmonella sp and Klebsiella sp were isolated from the different locations. The fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Microsporum sp, Cunninghamella sp and Candida sp were isolated. Also, the microalgae identified include: Closterium sp, Scenedesmus sp and Oscillatoria sp. The results showed that the mean range of Physicochemical properties were; pH 8.2 to 8.4, temperature: 26.5-28o C, electrical conductivity: 45600-122000μs/cm, turbidity: 0.71 to 1.45NTU, salinity: 3.06 to 8.18 mg/l, nitrate: 0.02 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.27 mg/l, phosphate: 0.41 ± 0.52 to 0.72 ± 0.05 mg/l, DO: 1.05 to 2.10 mg/l, BOD: 1.40 to 3.70 mg/l and THC: 8.0 ± 14.14 to 47.0 ± 14.14 mg/l. The results for the heavy metal analyses showed that only the cadmium concentration obtained in loca- tions A, C and E (0.00386 ± 0.00, 0.00249 ± 0.00 and 0.00196 ± 0.00 mg/l) were within the WHO limits (0.005 mg/l). High concentrations of lead, chromium and nickel which exceeded WHO permissible limits were recorded in all the samples. The results of this investigation revealed that the Bonny River is highly contaminated with feacal bacteria, Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC), and heavy metals, which may potentially cause bioaccumulation in organisms. These contaminants have made the water unfit for domestic and other recreational uses. There is need for regular monitoring of these parameters for early detection of any major pollution issues.
359 Prevalence of Measles Amongst Children (0 - 5 Years) Attending Imo State University Teaching Hospital (Imsuth), Orlu , Nwagwu SAJ, Obiajuru IOC, Ibebuike JI and Vincent CC The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of measles amongst children in Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu. The aim of the study is to provide data on the prevalence of measles among children (0-5years) in IMSUTH, to determine the most affected age group, to identify the most prevalent complication of measles and to find out the month with the highest incidence rate. It exposes the prevalence of measles in Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu, assesses the magnitude and severity of the disease and provides a template that will help relate to mothers where this condition is prevalent. A descriptive epi- demiological study on the prevalence of measles among children (0-5) attending IMSUTH 2014 to 2018. 14,712 children reported to the hospital with different ailments within this period, out of this population, 419 children had measles which was used as the sample size for the study. Computer check list, data complication form and calculator were used as instruments for this study. Data collected was analyzed using tables, figures, and graphs. Out of 14,712 cases, 419 (2.8%) presented with measles in the five years study. The prevalence of measles was highest between January –December 2014 and least between January-December 2018. The gender prevalence of measles showed measles occurring more in males (49.7%) than females (50.3%). It occurred in children between the ages of 1-2years (30.8%) and the peak month incidence was seen in January (18.4%), May (66%), February (11.2%) and December (11%). Some patients developed a form of complications of which bronchopneumonia was the highest (75%), while some who were immunized still presented with the disease (27.5%). In conclusion, measles complications can be reduced by immunization. Vitamin A also helps susceptible children prevent complications
360 Biosynthesized of Silver Nanoparticles from Myrtus communis Leaves and Investigates of their Antimicrobial Activities Against a Clinical Isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii , Dana Khdr Sabir, Karzan R Sidiq, Pyman M Mohamedsalih and Nabaz R Khwarahm Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are one of the major concerns of the healthcare system in the twenty-first century. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have a great potential to be used as new antimicrobials agents to overcome this global issue. In this study, Ag-NPs were biologically synthesized using the aqueous extract of myrtus (Myrtus communis) leaves as a reducing agent. The biosynthesized of Ag-NPs were firstly characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The absorbance maximum of Ag-NPs was found at 410 nm, and the particles have spherical and/or irregular shapes with an average size of 19 ± 3 nm. The antibacterial activity of the Ag-NPs was then tested against a clinical strain of Acinetobacter baumannii, isolated from a hospitalized burnt patient in the city of Sulaimani-Iraq. Interestingly, the synthesized Ag-NPs were able to inhibit the growth of isolate at the concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. The results of this study suggest a potential antimicrobial activity of biologically synthesized Ag-NPs against MDR bacteria
361 A Review on Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrates Extracted from Bacteria , Shukla Pooja, Meghani Sonali, Patel Charmi, Shah Dhrumi, Rathod Zalak R and Saraf Meenu S Carbohydrate analysis is significant for a variety of reasons. To determine the compositions of foods, beverages, and their constituents, qualitative and quantitative analysis is used. Ingredient labels with precise compositional information are ensured via qualitative examination. Quantitative analysis guarantees that added components on ingredient labels are listed in the correct order. Quantitative analysis also ensures that the amounts of specific consumer-interest components, such as -glucan, are correct and that caloric content can be calculated. To authenticate (i.e., detect adulteration of) food ingredients and products, both qualitative and quantitative analyses can be applied. Developing a carbohydrate analysis system that can be utilized across animal species could improve the utility of analytes and the amount of data we can collect on carbohydrate dietary effects. Sugars, fructans, insoluble fibre, and soluble fibre are some nutritionally important groups of carbohydrates that may be useful to evaluate based on quantities present in diets and apparent impacts on animal performance
362 Fusarium equiseti Isolated from Lysurus periphragmoides Fruiting Body , Rudy Hermawan and Indra Maulana Phyllosphere fungus is a fungus that attaches or moreover enters a tissue of the host. Mostly, the fruiting body that grows on the soil or other substrate openly can be colonized by the phyllosphere fungi. Lysurus periphragmoides was found on the soil. The fruiting body was opened on the head part and the holy structure on the stem part. Fungal isolation from the stem was conducted with surface sterilization before cultivating onto PDA medium. The filamentous fungus (isolate Lyz111) was appeared on isolation medium and identified as Fusarium equiseti using multigene analysis (ITS and LSU regions). This is the first report that Fusarium equiseti have been found as phyllosphere fungus on Lysurus periphragmoides fruiting body
363 Gross and Histopatholigical Lesions Associated with Escherichia coli Infection in Chickens Examined, At Ecwa Veterinary Clinic, Bukuru, Plateau State, Nigeria , Barde Israel Joshua, Lar Richard Nanchak, Agbi Christiana Ayo, Barde Dorcas Jummai, Logyang Lot Emmanuel, Isa Suleiman, Umaru Mada Alesa, Ugbe Aondona Dominic, Choji Tobayas Pwajok, Dashe Yakubu Gunya and Ishaku Leo Elisha Colibacillosis is a common bacterial disease of economic importance in poultry through decreasing the infected birds’ productivity, increase mortality, condemnation of infected carcasses at slaughter and prophylactic and treatment cost and is report worldwide. Information on gross lesion and histopathological associated with natural Colibacillosis in chicken in Nigeria is scanty, hence the need for this study. The outcome of the study may become useful information on the gross and histopathological lesions of importance to students and as well to poultry diagnosticians on the risk and possible threat posed by E. coli infection in chicken. The study was conducted at ECWA Veterinary Clinic Bukuru in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The sample comprise of mortalities brought to ECWA Veterinary Clinic for postmortem examination. The suspected cases of colibacillosis in the chicken were identified based on the clinical signs and gross lesions after following a though postmortem examination of birds and laboratory isolation of Escherichia coli. The gross and histopathology lesion associated with colibacillosis as observed from various chickens, showed as follows: thick fibrin layer attached to the liver, Fibrinious deposit on the air sac (air saculitis), necrotic foci on kidney, enlargement and congestion of spleen, thick fibrin layer attached to heart (pericarditis), thick fibrin layer attached to liver (perihepatitis), enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), broken egg in the abdominal cavity (egg yolk peritonitis and salpingitis). The histopathological lesions associated with colibacillosis revealed multifocal necrosis along with depletion of the lymphoid cells, glomerulonephritis, the intestinal villi showed a sloughing and necrotic villi, necrotic hepatocytes, and necrosis of the renal tubules. Evidence from the findings of the study shows that colibacillosis exist around Bukuru, Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State. In view of the above, Battery cage system is recommended to reduce feed and water contamination with faecal material and strict bio security is advocated.
364 Co-infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State , Uju Marie-Esther Dibua, Arinze Aru, Stephen Chiiioke Emencheta, Chukwuemeka Ezeh and Chibuzor Nwadibe Eze Background: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the world is increasing. Due to the increasing level of immunocompromised individuals resulting from diseases like HIV/AIDS, other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are beginning to thrive, causing tuberculous infections. However, information on the contribution of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to mycobacterial infections in Africa is scarce due to several factors. Thus, this study is on the co-infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria in Nsukka L.G.A. Materials and Methods: Two hundred cases (100 HIV-negative and 100 HIV-positive patients) (46.5% males and 53.5% females) were identified. The age ranged between 15 and 71 with a mean age of 37.5 years. HIV antibodies were screened using two test kits: the Determine (preliminary test) and the Uni-Gold (consistency test). CD4+ count was determined using cytometry. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were detected using sputum smear microscopy. AFB positive samples were subjected to nested PCR for species identification. T-test was employed to check for statistical significance between the mean prevalence in test and control groups and CD4 count of HIV single infection and co-infection with TB. Correlation analysis was used to check for the relationship between the demographic characteristics and the disease distribution. Results: A preponderance of HIV infection was observed among the 21-50 age group (72.5%) with an overall HIV prevalence of 19.4%. The highest AFB prevalence of 26.6% was observed among patients aged 21-30 years, with an overall prevalence of 24%. About 79.1% of TB infections occurred at CD4 count less than 400 cells/μl. Nested PCR showed 97(78.9%) M. tuberculosis, 14(11.4%) M. bovis, and 10(8.1%) NTM. The NTM identified was M. avium complex. The prevalence rate of TB/HIV co-infection was 24(24%), of which 14(53.8%) were M. tuberculosis, 5(20.8%) were M. bovis, and 3(12.5%) were NTM. The highest NTM prevalence of 66.7% was observed among patients aged 21-30 years in the HIV positive group while the highest prevalence of 42.8% was observed among 41-50 years in the HIV negative group. TB co-infection was significantly associated with CD4+ cell count (P < 0.05). Respectively, rural settlers (RR = 1.40, P = 0.002) and those with lower education (RR = 3.17, P = 0.01) were at higher risk of TB co-infection with HIV. Conclusion: The study underscores the role of nontuberculous AFB in pulmonary tuberculosis especially in HIV patients, and is suggestive of the implication of therapies without discrimination between TB and NTM. Molecular screening assays with rapid detection of NTM infections should be a priority for strengthening the public health response
365 COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters Inducing Neutralizing Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun The Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) is characterized by mutation of an unusually high number, with 26 to 32 changes (up to 36 mutations) in the spike (S) glycoprotein [1-3], the key epitopes (target) of neutralizing antibodies [2,3]. A recent study revealed that the Omicron variant is more likely to cause reinfection than previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, indicating some immune-escape levels [4]. Recently, neutralization potency of sera mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild-type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses was studied and demonstrated potent neutralization of Omicron variant and 4-6- fold lower than the wild type among mRNA vaccinated individuals, indicating enhanced cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses [2,4]. Polyclonal sera from persons vaccinated with two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and from convalescent persons showed a near-complete lack of neutralizing activity against Omicron variant, as well as different monoclonal-antibodies resistance in clinical application
366 Bacteriological Quality of African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Fruits Retailed in Amai Market , Eboh OJ, Aghanenu AS and Onuoha T The bacteriological quality of fresh commercial African pear (Dacryodes edulis) from Amai was investigated using standard microbiological methods. A total of 30 fresh African pear fruits was sourced from Amai central market and transported to the microbiology laboratory of Novena University Ogume for examination. Total bacteria loads ranged from 5.0 × 10² to 2.5 × 10⁵ cfu/ml. A total of 10 predominant bacterial isolates were identified to be Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The percentage distribution was 60% for Staphylococcus aureus and 40% for Escherichia coli. The findings from this study suggest that African bush pear at local markets of Amai harboured pathogenic bacteria which makes it important for the implementation of proper hygienic measures during pre-and post- harvest stages of production and at the time of transportation, storage, selling, and consumption to safe guard public health
367 Myasthenia Gravis and its Physiotherapeutic Management , Basant Kumar Sinha and Anshu Singh Myasthenia gravis is caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerve and muscles. In this disease neuro-transmission is impaired by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors in the post-synaptic membrane of the muscle. It is considered to be an organ specific autoimmune disease and also due to the thymic abnormalities. In this disease there is weakness of leg and arm muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids and difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing. As there is no specific treatment of myasthenia gravis, so physiotherapeutic management can reduce sign and symptoms. However, suppression of production of cyclohexamide receptor antibodies by administrating corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drugs like prednisolone and azoathioprine etc. help in improving myaesthenia gravis. As in some cases, thymoma are frequently associated with autoimmunity so thymectomy may cause reduction of myasthenia gravis as it decreases plasma cell producing antibodies. Because of the various treatment there is marked reduction in the myasthenia gravis.
368 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biofertilizers: Application in Agricultural Sustainability , Amirita Rochlani, Amrita Dalwani, NarinaBanoo Shaikh, Nidahurmain Shaikh, Sarita Sharma and Meenu Saraf S The demand for agricultural productivity has increased dramatically as a result of civilization and industrialization. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides increase agricultural yields, but they can degrade soil fertility and quality, posing environmental risks. As a result, the need for environmentally friendly biological agents, such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, has skyrocketed in order to improve soil fertility and agricultural operations while also protecting environmental health. The active activity of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere, which promotes the growth and development of host plants, has long been known. Plants growing compounds generated by these microbes have a direct or indirect effect on plant physiology, making them valuable agricultural goods in high demand. The plant’s resistance power has been increased against biotic and abiotic stress conditions thanks to the PGPR’s direct mechanisms (Nitrogen Fixation, Phosphate Solubilization, Phytohormone Production, and Exopoly saccharide Production) and indirect mechanisms (Siderophore Production, Antibiotic Production, HCN Production, Lytic Enzymes Production, Induced Systemic Resistance and Bioremediation). As a result, PGPR as a bio-fertilizer is a good alternative to chemical fertilizers because it is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. In this review study, we looked at the usage of PGPR as a bio-fertilizer for agriculture sustainability, as well as its direct and indirect effects on plant growth and development.
369 Abnormal Evaporation , Khalidullin OH The authors of the UNEP report call on the international community to take immediate action to restore the natural rhythm. To do this, it is necessary to restore the habitats of animals and pre- vent the reduction of the biological diversity of the planet. But the most important thing is to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
370 Role of Algae in Skin Benefits: An Alternative to Chemical Cosmetics , Akida G Chauhan, Nayan D Prajapati, Vatsal Joshi and Kalp P Oza Nowadays, in order to get fair skin, to get protection from the sun, to moisturize skin, to get glow on the face and prevent the wrinkling and aging cosmetics are used by the people. According to certain research reports, algal products used in cosmeceuticals have been known to be suitable alternatives with constructive effect even after prolonged usage. Many algal species have the anti- wrinkling, anti-aging, photo protection, whitening agents which are widely used in the cosmetics. This review basically focuses on the applications of the algal components extracted from macro marine algal species for its use in the cosmetics
371 How to Prevent World War Three , William John Montague For the first twenty two years of this century the horrors of war have been inflicted on any opponent of the world’s industrial military complexes. These nuclear armed warmongering nations and their vassals are only enabled by their fossil fuel wealth. Further- more it is obvious that their machinations can only be stopped by providing the rest of the world with an alternative source of energy. This means cutting off the fossil fuel revenues of these nuclear armed nations. Our world needs energy equality to survive.
372 What Do We Need to Know to Prevent and Control Nosocomial Infections Completely? - Part 2 , Huang WL Introduction: Nosocomial infections are a widespread problem around the world. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that nosocomial infections affect around 1.7 million patients per year, and cause 99.000 deaths. According to CDC, 32% of all health- care acquired infections are urinary tract infections, 22% are surgical site infections, 15% are pneumonia and 14% are bloodstream infections. Nowadays, only 1/3 of nosocomial infections can be prevented with the Infection Control Programs. The other 2/3 cannot be prevented with the programs used nowadays. In USA, 31 billion of dollars are spent in the treatment of nosocomial infections per year. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how this 2/3 of nosocomial infections could be controlled with the use ancient medicines reasoning, such as traditional Chinese medicine and Hippocrates theories. Another goal is to make evident the possible economy to healthcare when using these techniques and tools in the treatment of nosocomial infections. Methods: The methodology used was a review of studies, such as those presented by Hippocrates (“Natural forces within us are the true healers of disease”), as well as others from oriental medicines, which comprehend the disease as originated from three factors: external (exposure to Cold, Heat, Humidity, Wind and Dryness), internal (emotional) and dietary. Findings: When comprehending the patient in a broader view, considering the energy imbalances of Yin, Yang, Qi, Blood and Heat retention and also, the energy pattern in the chakras’ energy centers of our populations nowadays, it is possible to control and prevent better more nosocomial infections, reducing the costs for the healthcare’s. Conclusion: The 2/3 of not controlled nosocomial infections cannot be prevented because of the reasoning used Western medicine, considering only what we can see by the naked eyes as scientific and the part of the human being that is formed by energy, is not study nowadays but it is this part that is affecting the whole population in the globe, leading to increasing risks for nosocomial infection
373 Covid-19 Pandemic and its Variants (Delta and Omicron). Classification, Symptoms, Diagnosis and its Possible Health Impacts Especially on children , Ajaz Rasool, Jeelani Gousia and Baba Uqab Covid-19 is continuously sprouting its tentacles in the form of new variants. With genetic instability in virus genomics and structure, Variants of Concern have emerged thick and fast from the original virus. Omicron is the latest of the variants which has emerged out to be the new concern to the health, economics and world order. With 34 mutations in spike protein and 15 in its receptor binding domain alone, Omicron is really a variant of concern. High number of non-synonymous mutations in spike protein has been revealed in omicron variant that are involved in transmissibility, disease severity and immune escape. A total of more than 60 mutations have been reported in omicron variant making it variant with the most mutations sites of all SARS-Cov-2 variants characterized so far. COVID-19’s ability to induce long-term consequences was unknown at the start of the epidemic. However, it has been discovered that this is not the case, and people with “long haul COVID-19” might experience a variety of ocular problems.
374 Rhizobacteria that Promote Plant Growth and their Impact on Root System Architecture, Root Development, and Function , Narina Banoo Shaikh, Nidahurmain Shaikh, Amrita Rochlani, Amrita Dalwani, Sarita Sharma and Meenu Saraf S The world’s population has been rapidly increasing, as has the demand for basic essentials such as food. Today’s agricultural need is increasing in yield while chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which are responsible for environmental deterioration, are being used less frequently. Due to many stresses that plants are subjected to today, a large portion of their yield has been lost. Due to their multifunctional plant protection and growth-related effects, agricultural manipulations of potentially beneficial rhizosphere micro-organisms are quickly growing. Abiotic and biotic stresses are the two types of challenges that plants face. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) has exhibited both synergistic and antagonistic interactions with microorganisms in the surrounding environment to favorably improve plant growth. A highly specific communication system is used to regulate the direct and indirect effect. We attempted to cover all possible mechanisms of PGPR in this review article, as well as published studies for numerous ways that PGPR could be used to promote sustainable agriculture development through root system functioning and root architecture. PGPR impacts cell division, differentiation, root elongation, and development, resulting in increased root growth as well as improved shoot growth using number of ways, including the production of phytohormones such as cytokines, gibberellins, and auxins, as well as signaling that enhances overall plant development and health.
375 Behavior of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents. Cuba. 2016-2020 , Alba Cortes Alfaro , Dra Damarys Chacón O'farrill and Ramón Suarez Medina Introduction: Adolescence has traditionally been defined as the age of transit between childhood and adulthood (10 to 19 years of age). During this stage, the risk of sexually transmitted infections increases, affecting sexual and reproductive health. The problem of STIs is a global concern and Cuba does not escape this reality. Method: Retrospective descriptive study of the total number of cases of adolescents diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections in Cuba in the period from 2016 to 2020. The information was obtained from the statistical information system of the Ministry of Public Health. Results: the total number of cases diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, condyloma acuminate and genital herpes) were 13,756 adolescents during the years analyzed. The female sex was the most affected in the infections studied except in gonorrhea infection. A decrease in the incidence of cases was observed in the years studied Conclusions: Tendency to decrease infection by Syphilis, Condyloma Acuminate, Gonorrhea and Genital Herpes Simplex in adolescents in Cuba in the period 2016-2020. The female sex was the most affected for these infections studied.
376 Effect of Nutraceuticals as Therapeutic Moderators and its Impact in Economical Trade , MD Sadique Hussain , Ganesh N Sharma , Ruchi Sharma , Gurleen Kaur and Tanushka Kataria Introduction: Nutraceuticals are foods that offer nourishment or have therapeutic effects, such as the treatment and prevention of ailments. This review is an overview of the influence of the nutraceutical on the market, trade, medicinal system as well as lifestyle of almost every individual. Evidence Acquisition: Diet and nourishment are the foundation of living wellbeing and development. With advancements in clinical nutrition and increasingly growing awareness of nutritional principles of eatables, nutraceuticals have emerged as an important part of the healthcare system. Combined with the word nutrition and pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals constitute an evolving food category described as food or their products which gives nutrition and health benefits, also prevent many diseases. Beriberi, pellagra, rickets, and scurvy are some of the diseases caused by the deficiency of nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals are dietary supplements without harmful side effects; therefore, these have become a vital part of the nutritional as well as pharmaceutical class. Evidence Synthesis: This unique class of nutraceuticals includes vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, plant extracts phytochemical components, fibers, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, omega fatty acids, enzymes, essential lipids, and other essential oils as the key nutraceutical ingredients. These nutraceuticals have been researched to be armorous for the battle against some of the century’s biggest health issues such as obesity, chronic disorders, stroke, osteoporosis, asthma, diabetes, cholesterol, etc. Conclusion: The focus of this study is to enlist a few of such nutraceuticals of great importance along with their applications. This analysis essentially sheds a light on the current Indian nutraceutical industry as well.
377 Infection and Non-infection Cause of Diarrhea in Child Patients an Oncological Clinic , Mariia Gennadievna Shvydkaia , Alexander Mikhailovich Zatevalov, Sergei Dmitrievich Mitrokhin , Jamilya Temirlanovna Dzhandarova and Pavel Sergeevich Mayorov Diarrhea is one of the common symptoms in the treatment of cancer patients. Improving the preventive and therapeutic treatment of diarrhea can be made through a better understanding of risk factors for this disease in the pediatric oncology hospital. 503 stool samples of patients were examined by the bacteriological and ELISA methods (to determine the Clostridioides difficile toxin A/B) in feces followed by analysis of 187 case histories of these patients retrospectively. Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause diarrhea in children, particularly in patients of pediatric oncological hospital. There is a significant change in the composition of intestinal flora in patients with diarrhea; especially important is a decrease in Escherichia coli. The effect of nitroimidazoles (metronidazole) on the development of diarrhea in a pediatric oncological hospital was noted. Stool samples from all patients at the pediatric oncological center who have diarrhea, and especially those receiving chemotherapy and nitroimidazoles (metronidazole), should be regularly sent for testing to determine the exact cause of the diarrhea
378 Single Institution’s Postoperative Infections: A Prospective Descriptive Study on Incidence, Risk Factors, Management and Outcome , Lamis H Amer, Rami Waked , Ghassan Sleilaty , Gebrael Saliba , Elie Haddad , Marie Chedid , Nabil Chehata , Hadi Younes and Jacques Choucair Background: Evaluate the incidence, potential risk factors, management and outcome of postoperative infections. Methods: This is a prospective study between August 2017 and October 2018 taking place in a Middle Eastern tertiary care center. The sample was collected using infectious disease consultations, and cases specified by doctors and residents of surgery. The definition of the surgical site infection used was the one defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The following variables were collected: age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, tobacco smoking, immunosuppression, type of surgery, preoperative antibiotic therapy, the site of infection, the causative organism, the resistance profile of the infective organism, the treatment and the prognosis of the infection Results: Escherichia coli (36%) was the most frequent causative bacteria in postoperative infections, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10%). 65% of the Enterobacteriaceae secrete an extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), and 12.5% of the Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin resistant. The Altemeier score seems to affect the incidence of infections. The antibiotic prophylaxis was well targeted in 90.9%. A targeted postoperative antibacterial treatment was initiated in 86% versus 14% of inappropriate antibiotics. The duration of treatment was appropriate in 72.8% of cases. These postoperative infections had a favorable evolution in 58%, and a recurrence rate of 23%. No potential risk factor was found significant in this study. Conclusion: Strategies to prevent and decrease such complications must be implemented in every hospital. More studies are needed to determine the frequency and epidemiology of the postoperative infections. Better-targeted management is warranted
379 COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scientometric Assessment of Relevant Global Publications on Medicinal Plants as Potential Source of Phytomolecules Against an Infamous Foe , Ishaku Leo Elisha, Barde Israel Joshua, Akpojosevbe Edirin James, Tondo Bernard Kpensalen, Zainab Muhammad, Oyebade Kehinde Funmi, Akogwu Emmanuel Itodo, Makoshi Micah Shehu, Shok Blessing Zataat, Joy Gararawa Usman, Hong Joseph, Gotep Jurbe Gofwan, Sadiq Yahaya, Sunday Makama, Ngulukun Sati Samuel and Muhammad Maryam The global use of medicinal plants increased astronomically during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to claims that phytomedicines with immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory activities can prevent or cure COVID-19 infections. The present study employed sci-entometric techniques to analyse 830 publications retrieved from Scopus database using VOSviewer. The search for potent and safe medicinal plants against COVID-19 infections were divided into three main components namely review of literatures, in silico studies vis-á-vis molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and network pharmacology. Our studies revealed that in- ternational institutional collaborations increased during the period under review. Our findings also indicated close research and publication efforts amongst scientist in both developed and the developing countries. Some medicinal plants with appreciable publication visibilities screened for their therapeutic potentials against COVID-19 infections included Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera. Some phytocompounds with high occurrences included kaempferol, emodin, curcumin, artemisinin, catechin, ursolic acid, luteolin, myricetin and rutin. In silico investigations served as a vital component of medicinal plant research, which helped in the identification many natural compounds with the potential of targeting SARS-CoV-2. More in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended to validate the potential of these natural compounds in the mitigation of SARS-CoV-2. Specific preclinical and clinical trials are required to evaluate the effects of herbal immunoregulators need more attention. Medicinal plants remain an important source for finding and developing remedies against COVID-19.
380 Meta-topolin in Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants , Remya Mohanraj Tissue culture of valuable medicinal plants is paramount in conservation efforts and is also a prerequisite for genetic transformation. During micropropagation, cytokinins play a very critical role. Meta-topolin(mT), a natural aromatic cytokinin is gaining significance in plant tissue culture and has been reported to be beneficial not only in improving morphogenesis but also in overcoming tissue culture induced abnormalities. In addition, it could also aid in boosting secondary metabolite production. This article provides a comprehensive review of the utilization of meta-topolin in micropropagation of medicinal plants
381 The Effectiveness of The Disinfection Tools of Ultraviolet Radiation Method in Reducing Number of Airborne Microbial in Several Indoors in Hospitals and Offices in Jakarta , Conny Riana Tjampakasari, Dimas Seto Prasetyo and Yulia Rosa osocomial infection as an infection high morbidity and mortality rates in the world is an infection that is multifactorial in nature. Airborne microbial are the main exogenous source of this infection. Disinfection technology using ultraviolet is growing rapidly and getting a lot of progress along with the increasing need for the cleaning/sterilization process both in hospitals and offices. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of the disin fection device using the ultra violet radiation method in reducing the number of airborne microbial on indoors. The number of airborne microbial was counted in the room that was examined using an air sampler, carried our before and after disinfection using disinfection tools. The microbes that grew were counted using a colony counter and the dominant microbes were identified using an automatic Vitek 2® Compact with a specific card based on Gram stain. A total of 36 disinfection tools were examined in several indoors hospitals and offices in Jakarta. The decrease in the number of airborne microbial range from 26.04 - 96.30% with an average reduction of 58.57%. There were 7 species of microbes in the room before being disinfected, while 3 species of microbes were found in the room after being disinfected. The dominant microbes found in the room before and after disinfection were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus sp dan Aspergillus sp. To increase the disinfecting power of disinfection tools, it is necessary to pay attention to the dose of ultra violet by considering the area of the room, the light intensity used, the distance of the light source to the microbes, the length of time of exposure and the type of microbe itself.
382 In Silico Study of Myricetin and Quercetin as Immunomodulator Candidates for Prevent SARS-CoV-2 , Anna Yuliana, Saeful Amin, Ira Rahmiyani and Meita Dea Ristiani Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus infection at this time has attacked various countries and becomes a threat that needs to be watched out for, the search for preventive treatment continues to be carried out to significantly prevent it. Antibodies against spikes that neutralize viral infections have potential as a therapy. Purpose of this study was to identify myricetin and quercetin, which were thought to have acted as immunomodulators for prevent SARS-CoV-2 using in silico study Material and Methods: Samples of 3D structure compounds from PubChem with the 3D structure of Fab-Antibody protein were docked using AutoDockTools and SwissDock and then validated by performing Molecular Dynamic. The final conformational results were then visualized using the Biovia Discovery studio, analyzed the effectiveness of the docking program, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and dynamic programming using the Ramachandran plot. Result: Significant results were obtained where quercetin had good activity at the 7JMO receptor with AutoDockTools and SwissDock where the binding affinity was -7.36 and -8.14. as well as the test compound myricetin, had a significant result having the best activity at the 7KZA receptor with a binding affinity value of -7.36 on AutoDockTools and -8.22 on SwissDock. And validated with the results of Molecular Dynamic having stable binding to the 7KZA receptor on the two test compounds. Conclusion:Fromthedatapresented,itcanbeconcludedthatmyricetinandquercetinhavethepotentialactivityasimmunomodulators candidate for prevent SARS-CoV-2.
383 Expression and Characterization of in vitro Aggregates and Inclusion Bodies of α-synuclein in E. coli , Sudeepa Srichandan , Kripa N Nand , Amulya K Panda and Pratima Ray α-synuclein (SNCA gene) aggregation in neuronal cells causes Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in the SNCA gene locus and accumulation of metal ions are the major hallmarks in PD patients. Inclusion bodies of α-synuclein were expressed in E. coli by incorporating mutations in α-synuclein and supplementing metal ions in the culture media. The inclusion body aggregates were purified and analyzed for the presence of amyloid type structures using thioflavin binding. The structure and functional characteristics of inclusion body aggregates formed during protein expression in E. coli makes them a suitable model to understand the mechanism of amyloid formation. Soluble α-synuclein was aggregated to form amyloid type aggregates in vitro. Inclusion bodies of α-synuclein showed similar structure and similar kinetics of formation as that of in vitro aggregates of α-synuclein. Formation of α-synuclein as inclusion bodies in E. coli and its amyloidogenic characteristics can be used to understand the process of protein aggregation. This information will be useful in discovery of next generation inhibitors for Parkinson’s disease.
384 Human Monkeypox: An Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Viral Disease , Mahendra Pal , Rajkumar Singh , Kirubel Paulos Gutama , CV Savalia and Rajeshwari Thakur The monkeypox is an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis that causes sporadic human infections in Central and West Africa’s forested areas. Monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, is the etiological agent of disease. Monkeypox virus was discovered in the laboratory monkeys in 1958 at the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen, and the first human case of monkeypox virus was recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. African rodents serve as the reservoir of the monkeypox virus. The respiratory, percutaneous, and permucosal exposures to infected monkeys, zoo animals, prairie dogs, and humans are the most common exposure routes of infection for human beings. The incubation period of the disease is 6 to 13 days, although it can take anywhere from 5 to 21 days. Most patients have a typical prodromal illness with fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy for 2 days before the rash appears. The rashes mainly occur on the face, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Maximum cases are observed in the persons who had direct contact with animals. If the characteristic skin lesions are present, and there is a history of exposure, monkeypox can be predicted. Laboratory culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy are the tools available for confirming the diagnosis. The prognosis of the disease in immunocompromised patients is poor. While working with nonhuman primates or other animals, care should be taken to treat and cover breaks in the skin as a routine preventive strategy. During interaction with monkeypox-affected animals, infection control techniques, such as proper hygiene, frequent hand washing, disinfection of surfaces and equipment, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are critical.
385 Examining the Efficacy of Clomiphene Citrate as a Treatment for Male Infertility , Rohan Rai The infertility rates in adult males have been rising at an alarming rate in recent years. Studies have shown that sperm counts have declined more than 59% in the past 50 years among men throughout North America, Europe, and Australia. The recent emergence of COVID-19 has further increased male fertility concerns, with studies evidencing potential damage the virus could inflict upon the testes. While it is not clear yet whether these developments have any major implications on the future of the human race as a whole, couples around the world struggle to come to terms with the fact that a biological child is not an option for them. The majority of these cases are a result of functional hypogonadism, a condition where infertility is caused by a secondary factor such as hormone abnormalities, obesity, and chronic illnesses, rather than an impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Clomiphene citrate is a treatment for functional hypogonadism that has yet to be approved by the FDA for men, but has shown promising results in clinical trials and is used off-label. This project analyzes the recently emerging drug of as a gonadotropin-inducer in men by corroborating existing research to find causations and interviewing a user of the drug for his experiences. An educated claim (with limitations considered) is then made to identify whether the treatment is safe and effective and an ideal patient target and dosage is stated.
386 Evaluation and Validation of the AusDiagnostics MT-Prep XL and AusDiagnostics Ultraplex-3 [SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and RSV 8-well Assay] , Ngoc Yen Kim Tran, Thuy Phan , Genevieve McKew and Steven Siarakas A validation study was conducted on the AusDiagnostics MT-Prep XL and AusDiagnostics SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and RSV 8-well assay performed on the AusDiagnostics Ultraplex 3 system. The Cycle threshold (Ct) of clinical patient samples spiked with a positive control, was compared to the reference laboratory standard, AusDiagnostics MT-Prep and Highplex System. The analytical performance was evaluated to establish the limit of detection (LOD), precision and agreement. There is an average difference in Ct of -0.883 and 0.078 between the nucleic extractors and MT-PCR systems, respectively. There was strong correlation (R-value ranging from 0.78 – 0.91 for all gene targets) between the AusDiagnostics Ultraplex-3 and Highplex. Bland Altman analysis demonstrated the overall differences between the assays are within the limits of agreement (LoA). The AusDiagnostics MT-Prep XL has a processing time of 1.04 minute/sample and AusDiagnostics Ultraplex 3, 1.93 minute/sample, demonstrating a higher efficiency rate compared to the reference standard. RSV and SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples were compared to the AusDiagnostics Highplex system as a reference standard. The assay demonstrated 99.10% overall agreement, with a PPA 100% and NPA of 99%. Kappa statistics of 0.95 (p < 0.05) suggests excellent agreement level between the two platforms. Moreover, precision study was conducted to observe the intra-run and inter-run assay variability. The calculated average Ct observed in all targets is 1.063% and 1.682%, respectively. The CV% is <2% suggesting high precision, low variability, and dispersion in data points. The commercialized AusDiagnostics MT-Prep XL and Ultraplex 3 is a viable platform, fit for purpose in detecting the SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B and RSV respiratory viruses. It’s high efficiency rate and 96-sample capacity enhances laboratory throughput and enables faster time to result in comparison to the current reference standard
387 Role of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Diagnosis and Personalised Treatment of Drug Resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DR TB) , Ashok Rattan, Erum Khan and Debadatta Panigrahi Though progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of Tuberculosis, the slow progress has been compromised by the emergence of drug resistance in M tuberculosis. This drug resistance has been found to occur as point mutation in the target gene of the anti-tubercular drug At present over 15 drugs have been found to be clinically useful for treatment of DR-TB. Thirty-two genes are the target for these drugs and need to be examined for the presence of mutation (resistance). Various laboratory tests have been used for this purpose, but the emergence of Next Generation Sequencing appears to offer an opportunity to take sample from freshly growing M tuberculosis and to simultaneously determine the presence of mutations in any of the 32 genes. With a turnaround time of seven working days, NGS offers the best option to select the most appropriate four drugs which are active against the DR TB that the patient harbours.
388 Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes and Impact of Pre-diabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes on Severity and Mortality for SARS-CoV-2 Infection , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Hyperglycemia and diabetesare riskfactorsforcriticalCOVID-19 clinical outcomes [1]. Disproportionately, COVID-19 pandemic has affected increased-risk-of-severe-COVID-19 individuals [2]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased in number of type 1 diabetes diagnosed [3,4] and increased frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the time of diagnosis of diabetes [5] have been demonstrated in European pediatric populations. Independent of diabetic status, pre-diabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes revealed increased risk of severe COVID-19, whereas intrahospital or de novo hyperglycemia predicted critical COVID-19 clinical outcomes
389 A Study of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Spices , Kopila Shrestha The prominent threat that the medical world, today, is facing are Antibiotic toxicity and Multi-drug resistivity. In my present study of antimicrobial activity of spices, they (spices) have been investigated as an alternative to antibiotics in order to summon these dares. To determine the antimicrobial activity of some selected important naturally grown spices against gram positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, the study was done. The extracts of the spices were obtained by using absolute ethanol to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method. Of the different spices tested Clove and Cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobial activities. Extract of Clove showed broad spectrum of inhibition against all tested bacteria while extract of Cinnamon inhibited 80%. The MBC value ranged from 0.025 to 0.2 mg/ml. The lowest MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) value was given by extract of Clove against S. aureus and Bacillus sps and by Cinnamon against Bacillus sps. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria. The research conducted suggests that these spice extracts have instrumental antibacterial roles that can be employed to control and forbid bacterial growth.
390 Bacterial Contamination of Cell Phone , Anish Singh Basnet, Dinesh Pahari, Binita Lamichhane, Binaya Maharjan and Shashi Bhushan Chaturwedi Cell phones are being extremely useful in our day to day life but they may also pose a serious risk to our health. The constant handling of cell phones by different users exposes it to an array of micro-organisms and makes it a good carrier for microbes, especially those associated with skin. These mobile phones are ideal breeding sites for microbes because of the temperature and moisture. These organisms if pathogenic can be detrimental to the health of the patients especially to those in critical care units The study was conducted within the premises of DAV College, Jawalakhel, Nepal where cell phones were randomly sampled from teachers, students and staffs. The entire phone surface was swabbed aseptically with the help of a sterile cotton swab. Colonies that grew on the agar plate after incubation were then subjected to Gram Staining and then for further identification biochemical tests were conducted
391 Climate and Livestock , Khalidullin OH Theoretical aspects. Soil is a natural living ecosystem with the greatest variety of species of living organisms. In a small handful of earth, there are as many living beings as there are people on the globe
392 Plastic: An Immortal Incurable Commodity , Vijay Rayasam and Tarika Kumar The advent of plastic has revolutionized human life in every aspect to the extent that today it can be found in every sector, every livelihood, educational institutes, medical equipment and also the International Space Stations (ISS). Such a demand has led to a global catastrophe, where around 12 million tonnes of plastic enter oceans annually. These plastics that erode away with time end as micro-plastics which are consumed by marine life, and ultimately end up in global food chain. Today its presence is observed from Arctic to Swiss mountains, from tap water to human feces. The scope and scale of damage happened due to the use of single-use plastic has become evident lately, which compelled the President of the UN General Assembly to include plastic pollution as a priority during the 73 rd session in 2018.
393 Recent Advances in Addressing Thyroid Disorders: Allopathy Versus Traditional Medicine , Dhvani H Kuntawala There have been many developments in healing thyroid disorders, it can be through Allopathy (modern medicine) or Traditional medicine (Herbal, Chinese, Spiritual therapy, Ayurveda, by plant or even combined) to diagnose, treat or prevent this illness. However, there are two kinds of thyroid disorders, which include Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism. This review mentions how both ways are used to treat these disorders as they have disadvantages and advantages according to the way they can be used; and highlight future directions for research
394 Bacteriological Quality of Bottled Water and Water from Dispensers Distributed in the School of Bioanalysis and Department of Mental Health of the University of Carabobo , Noja Izzeddin , Pérez Jorvin , Pineda Yanze and Luis Medina The purpose of the study to determine the bacteriological quality of the bottled water consumed by students and workers of Bioanalysis and Department of Mental Health, and the water placed in the dispensers, is to compare the bacterial quality before and after the water is placed in the dispenser. To this end, mesophilic aerobes were determined by the plate pouring technique, total coliforms, heat-resistant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the membrane filtration. We randomly selected 11 sealed bottles and 11 samples from the dispensers. The mesophiles aerobic load in all the samples of drinking water showed a higher growth than that established by the Official Gazette (GO) of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela No. 36,395; for total and heat-resistant coliforms 27% and 36% respectively of the samples do not meet the criteria established in the Venezuelan standard COVENIN Nº 1431-82 and in the GO Nº 36,395; It also occurs with the results obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where it is observed that 91% of the samples do not meet these requirements. In none of the analyzed samples was the presence of Escherichia coli observed. The water samples from the dispenser showed a significant increase in microorganisms compared to water in the sealed bottles, which allows us to conclude that the dispensers represent a source of contamination for bottled water.
395 Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Bacterial Consortia in Soybean Production , Arup Kumar Mitra , Meenakshi Mukhopadhyay, Sampurna Mondal , Pallab Ghosh , Sohini Chattopadhyay , Ritushree Ganguly , Pritam Kanjilal, Sharanya Kundu , Bedaprana Roy , Debapriya Maitra and Sucharita Roy Soybean (Glycine max) is known as one of the most important legume plants, making a huge commercial contribution to vegetable oil production, meat production, even human nutrition. For marginalized farmers whose livelihood is dependent on soy, organic farming can be a great solution to improve its production. The use of organic farming essentially replaces the use of chemical fertilizers/pesticides and promotes the growth of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) which are eco-friendly and beneficial for plants in many ways. Different strains of bacteria M3, M7, M1 of Bacillus sp. can act as potential PGPRs. As part of the experiment, soil was collected and characterized by biochemical analysis in order to get an idea of how to improve soil quality. The CFU count of the soil was determined through serial dilutions and standard plate count technique followed by proper incubation. Two types of soil were considered: Garden soil (only) as normal control and garden soil plus vermicompost as the positive control. The treatments/inoculum included solid media, LB Broth, and water suspension which were applied separately. The pots were then prepared accordingly as positive and normal control setups and three different treatments had been applied. The growth was closely monitored for several weeks. The changes in the morphological and reproductive parameters for different treatments were quantified by Causal Impact Analysis for vegetative characteristics. For Reproductive Characteristics, ANOVA and LSD are performed. The results of this study indicated that LB treatments in normal, as well as, in the positive control, showed an overall better growth than the rest. Based on the above-mentioned tests, it is evident that the overall performance was best in the consortia when applied to LB broth. Additionally, the correlation coefficient shows that the vegetative and reproductive characteristics are highly correlated
396 Biological Nanotechnology. Current Research Lines for both Medical and Engineering Solutions , Laura Bermudez Garrido and Begoña de Frutos Martínez Biological nanotechnology is a new field of study in expansion. Nanoenzymes for viral diagnosis, engineered cell membranes or nanographene for cancer therapy is some of the possibilities of this science from the future. The application of nanotechnology could improve diagnosis, treatments of symptoms, cure diseases and create new materials. In this review, we will explore some current research of nanobiology and thusly provide a closer understanding of the direction of future research lines
397 Current Detection of Viral Genomes and their Variants , Raggi LA and Navarro C Detection and determination of some viruses and the knowledge of their genome is inextricably linked to a reaction carried out by a thermostable enzyme: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) that was visualized during the 1980s in the United States and its invention has been so important that some separated in time in reference to advances in Medicine/Biology as before and after the PCR. The foregoing, without a doubt, constitutes an immeasurable advance in Human and Animal Medicine. It would be enough to turn on some audiovisual news media or read a written medium to find out how the real epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 called COVID19 has developed and the detection of the viral agent or how we have found out about the current omicron variant.
398 Bottom-up Approach for the Preparation of Capped Silver Nanoparticles and their Antibacterial Activity , Irshad Begum , Zahid Hussain Soomro and Afsheen Arif Aims and Objective: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the tiny particles of silver from 1 to 100 nm in size. The current study describe the preparation of capped AgNPs based on trisodium citrate (TSC) bottom up approach. AgNPs are majorly applied in medicine for diagnostic applications to therapeutic, apart from its antimicrobial activity Research Methods: Turkevich method has been used to prepare silver precursor i.e. silver salt (AgNO 3). The ions of silver are reduced by reducing agent for their non-valent metal atom for this research, Trisodium Citrate (Na3 C6 H5 O 7 ) was used as the reducing agent in this study. However, capping agent used was Adipic acid (AA). Characteristic of the AgNPs/AA were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FT-IR for the analysis of functional groups. Results and Conclusion: The AgNPs are colloidal, stable, uniform and polydisperse in nature. Their size is less 30 nm. These silver nanoparticles were checked against six antibiotics (Erythromycin, Gemifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Azithromycin, Ofloxacin) for Gram-positive (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria, (pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, klebsiella pneumoniae) ATCC 8885, ATCC 2881, ATCC 8868, ATCC 9353 by disc susceptibility test. The best resistance was shown against Azithromycin for K. pneumoniae. Significant Impact: Bacterial resistance is increasing with the adaptation of microbes regularly. Current medical strategies are unable to address related to antibacterial and anti-inflammation diseases. These nano-particles may play some role in this quest
399 Can Routine Laboratory Biomarkers Predict Bloodstream Infections by Gram-negative Bacteria? , Daniela Dambroso-Altafini , Thatiany C Menegucci , Bruno Buranello Costa , Danielle Shinohara , Sheila AB Nishiyama , Josmar Mazucheli and Maria Cristina Bronharo Tognim Bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria (BSI-GN) pose clinical challenges due to their severity and difficulty of treatment. Thus, the present study demonstrated the ability of routine laboratorial biomarkers (RLB) values to detect BSI-GN before the final blood culture (BC) report, including RLB values obtained at the time of BC collection (0h) and also 48 and 24 hours before BC collection from patients who had BSI-GN. We retrospectively analyzed data of 6787 patients who collected BC, admitted in a teaching hospital, in Maringa, Brazil. Correlation between RLB and positive BC was assessed using Student’s t test or chi-square test. Values of p ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 320 patients (181 BSI-GN and 139 BSI-GP) over 18 years old was included in the study. We evaluated 49 RLB of which 14 showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) at T0h. The intra abdominal initial infections focus showed OR 2.6 (1.37-4.97); p = 0.003, patients with the urinary tract as the initial infectious focus had an OR 2.0 (1.04-4.4); p = 0.04. We concluded that RLB data, analyzed mainly together with the initial infectious focus data, could predict BSI-GN. These analyses could direct in empirical treatment while the BC result is not available
400 Development of Scenario-based Online Training Flatform For Laboratory Quality Management System , Diep The Tai , Do Thi Huong and Nguyen Thuy Ha Aim: This study aimed to describe the way to develop and perform a scenario-based online training method and assess its effective ness to medical staff in laboratories in Vietnam. Background: A laboratory quality management system (LQMS) is a tool that ensures the service quality of laboratories, and it, there fore, contributes to patient safety. The training is a key factor to improve the perceptions and behavior of laboratory staff to maintain and ameliorate the LQMS. Design: This study blended self-learning through scenario-based training methods and solving a problem-based meeting online Methods: Based on the format of the “3C” (Challenge, Choice, Consequence) model, the question of each 12 Quality System Essential (QSEs) was created on Microsoft forms as an exchanged format between participants and lecturers that sent to participants everyweek. After two weeks, the meeting online was held to discuss the concept of QSEs from previous lessons and any related problems in more detail through Microsoft teams.Consequently, participants scored each QSE lesson according to how interesting it was/they found it using a Likert scale. They also assessed their perception of their progress in understanding how to use LQMS. In addition, selecting the continual improvement of participants was considered a plus indicator of the success of the methods Results: The 490 participants scored 4.0/5.0 for the whole course. At the first stage - before entering the course, the perception of participants was 45.95% of level 1, 38.2% of level 2, 14.2% of level 3, 1.35% of level 4, and 0% of level 5. Then, these ratios changed spectacularly to 0% of level 1; 12.4% of level 2; 46.8% of level 3; 40.15% of level 4 and 0.7% of level 5. The priority of continual improvement focused on process control (25.88%), documents and records (23.68%), facility and safety (12.72%). The total time for completing the mandatory component varied from 29 mins to 73 mins. This methodenhanced the confidence and knowledge of staff about the QSEs and understandably chose the priority nonconformities to solve after joining the course. Conclusion: Most of these participants reshaped their knowledge and showed a positive response to the course. This online training fits both to outbreak situation, limitation of sources for the education, and is available for directly applying the lesson in their routine work.
401 Cotrimoxazole Resistance Profile of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Urine Samples in Children Born to HIV Positive Mothers Compared to HIV Non-exposed Children , Blandine Nkenfou Kampa , Michel Kengne , Ervé-Martial Kuemkon , Carine Nguefeu Nkenfou-Tchinda , Hortense Gonsu Kamga , Bienvenu Bongue and Céline Nguefeu Nkenfou Background: WHO has recommended a systematical administration of cotrimoxazole to children born to HIV-positive mothers to limit or reduce the occurrence of opportunistic infections. This systematic use of cotrimoxazole is associated with the evident risk of increased antibiotic resistance. We aimed to determine the prevalence of cotrimoxazole resistance and the resistance profile of strains isolated from urine samples of children born to HIV-positive mothers compared to HIV non-exposed, cotrimoxazole naïve children. Methods: Children presenting with urinary tract infection were enrolled and grouped as cotrimoxazole treated or naïve. Bacteria isolates from urine samples of these children and were identified using standard microbiology techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion technique. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 Results: A total of 137 children under 15 years of age were enrolled. Of these, 98 were not HIV-exposed and cotrimoxazole naïve (group 1) and the remaining 39 HIV-infected were on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (group 2). The prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) was 31.5%; 29.5% in group 1 compared to 70.5% in group 2. Cotrimoxazole resistance was recorded in 77% of bacterial strains isolated from group 1 and 84% in group 2 with no statistical difference. In both groups, the most common bacteria isolated were Escherichia. coli (E; coli) and Klebsiella. Pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). These strains were resistant to more than 70% of the antibiotics tested, nevertheless they showed a good sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, imipenem and ceftriazone. Conclusion: This study shows that despite the use of cotrimoxazole as prophylactic, UTI still occurred in HIV infected children, with a global prevalence of almost four-fifth resistance to cotrimoxazole and almost three-quater multi-resistance to other antibiotics. This implies a requirement of antibiogram in case of UTI before prescription.
402 Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae) Fruit's: Qualitative, Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities , Hawa Alsadi , Mustafa Alsadi , Fatimh Mustafa Meelad and Salma Moftah Alamen Fig fruit, Ficus carica Linn (F. carica) has natural active chemical constituents that own medicinal properties which enclose a vast scope of biological effects. The extracts of fresh matured of F. carica were used to screen for some active chemical constituents (qualitatively and quantitatively). The screening estimates the phytochemicals among the qualitative tests done for the presence of secondary metabolites; where the results contained in the crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of F. carica fruits which are Triterpenoids, Steroids, Tannins, Protein, Glycosides, Reducing Sugars, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Sugars, Fats, Fixed Oils, Saponins and vitamin C, where it was found that all the detected components were between medium and rich in presence in both extracts. While the result of weight loss of the fresh F. carica at room temperature was 41g with a percentage yields of 73%. And the results of ash content of fresh fruits were the weight of residual ash after burning 7.637g and the percentage of ash content 76.37%. And the results of the extraction yield percentage of the aqueous extract revealed 87% with a Creamish to Dark Brown and the ethanolic extract was 93% with Greenish Oily in colour. The results of the detected quantitative secondary metabolites of the phytochemicals were revealed that 58, 73, 65, and 53% for Saponins, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Flavonoids, respectively. The greater percentage amount in fruits was obtained 73% for alkaloids and the lowest 53% was for Flavonoids. In addition, the results of the bioactivity of the aqueous extract against pathogenic bacteria were as follows 12, 13, 15 and 12 mm against each of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus, consequently. Whereas the ethanolic extract was as follows 18, 16, 20 and 17 mm against each of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus, consequently
403 Role and Impact of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A New Paradigm in Antibiotic Era During COVID- 19 Pandemic , Amresh Kumar Singh, Nandini Singh , Sushil Kumar and Ankur Kumar MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a prevalent cause of infection in hospitals and at community level. It causes bacteraemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections and bone and joint infections. Although its prevalence has started declining before the pandemic of COVID-19, but extensive use of antibiotics and long-term hospitalization during infection have increases the risk of secondary bacterial infection including MRSA. As a result, occurrences of co-infection and super-infection are on the rise. MRSA is responsible for collateral damage among patients with COVID-19 infection. In this review, recently published comprehensive studies have assessed the MRSA co-infection among hospitalised COVID-19 patients through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the WHO COVID-19 databases. According to recent studies, it was found that MRSA co-infections are on the rise among COVID-19 patients which has increased the mortality rate. Improved diagnostic capabilities of laboratories and reducing the necessity of antibiotic that can be helpful in reducing the MRSA co-infection in these patients. Sanitation and preventive measures and strict infection control policies can reduce the burden of MRSA infection
404 Covid-19 Overview , Sonawane GA, Vikas B Gawali, VV Pande and Kardile GN In early January 2019, an until that time undiscovered coronavirus, nowadays recognized as the corona virus 2019, arose from Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide, causing an enormous outbreak in many Chinese cities, including Thailand, Philippines. Repub lic of Korea, Japan, Viet Nam, United States, and our region. The disease is formally named as Coronavirus Disease-2019. The Taiwan CDC and Ministry of Health named it Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens on January 15, 2019, and it is a fifth-group notifiable contagious disease. COVID-19 is also known as a zoonotic infection with a low to reasonable mortality risk (projected at 2-5%). It travels to Person-to-person can occur by droplet or contact transmission, hitting first-line worker’s healthcare at hazard if infection controlling is laid-back or if satisfactory special shielding kit is (PPE) unavailable. There is currently no definitive cure for COVID-19, but numerous therapies are being studied. Physicians must be mindful of the mobile or touch history of patients with well-matched signs to quickly distinguish patients and escape further dissemination
405 Reviews on Parameters to be Considered for Use of ZnO nanoparticles in Scientific Applications , Dharmesh H Sur and Jaysukh Markna The paper reviews the potential use of nanotechnology in treating wastewater using ZnO particles. The antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism while interaction of ZnO particles with wastewater is discussed. The mechanism of process helps in understanding this new avenues of ZnO nanoparticles for the applications in industrial effluent treatment. The parameter like surface characteristics are highlighted in the presented mini review with the other parameters affecting the reaction strength of ZnO nano particles. Basic understanding of ZnO particles and mechanisms are focused to exhibit its potential use
406 Consumer Attitude on Vendors Practices and Safety Aspects of Street Foods in Selected Study Area of Kanchipuram (Dt) , A Nirmala, M Logeshwari and S Santhanabharathi Background: Street foods play an important role in people’s daily food options and their regular nutritional requirements which dependents on these foods, as their ever-growing busy schedule take away the chance to eat homemade food. Over the years, many food-borne diseases were reported due to contaminated non-homemade food consumption. Objective: This study was conducted to analyse the microbiological quality of foods which are sold on street side and to compare the microbial load with petty shops and restaurants Materials and Methods: Most commonly consumed food items (Samosa, Panipuri) from street stall, petty shops and Restaurants were collected according to the survey taken and these samples were tested for microbial quality. Results: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus like pathogenic organisms were found in these food items. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to Kanamycin, Penicillin and Streptomycin. Conclusion: The microbial load found in restaurant foods was lower than street and petty shops food
407 In Vitro Regeneration of Soybean Genotypes and Induction of Drought Stress In Vitro Condition and Influence on Secondary Metabolites in Soybean Callus Culture , Shashank A Tidke, S Kiran, G Kosturkova and GA Ravishankar Soybean (Glycine max L Leguminosae) is an important grain legume that is not only a valuable oil seed crop but also used as feed for livestock and aquaculture. Soybean genotypes viz., CO-1 and JS 335 were used for the study of drought-induced variations in growth. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of two concentrations of PEG on callus induction of soybean genotypes. Seeds of soybean were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with two different concentrations of PEG (2% and 4%) cultures were incubated at 26 ± 2°C under 16h photo periods. The effect of different concentration of PEG on callus induction was investigated. In vitro callus cultures of both genotypes (CO-1and JS 335) showed a reduction in callus growth during PEG treatment as compared with the control. The presence of PEG in the medium elevated dry matter content in all treatments compared with the control. Similarly flavonoid levels and phenolic contents were higher in the PEG treatments in comparison to control. Our results can be used for in vitro screening and manipulations of soybean cultivars for improvement of drought tolerance
408 Effects of Platinum-based Chemotherapeutic Agents on ML-1 Thyroid Cancer Cells , Daniel S Kim, Min Zhang, Nhi Le, Seth Harris and Kyoungtae Kim Recent literature demonstrates that platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs in physiological solvents display higher efficacy in destabilizing cancer cells. As human cancer cells come in over 200 different varieties, it would be beneficial to test the efficacy of these drugs using a wider spectrum of cells. Utilizing the well-tested HeLa cervical cancer cells as a control for the effects of these drugs, we assessed the impact of platinum-based cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin on ML-1 thyroid cancer cells. Through the XTT Viability assay, we found that ML-1 cells are more resistant to cisplatin and oxaliplatin with an IC50 value at least four times higher than those for the same drugs in HeLa cells. It has been consistently shown that the oxidative stress caused by these chemicals was more pronounced in HeLa cells than in ML-1 cells, but the only measurable results were found 24 hours after treatment. We also show that a high percentage of HeLa cells displayed apoptosis with even 20 μM of these chemicals, which is directly comparable in effect to the 100 μM of chemicals in ML-1 cells. Upon comparing the expression levels of pro-apoptotic enzymes in HeLa and ML-1 cells, we observed that when treated with 40 μM of these chemicals, the levels of pro-apoptotic enzymes were statistically higher for HeLa cells than for ML-1 cells. Our research will provide new insight into the different capacities of each cell line and the treatment regimen for cancer patients in the future
409 Etiology, Clinical Spectrum, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Public Health Significance and Control of Leishmaniasis: A Comprehensive Review , Mahendra Pal , Iyasu Ejeta , Adugna Girma , Kushagra Dave and Pratibha Dave Leishmaniasis is the most neglected an intracellular protozoan disease caused by genus Leishmania and it has a geographic distribution in 98 countries in the world. Currently, over 350 million people are at risk of the infection; and about 60,000 deaths are estimated to occur from both cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis each year in the world. Infected female sandfly genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are responsible for transmission of leishmaniasis in the old and new worlds, respectively. The disease is occurring in a complicated variation in domestic and wild mammal reservoir hosts and sand fly as biological vector. The clinical manifestation of disease occurs in three main forms viz: cutaneous leishmaniasis, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis. Laboratory techniques that include parasitological examination, immunological technique and molecular tools are imperative to establish an unequivocal diagnosis of leishmaniasis. A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been tried, however, treatment still remains challenging. Also the complex genetic and the population diversity of both the parasites and vectors make the control of this disease very difficult. Recently, leishmaniasis has been emerged or re-emerged in many geographical areas of the world. Thus globally coordinated more studies and assessment of the disease toward complexity chains in domestic and wild mammal reservoir hosts and the vector where leishmaniasis is endemic is recommended
410 Scientific Tools and Techniques for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bacterial Proteins , Shah Dhrumi, Shukla Pooja, Meghani Sonali, Patel Charmi, Rathod Zalak R and Saraf Meenu S Protein content can be measured using a variety of ways. The determination of nitrogen, peptide bonds, aromatic amino acids, dye binding capacity, ultraviolet absorptivity of proteins and light scattering properties among the core concepts of those approaches. Protein analysis and their application are essential for understanding the molecular logic of living cells, as they are one of the most impressive families of macromolecules. Some of the parameters like sensitivity, accuracy, precision, speed and cost of analysis all be taken into account when choosing a suitable method. Proteins are made up of amino acids but they are surrounded by multiple additional configurations creating an overcrowded environment that causes them to operate differently
411 COVID-19 Severity with Omicron Variant Infection , Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun A recent study in South Africa demonstrated that IgG serop- revalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ranged from 56.2% (95% confidential interval (CI), 52.6 to 59.7) among children with age younger than 12 years to 79.7% (95% CI, 77.6 to 81.5) among adults with age older than 50 years [1]. Female patients were higher IgG-seroprevalence levels than male cases [1]. The Omicron variant was predominant during the latest COVID-19-pandemic fourth wave in this country with one month from the onset to the peak of this latest wave, compared to the previous third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the incidences of hospital ad- mission, excess death attributable to COVID-19 in this latest fourth wave were consistently lower than the earlier waves’ incidences [1]. In Omicron variant that mainly affecting spike protein, cell- mediated immunity is likely to be more durable than neutralizing- antibody-mediated immunity in the small mutation context [2], whereas natural infection induces cell-mediated immunity targeting membrane protein, nucleocapsid protein, and spike protein [3] and long-lived cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells with a half-life of 125 to 255 days
412 Profile of Catheter Vs Non-Catheter Urinary Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Centre , Aadil Rafeeq Rather , Ajaz Nabi Koul and Ruchi Sharma Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common hospital community-acquired infections (HCAI), with up to 70-80% attributable to the presence of indwelling urinary catheters.
413 Cause, Effect and Efforts to Resolve Environmental Issues , Archana Rana Increasing population and run for the development (which may not be sustainable), Development of tourism industry, Industrial pollution and Deforestation which lead to the effects like Global climate change, Greenhouse gases, Acid rain, Ozone depletion, Smog, New diseases and various health issues. Mankind in current scenario as super evolved species on earth trying to resolve all above such effects and doing effort to minimize the cause but still unable to resolve it and finding difficulties to control it
414 COVID-19 Variants: Molecular Insight into Mutations , Nikku Yadav, Suman Bala , Charu Rai , Lovnish Thakur and Nidhi Yadav The purpose of this study was to summarize the knowledge available on mutations in SARS Cov-2 variants which can help in understanding the mutation pattern and to aid new drug development. Further, we have tried to gather the information available regarding the latent variants i.e. Omicron and IHU variants. So, for this, we have used databases like GISAID and Next strain to get the mutation information. And we have also done a sequence similarity search of emerging variants with the Wuhan reference strains. Also, we have discussed the latest WHO guidelines that need to be followed to tackle this 3 rd wave of Covid-19.
415 Nutrient Availability Impacts Intracellular Metabolic Profiles in Digital Organisms , Katheresan S Sooriya Kannan , Tanmay Patil , Rohit Vij , Behnjemyn JK Loh and Maurice HT Ling The ability of organisms to utilize environmental chemicals as nutrients and adapt to changes in nutrient availability is a hallmark of life. Yet despite different environments, the concentration and osmolarity of intracellular metabolites are relatively constant across different organism. Although adaptation experiments can be performed, they are usually labour intensive and must be carried out in stepwise or gradual manner. On the other hand, digital organisms or computer-simulated organisms can be used to study adaptations to extreme conditions. Here, we examine the effects of nutrient levels on the metabolic profiles of organisms. Our results show that nutrient availability results in significantly different average intracellular metabolite amounts (F = 5166, p-value < 1E-200) at 1500th generation despite the range within one order but there is significant decline of the impact of nutrient availability on the amounts of intracellular metabolites with increasing generations (r = -0.995, F = 385, p-value = 3.98E-05). However, mean intracellular amounts of specific metabolites are significantly different across all 12 nutrient availabilities (14 ≤ F ≤ 1927, 4.1E-304 ≤ p-value ≤ 1.6E-22). This suggests that the impact of nutrient availability is beyond the overall intercellular metabolite amounts but at the level of individual metabolites
416 Climate and Refrigerator , Khalidullin OH Cooling food in the refrigerator with cold from freon in winter and other cold seasons of the year and day is wasteful, if not madness. On the street, the negative temperature is from 0 to -30 degrees for six months, in the middle zone of Eurasia and America, and the refrigerator consumes electricity to reduce the room temperature from +20 degrees to 2. - we heat the kitchen to 20 degrees and then lower it to 2 degrees in the refrigerator.
417 Isolation and Identification of Penicillium citrinum Strain from the Leaves of Fragaria x ananassa Cultivated by Nutrient Film Technique , Sowmya RS , Warke VG , Mahajan GB , Satardekar MR , Patil TA and Annapure US The study was carried out to identify the fungibiome associated with Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) leaves collected from an indoor hydroponics facility. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used for the isolation of associated fungi. After 48 hours of incubation at 37 ± 1 ⁰C several colonies of fungi were seen. The colonies of fungus ICT-HM- 0011S were abundant and grew like pure culture on the SDA plate. The fungus ICT-HM-0011S was characterized and identified by a polyphasic approach based on its macroscopic, microscopic, MALDI-TOF MS, and ITS sequencing. Microscopic investigations revealed that the primary mycelial and spore arrangements resembled with Penicillium species. Studies using Bruker MALDI biotyper identification confirmed the genus of the isolate to be Penicillium. The ITS sequencing technique confirmed the isolate as a strain of Penicillium citrinum. From the results, it was inferred that the organism isolated from infected strawberry leaves was Penicillium citrinum. The occurrence of this organism is mainly due to the conditions maintained in the hydroponics facility. This is the first report that concluded the presence of P. citrinum in the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) leaves. Based on abundance of this fungi on healthy leaves, we envisage further investigations of this indigenous fungus on strawberry leaves for its potential shielding role, water storage ability enhancement and growth supplement provider.
418 Dengue Fever Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control in Ethiopia , Abas Mahammed , Ziad Abdilahi and Mohammed Arab Dengue fever is a mosquito born viral disease emerging as a global public health threat in many parts of the world. Dengue is among one of the arbo-viral diseases, included in the list of neglected tropical diseases, recommended by World Health Organization. Dengue fever remains to be a major health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. In Ethiopia, Dengue Fever is a newly emerged disease since 2013. Starting from 2014 to 2016 dengue fever outbreak was reported from different part of Ethiopia. Even though the out break was reported, the outbreak data was not well documented and recorded, which is very significant for the epidemiological and health information provision as a cornerstone for the health care systems to make possible preventive and curative measures for the coming dengue fever outbreak. An early diagnosis of dengue infection is very important in the management of the disease. Ethio- pia, thrive the scope of the existing Malaria Control Program to include Vector-Borne Diseases; initiate dengue and other arboviral diseases surveillance by establishing sentinel sites at health centers and hospitals in the most affected areas of Dire Dawa, Afar and Somali Regions. There is no specific antibiotic (drug) for the treatment dengue fever. Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV), was the first dengue vaccine, developed by Sanofi and has now been approved by regulatory authorities in 20 countries for use in endemic settings in persons ranging from 9-45 years of age. For dengue fever and sever dengue fever, an experienced physicians and nurses who can give medical care with the effects and progression of the disease can decreasing mortality rates and save lives
419 Impact of Oilfield Wastewater from Santa Barbara Oil Rig Location on the Microbial Population of Santa Barbara River in Bayelsa State, Nigeria , Oyibo Ntongha and Obire Omokaro Oilfield wastewater contains toxic substances that are detrimental to aquatic microflora. Its continuous disposal into aquatic environment has long become a menace in the Niger Delta due to oil exploration activities. The effect of oilfield wastewater from Santa Barbara oil rig was investigated bi-weekly for a period of two (2) months. A total of forty (40) water samples collected from the vicinity of the oil rig and from a control point were analyzed for counts of bacteria and fungi using standard microbiological methods. Results showed that counts of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged from 3.8×104 cfu/ml to 9.2×104 cfu/ml; total fungi ranged from 1.2×102cfu/ml to 3.2×102cfu/ml; total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (THUB) ranged from 2.6×103 cfu/ml to 4.0×103cfu/ml while total hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (THUF) ranged from 0.8×101 cfu/ml to 1.7×101 cfu/ml. The decreasing order of both THB and fungi counts in the stations was; Control > Downstream > Upstream > Deck drainage > Drilling point. The decreasing order of THUB was Deck drainage > Drilling point > Upstream > Downstream > Control. The decreasing order of THUF was Deck drainage > Drilling point > Downstream > Upstream > Control. The bacteria isolated from the study area included Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Salmonella and Escherichia. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that there is significant difference in THB between the control and other stations; calculated F value (34.73952) ˃ F-critical value (6.388234). The lowest counts in the rig locations are attributed to the impact of oilfield wastewater on aquatic microbes and diversity. While the highest counts of hydrocarbon utilizing microbes is attributed to the selective enrichment of hydrocarbon utilizers. Their high prevalence revealed that Santa Barbara River contained active indigenous hydrocarbon utilizers that can be harnessed for bioremediation process
420 Impact of Oilfield Wastewater on Microbial Population of Cawthorne Channel in Rivers State, Nigeria , Oyibo Ntongha and Obire Omokaro Oilfield wastewater contains organic and inorganic constituents which affect the aquatic environment and are hazardous to aquatic microorganisms. The impact of oilfield wastewater from Cawthorne channel rig in the Niger Delta on Cawthorne channel was investigated bi-weekly for four (4) months (January to April, 2008). A total of sixty-four (64) water samples collected from the drilling point, upstream, downstream and from a control point were analyzed for counts of bacteria and fungi using standard microbiological methods. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) counts ranged from 1.7×104 cfu/ml to 4.8×104 cfu/ml, the total fungal (TF) count ranged from 1.0×101 cfu/ml to 1.9×102cfu/ml, while the total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (THUB) count ranged from 2.0×103cfu/ml to 9.0 ×103cfu/ml and the total hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (THUF) count ranged from 1.0×101 cfu/ml to 1.0×102cfu/ml. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the THB between the control and the other sampling stations; calculated F value (0.884065) ˂ F-critical value (10.12796). The decreasing order of both total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts in the stations for the months of January, February and April was; Control > Downstream > Upstream > Drilling point while decreasing order of Hydrocarbon Utilizing bacteria and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi was Drilling point > Upstream > Downstream > Control. Generally, the highest count for both total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were recorded in the Control while the lowest were observed in the Drilling point. On the other hand, the highest count for both Hydrocarbon Utilizing bacteria and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi were recorded in the Drilling point while the lowest counts were recorded in the Control. The types of bacteria isolated in the study included Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Kurthia, Alcaligenes, Staphylococcus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus and Escherichia. Although statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the THB between the control and the sampling stations, lowest counts in the Drilling point showed that the oilfield wastewater does have effect on the microbial population and diversity. The high bacteria counts in the study revealed the impact of oilfield wastewater on aquatic microbes and diversity. The high prevalence of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi revealed that the water body studied contained active indigenous hydrocarbon utilizers which can be harnessed for bioremediation process.
421 Investigation of the Effect of Protein Nutritional Status, Previous Malaria Exposure, and Comorbidity on Biochemical and Haematological Indices of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Nigerian Children Under the Age of 5 Years , Olomu Segun Afolabi , Ubom Gregory Abraham , Gazuwa Yusuf Samuel , Johnson Titilayo , Garba Ibrahim Hassan and Okolo Selina Nnuaku Background: Malaria threatened almost half of the world’s population. A quarter of global malaria cases and deaths occur in Nigeria, mostly in children under the age of 5 years Objective: This study was aimed at determination of effects of protein nutritional status, prior malaria exposure, associated morbidity, and chloroquine treatment on biochemical and haematological parameters in children under 5 years with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Method: The nutritional status of the recruited children was assessed using the Advanced Paediatric Life support (APLS) formula, while malaria diagnosis, determination of bacterial and viral infection, and assessment of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were carried out using standard microscopy techniques. The complete blood count was carried out using Beckman Coulter Analyzer Results: At mean age of 18.54 ± 1.59 months, the 93 children recruited for this study were not malnourished. The expected weight- for-age was 83.53% and 82.92% for the two groups. The expected height-for-age was 85.62% and 91.62% for the two groups. 44.08% of these children have previous history of malaria and 23.66% of the children were never infected with malaria. The malaria history of 32.26% of the children could not be ascertained. 54.35% of the 46 malaria subjects had bacterial infection, 6.52% had viral infection, and 39.13% presented only malarial parasite. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in all the parameters when compared based on malaria history and comorbidity. Conclusion: The studied children were not malnourished. P. falciparum infection comorbidity is prevalent. Previous malaria exposure and comorbidities did not influence any of the parameters determined.
422 Antibiotic Use Bundle , Ashok Rattan, Erum Khan and Debadatta Panigrahi Bacterial resistance is a worldwide phenomenon. Being partly man-made, it is probably the most dangerous pandemic affecting every country and all walks of life. The formulation of antibiotic policies has been one of many strategies tried, most of which have been unfortunately unsuccessful. To ensure control of this multifactorial problem, a number of steps need to be taken simultaneously. The concept of care bundle to tackle important healthcare problems have recently gained ground. It was originally developed by Institute of Healthcare Improvement, USA and Refined by Health Protection Agency, NHS, Scotland. As apparent by previous scientific evidence a bundle is a set of three to five practices which need to be carried out collectively, reliably, and continuously resulting in improved patient outcomes. The implementation of care bundle is monitored on all or none basis and regular feedback is provided to the team to help in continuous improvement in level of healthcare delivery.
423 Road Tree Pollen Grains Sensation to Allergy and their Effects on the Immune System , Wafaa Kamal Taia, Ahmed A Zayed, Abdelbasit M Asker and Salem AH Mohamed Air pollution beside climatic conditions has severe effect on pollen grains collected from different plant species. Outdoor allergens are an important cause of allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma, especially pollen grains and fungal spores being the major outdoor allergens that induce symptoms in atopic patients. Specific airborne pollen grain types, especially those collected from anemophillous plants, trigger respiratory allergy symptoms in sensitive individuals and cause immunity disorders. This work aims to investigate the effect of eight road trees commonly planted in Alexandria city streets by analyzing the protein contents and some element contents as an allergy inducing particles. The pollen grains collected from the flowers of Bauhinia galpinii, B. variegata, Casia javanica, Parkinsonia aculeate, Peltophorum roxburghii, Delonix regii, Croton cotinifolia, and Jacaranda mimosifolia. The pollen grains have been obtained during the summer period of July till November 2019, acetolyzed and examined. Non-acetolyzed pollen grains have been prepared for SEM examination. Pollen grains have been smeared onto glass slides, stained and photographed for protein contents evaluations. X-ray analyses has been used in measuring the mineral contents. The results obtained revealed that allergic symptoms appeared in response to the density, dispersion, and protrusions. Our data indicated that many factors inducing allergic diseases can trigger the immune system as several environmental conditions and loss of biodiversity. This stimulant beside the exposure to submicronic particles may be causes the stimulation of the immune system and result in breath difficulty and asthmatic symptoms. Meanwhile, the high protein contents, C, S and K can induce breath disorders. These results discussed according to their effect on the immune system. From the present study Delonix regia and Parkinsonia aculeata are the most responsible road trees which stimulate the human immune system, as they have small size pollen grain and high contents of C, S and K
424 In-situ Remediation of Sulfate Contamination Using Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds , RD Froh , JR Froh , N Consolazio , E Calderon-Ortiz and Alex Krichevsky Elevated levels of sulfates in soil and groundwater can pose an environmental challenge. Many locations in the world have elevated sulfates concentration as a result of human activity or natural processes, such as presence of certain naturally occurring minerals and soil types. While at high concentrations sulfates are not toxic per se, they can cause unappealing aesthetic effects in drinking water as well as to induce laxative effects in humans and animals. In this work we demonstrate an environmentally friendly technology for remediation of sulfate contamination from soil and groundwater using food-grade organic materials and naturally occurring sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Our results demonstrate essential elimination of sulfates from contaminated samples using low molecular weight organic compounds. In one set of experiments, a combination of sodium lactate and sodium acetate caused reduction of >90% in sulfates concentrations in two month, with final recorded concentration being below naturally occurring sulfate levels. In another experiment, we used a combination of ethanol and butanol to treat contaminated soil and groundwater, resulting in sulfate levels reductions >98% within two months. In addition, a highly unexpected observation has been made. While widely accepted view of sulfate remediation suggests that it should decrease the concentration of soluble metal, our results demonstrated a surprising opposite effect where sulfate remediation has lead to increases in soluble metals concentrations. We further demonstrate a successful use of oxidizers to reduce concentrations of these metals to their original background levels.
425 Increasing Resistance to Most of the Commonly Used Antibiotics in Eastern India , Anindya Das and Diganta Dey Infectious diseases continue to be a global health problem. In view of this, present work was initiated with an epidemiological assessment of antibiotic resistance pattern in Eastern India. This study was done in two phases; first one in 2009 - 10, and after an interval of about eight years, second one in 2018 - 19. The statistics showed a marked increase of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae (~ 32% in community acquired urinary tract infections or CA UTI, and ~41% in hospital acquired or HA UTI in our second phase of study (2018 - 19) in comparison to the former study (~ 18%; during 2009 - 10). By and large, these ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were found to exhibit greater resistance against several non-β-lactam antibiotics, as compared to ESBL non-producer counterparts. The ‘phase 2’ study also showed an alarming rise in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) cases, with a frequency of ~ 10% in CA and ~ 20% in HA pathogens. Furthermore, an alarming rise in flouroquinolone resistance was noted among the Gram negative, as well as the Gram positive bacteria. However, the number of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found to be comparatively less (~25% in CA UTI and ~37% in HA UTI) during the ‘phase 2’ than in the ‘phase1’ study (~52%). Again, MRSA isolates exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher rates of resistance against β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and fluoroquinolones, as compared to the methicillin sensitive (MSSA) isolates. Overall, nosocomial organisms were more resistant against the tested antimicrobials than their community-acquired counterparts. The study demonstrated increasing resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics, which mandates stringent antibiotic stewardship
426 Airborne Allergenic Pollen Grains in Alexandria City, Egypt , Wafaa K Taia and Eman M Bassiouni This investigation concerning study of the trapped pollen grains in the aerosol of Alexandria city, Egypt throughout a full year from May 2019 to April 2020. To carry this work Hirst type volumetric trap was fixed in the roof of about 40 m above the ground building in El-Shatby district. A Tape removed after each week and segmented into 24 hours pieces and examined. The pollen counts are indicated the daily mean count per cubic meter of air. The data obtained indicated low annual pollen index with the dominant species belonging to the Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae complex followed by Casuarina, Arecaceae, Pinus and Urtica. The maximum pollen incident was in both summer and spring while the lowest was during winter. There was no correlation between both the pollen incident and the different climatic factors. The study concluded that pollinosis in Alexandria city is not due to the pollen grain only, but it is due to combinations of factors beside the quantity of pollen in the air. The results have been discussed according to the works done in this concern
427 Fish Immune System and Microbiology , B Deivasigamani and H Ann Suji The immune system is crucial in networking in biological processes it plays a vital role against diseases to protect the organism. A wide variety of pathogens, viruses, parasitic worms, cancer cells and objects like wood splinters and so, find from them the organisms in healthy tissue as be detected and responded to multiple infectious forms. The fish immune system is further divided into two categories of immune responses the first innate and the second adaptive or memory immune system. The first is for which is a cell-mediated defence mechanism and the second one is for humoral factors including soluble substances, even though nowadays it is known that these two balanced systems work together to destroy invading substances or to trigger defence processes against the invaders
428 Novel 3-strain Combinatorial Probiotics Alleviates Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice , Shinjini Mitra and Ena Ray Banerjee Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with no permanent and safe cure. We designed this study, using a 3-strain novel combinatorial probiotic formulation (ABT) as therapy for IBD. The anti-inflammatory, pro regenerative, and antibacterial activities of ABT were determined in vitro, and then validated in mice with IBD. The anti-inflammatory activity of ABT on DSS-treated RAW cells was determined by MTT and NBT assays, and its antibacterial effect was determined against pathogenic bacteria. ABT was administered orally on days 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, to mice with DSS-induced IBD. After sacrifice on day 14, disease parameters were measured. ABT showed significant anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects for over 96 hours, and inhibited 4 pathogenic bacterial strains. In mice, ABT successfully reduced symptoms of IBD, evidenced by restoration in body weight, cellular status, tissue structure, and mediators. We inferred that the individual strains contributed cumulatively to the biological activities of ABT. The bacteria in the ABT adhered to the intestinal epithelium, and initiated repair mechanisms, by downregulating mediators (NFκB, TNFα, IL-1β, NO, and IAP), and upregulating mucus production. Thus, this translationally-valuable novel combination can be an economical and safe therapy for IBD.
429 Bacterial Infections in Coronavirus Disease 2019 , Sabah Al-Harazi , Lubna Shirin and Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but data on these infections is limited. These infections are classified as either community-acquired or hospital-acquired and coinfection or secondary/superinfection. The most common hospital-acquired superinfections are ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and bacteremia. The prevalence of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 infection is uncommon. Co-infection with COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) has also been reported. Empiric antibiotics may not be required in the majority of COVID-19 patients, especially those not severely ill. Superinfections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also been reported among critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection
430 Analytical Phase in Laboratory - Quality Issues and Insights for Immunoassays Testing , Ramune Sepetiene, Vaiva Patamsyte , Ninette F Robbins , Mohamed Ali and Alexander Carterson The comprehensive analytical phase performance depends on many factors. Discrepant results can occur due to errors coming from outside of laboratory due to improper sample preparation resulting in the presence of hemolysis, lipids and other factors. However, standardizing testing methodology and performance characteristics such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, and linearity is useful to ensure a final quality-based test result. Despite the benefits of fully automated processes, the quality of the analytical phase has major issues. A reported analysis of data evaluated using the Westgard rules has demonstrated that estimates on a σ scale for clinical chemistry are not satisfactory, from 3 to 4σ, at the best situation. Unfortunately, a relatively high frequency of analytical errors has been found for immunoassays with subsequent adverse clinical outcomes. Following the Good Laboratory Practice experience, we created memorable figures, called the Five Fingers (on CLIA established guidelines) and 5W rules (by ISO 15189 standardization requirements) which could be attractive to create informative and logical QA templates of each clinical laboratory procedure
431 Need for Screening Presence/Absence of HLA Antibodies Before and/or After Transplantation , SR Kankonkar Anti HLA antibodies are significant impediments in kidney transplantation. In 1969, Terasaki and Patel [1] reported association of hyper-acute renal allograft rejection with preformed lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Since then, various methodologies were introduced and adopted to study the role of HLA antibodies in acceptance/rejection mechanism of allograft Transplantation. Aim of the present study is to detect, analyse and evaluate anti HLA antibodies, pre and post transplantation in sensitised patients, using Solid Phase LABSCan3D (Luminex) Technology The present study comprised 12 clinical cases and 10 normal subjects for detection of HLA antibodies class I and II IDs PRA and L-SBA Cl I and CLII antigens, using LABSCan3D Luminex solid phase technology and CDC (T and B cells) XM. Out of 12 cases having clinical history, 4 were females (parous), age between 43 -57 years and 8 males, age 35- 56 years. 3 females and one male who had a H/O Chronic rejection, were studied and found highly sensitised, cPRA >90%; MFI >21,150, L- SBA> 20,000 and CDC (T and B cell) XM was strongly positive. It was found that after 2 years of Tx, 2 patients were positive for HLA antibodies and had cPRA 66%, MFI > 1600, L-SBA > 1500 and another patient was weakly positive for IDs class I and II, and L-SBA Cl II. 1 patient, after one year of cadaver Tx and 3 patients before Tx, all were negative for antibodies
432 Isolation of Marine Microbugs from Mangrove Ecosystem and Screening of Industrially Important Enzymes , Priyanka Sawant and Jignasha Thumar Mangrove ecosystem are known for their diverse and rich microbiota. Here human influence is limited, so novelty in bacterial diversity is more common as mangroves ecosystem comes under conservative area and human interference in restricted here. In this present study, mangrove sample like mangrove associated Soil, Coastal water, Roots were collected from Borivali coastal area of manori creek and Jhow Island, Maharashtra under prior permission from CCF, Mangrove Cell, Maharashtra government. Halophiles are in demand in many Biotech based company and their enzymes are equally in demand due their properties. Here in the present experiment, with the help of enriched media 30 samples were processed from which 8 samples were from Jhow Island and 22 samples from borivali coastal-line. All the samples were screened with 10% salt and 20% salt concentration (NaCl). Sample were also screened for 7 pH and 9 pH growth parameters from Borivali and Jhow Island respectively. From above mention samples, total 62 Isolates were obtained, which were screened for Bio-Industrially important enzymes like Amylase, Protease and Cellulase. These enzymes have great demand when they are active in high salt concentration or alkaline pH. These enzymes may emphasize more Scientific-Entrepreneur in India
433 Monkey Pox: What We Need to Know , Aamir Shafi, Ab Ahad Wani , Jawhar Ul Islam and Khibrat Peerzada Monkey pox (MP) is a zoonotic orthopox viral infectious disease clinically resembling Small pox but with lesser mortality. First discovered in 1958 in monkeys, the first human infection was documented in 1970. Recently cases have been seen rising in west Europe and North America although in small numbers. India is yet to confirm any case of Monkey pox although many suspects are under surveillance. This review article provides a comprehensive update on how we should be prepared for this emerging viral infection.
434 Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria in Lobia Creek , FV Iyeritei, O Obire, and SI Douglas A change in the distribution of species and diversity of aquatic population is a biological marker for measuring the stress on assimilative capacity or water quality. The impact of human activities on the population, distribution, diversity and antibiotic resis tance of bacteria from Lobia creek was investigated. Water samples were collected from four different stations with human activities (Abattoir, toilet, jetty, and drinking water point) along Lobia creek and from a fifth station without any human activity which served as a control into separate sterile bottles. The sample bottles were transported in ice packed coolers to the laboratory for analyses. A total of 60 water samples were collected and analyzed during the six months sampling period (August 2020 to January 2021). The total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform and faecal coliforms were determined and identified using standard microbiological techniques. While the antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Results showed that counts (population) of total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, and faecal coliforms ranged from 3.6 ×104 cfu/ml - 1.44 × 106 cfu/ml, 1.8 × 104 - 7.6 × 104 cfu/ml and 7.0×102 - 3.8×104 cfu/ml respectively. Generally, the decreasing order of the microbial population of total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform and faecal coliforms in the various locations was; Toilet ˃ Abattoir ˃ Jetty ˃ Drinking water ˃ Control. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the microbial counts recorded for the control and the other stations. A total of 320 bacteria were isolated and their percentage of occurrence were: Bacillus sp (12.66%), Enterobacter sp (14.6%), Enterococcus sp (2.6%), E. coli (12%), Klebsiella (10.4%), Micrococcus sp (2%), Proteus sp (6.8%), Pseudomonas sp (7.8%), Serratia sp (2.27%), Shewanella sp (1.3%), Shigella sp (3.9%), Staphylococcus sp (18.8%), and Vibrio sp (4.87%). The antibiotic susceptibility showed a varying response of isolates to specific antibiotics. About 72 Gram-negative isolates were 100% sensitive to Ofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Nitrofurantoin while 72 isolates were resistant to Cloxacillin and 68 (94.4%) were resistant to Ceftazidime. Lower susceptibility of 22.2%, 5.6%, and 2.7% was recorded for Augmentin, Gentamycin, and Cefuroxime, respectively. A total of 46 Gram-positive isolates was completely sensitive to Ceftriaxone and ofloxacin with both species of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus showing a joint 86.9% and 67.4% resistance to Cloxacillin and gentamycin. The antibiotics, Ceftriaxone, Nitrofurantoin, and Ofloxacin are recommended for treatment of infections emanating from these locations. This study has shown that, Lobia creek is highly polluted and not fit for consumption without proper treatment. It is therefore advocated that the Government should provide potable water for the inhabitants of Lobia community as to mitigate the public health hazard that the consumption of the raw creek water poses to the inhabitants
435 Herpes/SARS-CoV-2 Treatment with Micellized Nutraceuticals , Jerry T Thornthwaite and Daniel Strasser In natural immunity, infected cells express part of the viral protein on their cell surface. The host’s natural killer cells (NKC) recognize and directly kill the infected cells. Therefore, an antiviral drug can block any virus’ steps to reproduce itself. Using the NutraNanoSphere™ technology platform, a significant array of potent antivirals nutraceuticals have been incorporated into the TriAntiVP™ (antivirus and parasite) micellized formulation. These include Curcumin, Artemisinin, Bilberry, and Vitamin D 3 as core components. These supplements have little of any side effects and are good candidates to be taken on a daily basis to prevent parasitic and viral diseases. While the use of these nutraceuticals has been hindered therapeutically because of their low aqueous solubility and rapid degradation in the stomach, the micellization process significantly increases the bioavailability. These active supplements fight against viral disease, e.g., COVID-19 or HERPES, collectively by preventing the binding of the viral S protein to the ACE2 receptor on lung cells, thus preventing the infection process, inhibiting the protolytic processes that allow replicating viruses to leave the host cell, prevents NF-ĸB cytokine storm inflammatory results, inhibits viral protein processing, enables one to immediately be proactive when an initial diagnosis of a skin lesion, such as herpes, or viral illness. We think we have effective preventative formulations and treatments by combining a range of antiviral nutraceuticals to the NutraNanoSphere™ delivery system. The versatility of these treatments allows for oral medication, applying antivirals directly in the nasopharynx, and topically attacking the lesions on the skin.
436 Microbiological Quality of Roasted Cowhide Meat (‘Ponmo’) Processed and Sold in Some Abattoirs in Bayelsa and Rivers States , Ariyo Adenike Bosede and Obire Omokaro Pathogenic microorganisms associated with food are one of the major causes of food-borne infections. The microbiological quality of cowhide meat from different abattoirs in Rivers and Bayelsa States were investigated using standard microbiological methods. The mean range of the total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, Vibrio, heterotrophic fungal, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and total hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts of the cowhide from the different abattoirs were: 1.8×106 to 4.8×106 cfu/g, 1.7×105 to 3.6×105 cfu/g, 0 to 4.0×103 cfu/g, 1.0×104 to 4.0×104 cfu/g, 1.0×10 4 to 3.3×104 cfu/g, and 1.6 ×103 to 4.3×103 cfu/g respectively. Nine (9) bacteria identified and their frequencies are: Bacillus sp (20.39%), Staphylococcus sp (17.91%), Escherichia coli (13.03%), Pseudomonas sp. (11.44%), Streptococcus sp. (10.44%), Micrococcus sp. (9.45%), Aeromonas sp. (8.45%), Klebsiella sp (5.47%), and Vibrio sp (2.9%). Percentages of occurrence of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi were also reported. Kruskal Walis H test showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacteria and total hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts obtained in all the locations. However, there was significant difference in the heterotrophic fungal counts across the locations while analysis showed no significant difference in the hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts across the abattoirs (p < 0.01). The high microbial counts in the cowhide meat sampled and the isolation of potential pathogens as well as mycotoxin producing fungi are indicative of possible contamination during processing. Thus, the public should be aware of the dangers associated with consumption of cowhide meat and the need for proper post purchase preparation before consumption
437 Review on Energy Storage and Sensor Applications of Microcube Structure Materials , S Suresh , Bhagyashree Kesherwani , S Brindha and S Ravichandran Microcube structure materials (MSM) have currently gained attention due to its high surface area, high porosity and other unique surface properties that are certain requirements for materials used in energy storage devices and sensor technology. The hydrothermal/solvothermal approach proved to be effective to synthesize microcube structure materials (MSM) with good surface properties. This review discusses the various preparation methods of microcube structure materials (MSM) and its applications in energy storage devices and sensor applications
438 Environmental Remediation using Novel Sponges as an Effective Adsorbents , S Suresh , S Brindha , Bhagyashree Kesherwani and S Ravichandran At present, the precious water resource is of concern due to its depletion by toxic elements and organic pollutants that result in environmental hazards. The present work comprises various sponge adsorbents with unique adsorption performance in environmental remediation. Researchers explored novel chitosan and cellulose-based sponge adsorbents as green materials in the adsorption of toxins. Chitosan sponge adsorbent (MIL-101(Fe)@CS Sponge) with adsorption capacity 4518 mg/g and polyurethane sponge-based adsorbent (RCS) with adsorption capacity 1263.5 mg/g were identified as superior sponge adsorbents in dye removal. The dye adsorption on sponge adsorbents occurred predominantly through the chemical adsorption mechanism with electrostatic interaction. The adsorption capacity of sponge adsorbents in environmental remediation is in the following order (Chitosan sponge>polyurethane sponge>Cellulose sponge> Graphene sponge>luffa sponge). The current interest among researchers in using bio-materials will provide a worthy challenge and the future possibility of designing novel sponge adsorbents with unique surface properties for various applications
439 Influenza A H1N1 Effect , Selda Gençdal On April 15 and April 17, 2009, the new porcine influenza A H1N1 virus (S-OIV) was identified in samples from two epidemiologically unrelated patients in the United States
440 An Update on Manipulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Halting Avoiding Progression of NAFLD to NASH thus Halting Cirrhosis and HCC Development , Kulvinder Kochar Kaur It has been appreciated that what our dietary habits are, besides the diet constituent’s are parallel with the manner it is consumed, that has a robust impact on brain health. Over the last 2 decades comprehensive work has been performed for acquisition of insight regarding the key importance of trillions of bacteria that exist in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) besides the bidirectional crosstalk amongst the heterogenous composition of this large microorganism community as well as opportunity of generation of various diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pain, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative as well as neuropsychiatric diseases
441 Emergence of Delta Plus (AY.1) and Kappa (B.1.617.1) Variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Second Wave of India: A Case Series from Eastern Uttar Pradesh , Amresh Kumar Singh, Sushil Kumar , Suraj Prasad , Indra P Adhikari , Vivek Gaur , Ankur Kumar , Rajkishore Singh and Ganesh Kumar Prognosis of a COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is determined by how the host and virus variant interact with each other. The second wave was spreading at a breakneck pace in India, eventually and became a “tsunami by spreading of delta (B.1.617.2) variant. To determine the cause of this condition, randomly chosen positive SARS-CoV-2 samples were sequenced for the detection of variants responsible for this miserable situation. We have found mainly delta variants in clinical samples. Surprisingly, first time two delta plus (AY.1) and one kappa (B.1.617.1) variants of SARS-CoV-2 were also reported on July 2, 2021 from our centre of Uttar Pradesh. Unfortunately, among these, two non-vaccinated cases, person infected with delta plus and another with kappa variants had loss of their life admitted in ICU COVID-19 ward with severe conditions. Remaining, one case infected with delta plus was recovered who had already taken the vaccination of both doses. This finding suggests that SARS- CoV-2 genome variations have a substantial influence on COVID-19 outcome, resulting in an increase in reproduction number (R0) in the second wave. However, our findings point to a possible role for vaccination against the more lethal double-mutated delta plus variant. This primary report also opens a door towards large-scale gene sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 samples in order to develop precautionary measures against subsequent waves
442 Metosartan and its Negative Effects on Male Reproductive Potential, Eswari Beeram Metosartan is a drug used to treat blood pressure and consists of components Metoprolyl and Temisartan. But it majorly affects male reproductive system organs like testes and male reproductive potential in male wistar rats and as well as humans. Metosartan reduces the sperm count as well as sperm viability in rats and humans and it promotes sperm DNA abberations and inhibits testicular RNase similar to RNase A. Metosartan affects the functioning of mitochondria and chromatin folding in sperms
443 Anti-mullerian Hormone: A Significant Marker for Male Infertility, Olaniru B Olumide , Adoga I Godwin , Johnson O Titilayo , Isichie O Christian , Selowo Temitope , Longkem E Bitrus , Bot D Yakubu and Nengak D Precious A case study was carried to evaluate serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in men with normal, Oligospermic and Azoospermic sperm as a possible clinical marker for male infertility. The prospective study was conducted on eighty male participants, aged less than 50 years after obtaining ethical approval from the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos where the study took place. Infertile men were classified accordingly to their sperm count which was performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines into Oligospermic (n = 27) and Azoospermic (n = 23). Thirty men were normal (n = 30). Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone, Testosterone and Anti-Mullerian hormone were measured using ELISA. Results (mean ± SD) revealed that anti-Mullerian hormone (2.02 ± 0.52 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and the testosterone (6.9 ± 1.49 ng/ml, P < 0.001) of control participants were significantly higher than those in both Oligospermic (1.8 ± 0.34 ng/ml, 4.8 ± 0.8 ng/ml) and Azoospermic (1.55 ± 0.29 ng/ml, 2.3 ± 1.2 ng/ml) respectively. The mean serum of Follicle stimulating hormone was significantly reduced in controls (4.8 ± 2.0 miu/ml, p < 0.001) when compared with both Oligospermic (8.5 ± 3.2miu/ml) and Azoospermic (16.5 ± 5.5 miu/ml). anti-Mullerian hormone was negatively correlated with follicle stimulating hormone in both Azoospermic and Oligospermic. Anti-Mullerian hormone should be evaluated in patients with oligospermia and azoospermia. It may serve as a marker of infertility
444 Urea: A Low-cost Disinfectant for Prolonged Activity in Combating Spread of COVID-19, Vishal Paul , Chandrashekharaiah PS , Rajesh Nandru , Shyam Prasad , Santosh Kodgire , Shivbachan Kushwaha , Debanjan Sanyal and Santanu Dasgupta Disinfection is a primary means to control a spread of any disease caused by infectious microorganisms. The never seen before COVID-19 pandemic has created a havoc in public health. The COVID-19 virus which persists on human body parts and environment acts as a new source of infection. The personal and environmental sanitization along with other social measures needs to be practised to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Disinfection of public places and open environment requires large quantity of disinfectants and due to this it remains a costly approach. Already, there have been a plenty of disinfectants available in the market which are mostly based on alcohols and phenols but have limited applications owing to their higher costs. Hence, there is a need for identification of bulk commodity chemicals which have biocidal properties. Urea is one of the commodity chemicals which has biocidal property due to its protein and RNA denaturation ability. In most of the literature it has been mentioned that 7-8% urea is safe to use on human skin and found effective against many enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Also, at 50-60 °C temperature and pH 3-9, urea was found stable for more than 2 months. Because of all these properties it can be a potential low-cost disinfectant for COVID-19 control. In this review, a systematic study was done to assess the antiviral, stability, and compatibility properties of urea to use as an ideal surface or personal care disinfectant agent for control of COVID-19
445 Mosquito-borne Disease: A Review of the Possible Synergism Between Arboviral Infection and Plasmodium Infection in West Africa, Nigeria, Babatunde Ibrahim Olowu , Favour Akinfemi Ajibade , Kehinde Samuel Adebayo and Skylar Gay Background: Mosquitoes are the most prevalent insect vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. These vectors are the leading cause of acute febrile infections within these regions and also a reservoir for many other microorganisms. This led to misdiagnosis and comorbidity with other diseases like Zika virus, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis infections. Due to various limitations of the Nigerian public health system, co-infections are not accurately assessed, and outbreaks of arboviral diseases are poorly reported and recorded. Aims: We aim to offer an evidence-based approach to questions concerning the high mortality rate reported in cases of Malaria, especially in children. These reviewed techniques used in diagnosing malaria, proving it crude nature as an aid to misdiagnosis of malaria for viral diseases that shares overlapping symptoms. we described the different forms of interactions of arboviruses and Plasmodium in insect vectors, and indicated possible synergies. We analyzed various sero-epidemiological models that could aid efficient diagnosis and proposed the best technique for adoption Methods: A review of previous studies on the most prevalent febrile diseases in West Africa, Nigeria was conducted by consulting literatures from PubMed, Africa Journals Online, Google Scholar, and other databases to source studies within this niche in previous years. Relevant keywords such as mosquitoes, Plasmodium interaction, serological diagnosis, clinical signs of mosquitoes were used Result: The various publications consulted highlighted the possibilities and cases of malaria co-infection with several zoonotic arboviruses. There is good data to support the fact that arboviral infections have often been misdiagnosed as malaria and, in frequent cases, resulted in death reported as malaria mortality. Studies and findings on efficiently preventing misdiagnosis have been reported and discussed in various clinical trials, as presented in the reviewed articles Conclusion: The effective use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR, nested PCR, RT-PCR) as a serological model in malaria diagnosis is strongly recommended to completely exclude cases of arboviral infection in the diagnosis of malaria. In addition, adopting sero-epidemiological models will help forecast outbreaks of arboviral infections so that appropriate preventive measures are taken.
446 An In-silico Analysis on Anti-ulcer Activity of Bioactive Compounds Found in Honey, Musab Umar Abubakar and Ankita Mathur Ulcer disease has become a disease mostly affecting the older people, with the highest incidence occurring between 55 and 65 years of age. The study was carried out to determine an in-silico analysis on anti-ulcer activity of bioactive compounds found in Honey. The crystal structure for 2PVP and 4INP proteins of Helicobacter pylori were used for molecular docking in which twenty four ligands compounds of honey were tested, they yielded a good result, Among the docking result of the selected hits obtained, the binding affinities range from -3.3 to -6.3 (kcal/mol) and -2.9 to -6.5 for 2PVP and 4INP protein respectively for which some were higher than the control used. In this study, 11 compounds shows good binding affinity, higher than the control in 2PVP protein while 22 compounds shows good binding affinity, higher than the control in 4INP. 2H-Benzimidazol-2-one with docking score of -6.3kcal/mol while Acetamide has the least docking scores of -3.3 kcal/mol for 2PVP, and Benzophenone was with highest binding affinity in 4INP with docking score -6.5 Kcal/mol while Acetamide has the least docking scores of -2.9 kcal/mol among the selected compounds. The active site of the targeted proteins showed hydrophobic interactions with the help of CEU B: 279, LEU A: 149, TYR A: 131 etc. amino acids. Important Admet properties were examined for the prediction of the physical descriptor and pharmacologically important properties. All the selected compounds displayed important values for the various criteria tested and showed strong drug-like properties based on the Lipinski’s rule of five
447 Research and Careers in Energy and Environment, Vijay Samuel G and G Joseph Samuel Rajan We are looking around us as parts of the world are on fire. Some of us have woken up to orange skies and darkness that looks like night during the day. People have lost their lives to flooding; homes have been destroyed by tornadoes and unprecedented storms. It is becoming clearer that the earth is showing rapid and dramatic signs of upheaval. As the global climate shift is upon us there have been subsequent economic changes as well. In reaction, it is no surprise that one of the most lucrative and fast-growing industries is the ever-evolving “green economy.
448 A Case Report of Co-infection of Hepatic Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Zhanxue Zhao, Hekai Chen, Linxun Liu , Yan Guo , Shuai LI , Jide A , Xikun Zhang and Jinyu Yang Pathogenesis of hepatic Echinococcosis is induced by parasitism of Echinococcus species. Generally speaking, there are two types of the disease-- hepatic cystic echinococcosis which is caused by E. granulosus and hepatic alveolar echinococcosis which is caused by E. multilocularis. Either of the two types is much clinically popular. However, simultaneous appearance of both the two types can be rarely seen. In this study, we reported a case of co-infection of both hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, aiming to offer experience in diagnosing and treating the co-infection by depicting the clinical characteristics, imaging manifestations and therapies
449 Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analysis of Methanol Extract of Stem of Tridax procumbens, Usmangani Tabani, Raj Dangariya, Kinjal Jadav, Neha Jangbari and Archana Rana The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of stem of Tridax procumbens against some selected bacteria (E. coli, S. enterica typhimurium, S. flexneri, S. aureus). A cold extraction method was issued to obtain the methanol extract from stems of Tridax procumbens. The antimicrobial activities of this extract were studied on the various test microorganisms using the agar well diffusion technique. phytochemical analysis of this extract was done by using chemical methods. Antimicrobial activity of acetone extract from stem of T. procumbens against E. coli was 5.0 + 0.55 mm, S. enterica typhimurium 7.0 + 0.82 mm, S. flexneri 16 + 1.2 mm, and S. aureus 4 + 0.5 mm respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of chemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Methanol extract of the stem of Tridax procumbens showed antimicrobial activity against all the selected bacteria.
450 Evaluating the Effects of Leucaena leucocephala Biomass and Planting Pits on Soil Moisture Content and Maize (Zea mays L) Performance, Andrew Tapiwa Kugedera, Mawoneyi Forget Mupfiga and Letticia Kudzai Kokerai Soil infertility and moisture stress are major constraints hindering crop production in semi-arid areas. Most soils are sandy loams which are infertile with low weatherable minerals. Smallholder farmers are resource poor farmers who are unable to afford large quantities of mineral fertilisers. Low and erratic rainfall plays an important role in causing moisture stress. Adoption of climate smart agriculture must be speeded to increase food security. The overall objective was to evaluate the effects of Leucaena leucocephala biomass and planting pits on soil moisture content and maize performance. The experiment was laid as completely randomised block design with soil moisture conservation as main factor and L. leucocephala biomass as subplot factor with three levels. Data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Genstat version 14. Results show significant effect (P < 0.05) on soil moisture content due to application of Leucaena biomass at different rates. Highest soil moisture content was 11.5% at 0-20 cm and 12.5% from 20-40 cm after application of 5 t ha-1 biomass. Planting pits had higher soil moisture content for both depths. Interactive effects of Leucaena biomass and rainwater harvesting practices show significant effects (P < 0.05) on maize grain yield. Highest maize grain yield was 3326.8 kg ha-1 from treatment with 5 t ha-1 biomass. Planting pits recorded higher stover yield which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from flat cultivation. It can be concluded that the use of L. leucocephala biomass and rainwater harvesting of planting pits improved soil moisture content and maize yields. Farmers are recommended to use 5tha -1 of biomass in combination with planting pits to increase soil moisture content, grain and stover yields of maize
451 Estimation of COVID-19 Antibody (IgG) Titer Among Fully Vaccinated, Partially Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Individuals in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India, Anindya Das , Arpita Neogi , Parthajit Banerjee , Subhrajit Sengupta and Meghna Kundu Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is predominantly a respiratory tract infection sometimes presenting as a viral fever and sometimes having more severe presentation involving other systems also. This is a condition caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; called 2019-nCoV). It was first identified when an outbreak of respiratory illness transgressed throughout the Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Similar to many other infectious diseases, not only the humoral immunity but also the T-cell mediated immunity in the form of acquired immunity, is important in the elimination of pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Viral surface glycoproteins like the spike glycoprotein and the nucleocapsid protein plays important role in the generation of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, as they stimulate the production of antibodies. The current study was conducted to evaluate the immune response of the people by the development of virus specific IgG antibodies. 78 subjects were enrolled in the study and estimation of IgG antibody of COVID-19 among fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, triple vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals was done by ELISA. The inclusion criteria was the patients seeking admission in the hospital, undergoing RT-PCR test and further work up; and the exclusion criteria was the patients undergoing RT-PCR test for travel or other purposes, not seeking hospital admission. Our findings were that after COVID-19 vaccination sero-positivity to nucleocapsid and spike protein antigens developed in 92% of the individuals participating in the study. It was also observed that 26% vaccinated people developed mildly positive IgG antibody titer (1.1 - 3.0 U/ml); 56.5% vaccinated people developed moderately positive (3.0 - 10.0 U/ml) and 17% vaccinated people developed strongly positive (> 10.0 U/ml) COVID 19 IgG antibody titer. The vaccines are an efficacious tool to combat the deadly disease where they have reduced the chance of hospitalization and complications caused by the disease.
452 Nuclear Amyloid Fibrils Detected in Human SH-SY5Y Cells in Presence of Aβ1-42 and LPS, Anna Lia Asti , Nicoletta Marchesi , Teresa Rampino , Marilena Gregorini , Marcella Reguzzoni , Lorena Vailati , Alessia Pascale Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) represents the main component of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Aβ belongs to the group of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) small peptides that kill pathogens through their antimicrobial activity and also have affinity for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). If amyloid is part of the antimicrobial mechanism of Aβ, fibrillar material would also be expected to accumulate as long as the innate immune system, correctly or incorrectly perceives an infection. Repeated reactivations of the chronic latent infection are constantly producing new Aß peptide, this situation lasts for a long time in the decades preceding the manifestation of AD, progressively leading to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Aim of this work was to evaluate the concomitant synergizing action of Aβ1-42 and LPS in human SH-SY5Y cells; AMPs and LPS have an amphipatic structure that is able to form heterogeneous micelles, in this way LPS acts as a fibrillogenesis promoter, Furthermore, depending on peptide concentration, the action of Aβ as AMP can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal
453 Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from the Pediatric Department Zagazig University Hospitals, Nagwa Shawky, Ghada El-Akad , Eman El-Moghazy , Youmna Montaser and Rania Ahmed Ghonaim Background: Diarrhea is considered the second most common cause of mortality in infants worldwide, however due to its neglected clinical manifestations, labor intensive microbiological diagnosis and epidemiology, it is still a common problem. The Aim of this Work: Performing multiplex PCR assay to detect the main pathotypes of DEC. Detect the resistance of DEC to beta lactam antibiotics and the molecular mechanism responsible for this resistance Patient and Method: All stool samples were plated and the yielded bacterial isolates were identified as E. coli using Maldi-Tof (Vitac MS). The identified E. coli strains were then exposed to Multiplex PCR to identify the DEC strains genotypically. DEC strains were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility by Vitec-MS and then evaluated for the presence of TEM and SHV genes by conventional PCR Results: DEC represented 56 out of 196 E. coli strains (28.5%). The most sensitive antibiotics were Imipenem and Aztreonam (96.5% and 89.3% respectively), while the most resistant antibiotics were Amoxicillin and Unasyn showing resistance of (91.1% and 78.6% respectively). TEM gene was positive in 28.6% of cases, while SHV gene was positive in 7.1% of cases. Limitations for the Study: Including cases above or below the required age. The child has any disease other than diarrhea. The required organism to be tested is E. coli Conclusion: DEC patho-type distribution was, ETEC: 37.5%, EAEC: 30.4% and EPEC: 32.6%. The most sensitive antibiotics were IPM and ATM (96.5% and 89.3% respectively), while the most resistance antibiotics were AMC and SAM (91.1% and 78.6% respectively). TEM gene was positive in 28.6% of cases and SHV gene was positive in 7.1% of cases.
454 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Culturome of Heart Blood Samples of Big Cats Died in Zoos and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Northern India, Bhoj R Singh, Mathesh Karikalan , Abhijit M Pawde , Ravichandran Karthikeyan , Dharmendra K Sinha and Himani Agri In India, little is understood precisely about the cause of death in big cats in zoos, wild and wildlife sanctuaries. The present study reports the bacterial culturome (culturable bacteria) of heart blood of leopards (5), lions (9) and tigers (26) found dead in zoos (30) or wildlife sanctuaries (10). From the samples submitted to Clinical Epidemiological study 145 bacterial (46 Gram positive and 99 Gram negative) strains (the group of isolates with a separate identity) belonging to 44 species (19 of G+ve and 25 of G-ve bacteria) were identified. From 17 (12 tiger, 1 leopard, 4 lions) heart blood samples bacteria of the single species were isolated in pure culture indicating cases of septicemia. The most common isolation as single bacteria type was of E. coli (5), followed by isolation of Alcaligenes denitrificans (2), A. feacalis (2), and one each of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bacillus cereus, Paenibacillus macerans, Enterobacter (Pantoea) agglomerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. intermedius and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Multiple drug-resistance (MDR) was detected in 73.1% and isolates belonged to 134 resistotypes. There was no significant (p, >0.05) difference in occurrence of herbal antimicrobial resistance of strains isolated from different animal of different locality. Significantly high probability (p, ≤0.04) of MDR strains and strains resistant to citral, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol and imipenem was recorded in samples from animals died in wildlife sanctuaries than those died in zoos. Of the 40 carbapenem resistant (CR) isolates identified from 16 (40.0%) heart blood samples, 21 (all Gram positive) were negative for MBL and 19 CR strains producing MBL belonged to 8 species of G-ve bacteria. The MIC of imipenem for MBL producer CR isolates ranged between 2 to 32 μg mL-1 while for those not produced MBL MIC ranged from 1.5 to 256 μg mL -1 , all the carbapenem susceptible isolates had imipenem MIC between 0.001 to 1.0 μg mL-1 The study concluded multiplicity of bacteria in heart blood of big cats died in zoo and wildlife sanctuaries. Presence of multiple bacterial types in 57.5% samples suggests need for aseptic and timely collection of blood samples to understand the true etiology of fatality among big cats. Detection of MDR, ESBL and CR bacteria from 25%, 37.5% and 40% samples is alarming because of chances of spreading of AMR in the environment from animals suffering from infections with MDR strains and died in wild.
455 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Aborted Foetuses of Lions (Panthera leo) and Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), Bhoj R Singh, Mathesh Karikalan , Abhijit M Pawde, Ravichandran Karthikeyan , Dharmendra K Sinha , Varsha Jaykumar , Akanksha Yadav and Himani Agri Abortions are multietiological disorders of pregnancy interfering with reproduction, and bacteria are often the most common cause of in-utero death of foetii. The study was conducted to understand the bacteria associated with abortion and foetal death in big cats. Bacteriological analysis of aborted foetii samples (heart blood, stomach contents, liver, spleen, kidneys and lunges etc.) from lions (two) and tigers (four) revealed presence of bacteria of 11 different species viz., Aerococcus spp., 10; Alcaligenes faecalis, 1; Bordetella bronchiseptica, 2; Enterobacter agglomerans, 3; Enterococcus faecalis, 1; Enterococcus malodoratus, 4; Escherichia coli, 11; Falvobacterium aquatile, 2; Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, 4; Pasteurella canis, 4 and Streptococcus milleri, 1 from aborted foetii of big cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacteria isolated from contents of aborted foetii indicated that 65.12% bacterial isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR), 60.47% had multiple herbal antimicrobial drud-resistance (MHDR), 13 isolates were resistant to carbapenems and 12 produced extended spectrum β-lactamases. All Gram-negative bacterial isolates were susceptible to colistin and all Gram-positive isolates to linezolid but none of the other antibiotic could inhibit ≥80% of the isolates. However, all the isolates were susceptible to thyme oil and carvacrol and only 2.35%, 4.65%, 9.30%, 16.28% and 30.23% were resistant to cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, holy basil oil, ajowan oil and lemongrass oil, respectively. In four cases of abortion in tigresses, Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella canis and Flavobacterium aquatile might be associated with abortions. In lionesses, E. coli appeared to be important bacteria associated with abortion. The study concluded that many different types of MDR bacteria may be invading the foetii. The study clearly indicated that just isolation and identification of bacteria from aborted foetii may not be conclusive in determining the cause of abortion in lions and tigers and microbiological results must be interpreted carefully.
456 Innovative Disinfectant Spraying Methods to Prevent Spread of Infectious Organisms, Siddhi J Juikar and G Raja Krishna Kumar A pandemic health crisis has occurred throughout the world due to COVID-19 since early 2019. Several governments are targeting the control of community spread by spraying a broad range of chemical disinfectants at crowded indoor and outdoor public spaces which are likely to be highly contaminated. This has led to the use of a broad range of chemical disinfectants in public areas. The conventional disinfectant spraying practice with the existing machinery need high manpower and logistics are energy intensive. Hence there is a need for a convenient and affordable technique to spray disinfectants for efficient protection from any type of virus. To overcome the demerits of the conventional practices, an innovative, practical and economical approach is discussed, taking cognizance of the regulatory framework. The described techniques are effective in the current and would also be useful in the post lockdown pandemic periods to improve overall sanitary practices and hygiene awareness, worldwide
457 Natural Anti-infective Agents: A Promising Front-line Strategy Against Microbial Resistance Mechanisms, Gloria G Guerrero M , Juan M Favela Hernández , and Aurora Martinez-Romero The global emergence of drug-resistant strains is one of the major concerns and challenges in human infectious diseases due mainly to antibiotics misuse and dosage leading to inadequate control of microbial infections. Anti-infective agents represent the new generation of natural antibiotics (chalcones, phenolic acids, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides). These compounds show diversity in sources, chemical structures, and mechanisms of action. These capabilities make them potential candidates to fight against microbial resistance. The literature on this topic is immense. This review aims to pinpoint general and basic knowledge of natural anti-infective agents (sources, targets, physicochemical properties), all of which constitute key elements that shape their antimicrobial action and make them a hope for more effective treatments
458 Current Landscape of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in COVID Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adrita Chanda , Adrija Aich , Arka Sanyal , Anantika Chanda and Saumyadeep Goswami The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in China’s Hubei area in late 2019 has now created a global pandemic that has spread to over 150 countries. In most people, COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that produces fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Patients with severe Covid- 19 may develop ARDS. MSCs can come from a number of places, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. Because of their easy accessibility and low immunogenicity, MSCs were often used in animal and clinical research. In recent studies, MSCs have been shown to decrease inflammation, enhance lung permeability, improve microbial and alveolar fluid clearance, and accelerate lung epithelial and endothelial repair. Furthermore, MSC-based therapy has shown promising outcomes in preclinical studies and phase 1 clinical trials in sepsis and ARDS. In this paper, we posit the therapeutic strategies using MSC and dissect how and why MSC therapy is a potential treatment option for COVID-19-induced ARDS. We cite numerous promising clinical trials, elucidate the potential advantages of MSC therapy for Covid-19 ARDS patients, examine the detriments of this therapeutic strategy and suggest possibilities of subsequent research
459 Screening of Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Activities of Native and Cultivated Medicinal Plants of India, Pavan Kumar Mujawdiya , Pritee Pandey , Rishabh Singh, Shashwat Sharad and Suman Kapur Background and Objective: Chronic health complications such as obesity and diabetes are associated with disrupted energy balance and abnormal glucose metabolism. Traditional and alternative medicinal systems are used to manage obesity and diabetes due to the presence of several phytoconstituents such as polyphenol and flavonoids that possess anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. In the present study, we have evaluated in vitro anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties of extracts of Azadirachta indica, Asparagus racemosus, Bacopa monnieri, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Rheum palmatum. Methods: Standard colorimetric methods were used for the estimation of total polyphenol, flavonoid, saponin, reducing sugar, glucose, and pentose sugar content. The anti-diabetic property was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Antibacterial activity was tested against gram negative bacterium Klebsiella sp. Antifungal activity was evaluated against common yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Results: It was observed that plant extracts greatly vary in their phytoconstituent and sugar content. The highest polyphenol and saponin contents were observed in Rosmarinus officinalis (2312 ± 59 μg/ml and 25423 ± 0 μg/ml, respectively), whereas Rheum palmatum showed the highest concentration of flavonoids (91125 ± 4009 μg/ml). The concentrations of total reducing sugar, glucose, and pentose sugars in all plant extracts were measured. Asparagus racemosus showed the highest concentration of reducing sugars, glucose and pentose sugars (7000 ± 149 μg/ml, 154.58 ± 5 μg/ml and 49906 ± 3052, respectively). All plant extracts displayed potent antidiabetic activity as reflected by in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay. In addition, all plant extracts showed cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity, indicating their potential role in the management of dyslipidemia. Moreover, all plant extracts showed powerful antimicrobial activities with certain plants inhibiting microbial growth of up to 100%. Conclusions: The herbal extracts of Azadirachta indica, Asparagus racemosus, Bacopa monnieri, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Rheum palmatum possess potent α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and may aid in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in affected individuals. Furthermore, the cholesterol esterase inhibitory properties of these plant extracts may aid in the management of dyslipidemia. Finally, the antimicrobial properties against Klebsiella and Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that these plant extracts can be useful in managing bacterial and fungal infections and may act as lead molecules for the development of potent antimicrobial agents
460 Post-Acute-Sequelae Symptoms of COVID-19 Affected by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccination, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Currently, few prospective data that explore the biological mechanisms of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination on the persistent symptoms, “long-COVID 19” or “post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC)”, including compared antibody dynamics between those with and without PASC [1,2]. PASC is defined by symptoms persisting more than 4 weeks after a confirmed or probable COVID-19, without any confirmed alternative diagnosis [1]. Around 52.8% of the patients reported a global effect on symptoms after the vaccine injection, corresponding to a worsening in around 31% and an improvement in around 21.8% [1]. No differences based on the vaccine type used were detected
461 Performance of Two Diagnostic Methods in the Detection of Gonorrhea Among Pregnant Women in Ogun State, Nigeria, Seyi Samson Enitan, John Osaigbovoh Imaralu , Ihuomachi Chioma Osunka , Michael Olugbamila Dada, Effiong Joseph Effiong, Chibuike Ernest Ohanu , Ifeoluwapo Asekun-Olarinmoye , Eguagie Osareniro Osakue, Rufus Olusegun Animashaun and Oluyemisi Ajike Adekunbi The outcome of pregnancy is often threatened in the presence of sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea which is common among pregnant women. This study was undertaken to investigate the performance of two diagnostic test methods in the screening of Neiserria gonorrheae infection among pregnant women in Ogun state. In total, hundred (100) pregnant women were recruited for this study. Endo-cervical swabs (ECS) were collected in pairs for the culture and RDT method. For the culture method, the swabs were plated on antibiotic incorporated chocolate agar plates to prevent growth of unwanted organisms. Neisseria gonorrheae LabAcon rapid diagnostic test cassette supplied by Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co., Ltd, China was used for the rapid screening. Conventional methods were used to identify Neisseria gonorrheae isolates, and disc diffusion was used to assess susceptibility to standard antibiotics using commercially made antibiotic discs. Out of the 100 participants, 12 (12%) tested positive to N. gonorrheae infection using the culture method and 7 (7%) out of which tested positive to N. gonorrheae infection when screened with the RDT kit. Screening using the culture method was more specific and sensitive than the RDT method. The isolates were most sensitive to Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin and Gentamycin and less sensitive to Tetracycline, Penicillin and Doxycycline. Lack of awareness of Neisseria gonorrheae, recent sexual intercourse, engagement in unprotected sex, number of sexual partners, and recent change in sexual partner were among the risk variables identified in this study as being connected with the occurrence of N. gonorrheae infection. The outcome of this study shows that gonorrhea is present among pregnant women receiving healthcare in BUTH and also gave credence to the superiority of Culture method (Gold standard) over RDT in the screening of gonorrhea.
462 Performance of Two Diagnostic Methods in the Detection of Gonorrhea Among Pregnant Women in Ogun State, Nigeria, Seyi Samson Enitan, John Osaigbovoh Imaralu , Ihuomachi Chioma Osunka , Michael Olugbamila Dada, Effiong Joseph Effiong, Chibuike Ernest Ohanu , Ifeoluwapo Asekun-Olarinmoye , Eguagie Osareniro Osakue, Rufus Olusegun Animashaun and Oluyemisi Ajike Adekunbi The outcome of pregnancy is often threatened in the presence of sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea which is common among pregnant women. This study was undertaken to investigate the performance of two diagnostic test methods in the screening of Neiserria gonorrheae infection among pregnant women in Ogun state. In total, hundred (100) pregnant women were recruited for this study. Endo-cervical swabs (ECS) were collected in pairs for the culture and RDT method. For the culture method, the swabs were plated on antibiotic incorporated chocolate agar plates to prevent growth of unwanted organisms. Neisseria gonorrheae LabAcon rapid diagnostic test cassette supplied by Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co., Ltd, China was used for the rapid screening. Conventional methods were used to identify Neisseria gonorrheae isolates, and disc diffusion was used to assess susceptibility to standard antibiotics using commercially made antibiotic discs. Out of the 100 participants, 12 (12%) tested positive to N. gonorrheae infection using the culture method and 7 (7%) out of which tested positive to N. gonorrheae infection when screened with the RDT kit. Screening using the culture method was more specific and sensitive than the RDT method. The isolates were most sensitive to Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin and Gentamycin and less sensitive to Tetracycline, Penicillin and Doxycycline. Lack of awareness of Neisseria gonorrheae, recent sexual intercourse, engagement in unprotected sex, number of sexual partners, and recent change in sexual partner were among the risk variables identified in this study as being connected with the occurrence of N. gonorrheae infection. The outcome of this study shows that gonorrhea is present among pregnant women receiving healthcare in BUTH and also gave credence to the superiority of Culture method (Gold standard) over RDT in the screening of gonorrhea.
463 Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of Bacterial from Waste Disposal and Management Sites within Tertiary Hospitals in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, T Sampson, O Ejims-Enwukwe and LP Peekate Over the past few years, waste from hospital environment has been a major concern to the public, as the disposal and management of these wastes portend great danger to the surrounding environment. The study investigated the susceptibility pattern and molecular characterization of bacterial isolates from waste disposal sites within University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), in Rivers State. About 10g of top soil (0-15 cm) was randomly collected using a sterile trowel from points associated with waste disposal within the hospital premises. The Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates to conventional antibiotics. The bacterial organisms were isolated using standard bacteriological media, and further characterized using a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular technique. The presence of antibiotics resistance (mecA) gene was probed using specific primers. Data obtained showed that ceftazidime was the least effective antibiotics, as over 80% of both Gram positive and Gram negative isolates were resistant to the antibiotics. The study revealed that most of the isolates from both hospitals had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index greater than 0.2. While UPTH had MAR index that ranged from 0.3 - 0.9, that of RSUTH ranged from 0.3-0.8. Evolutionary relationship between the isolates confirmed that the 16s rRNA sequence were specific to 80% of actual organism; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Providencia stuartii, from the data base. The study detected the presence of mecA gene in 60%of the isolates probed
464 How Social Engagement Against Covid-19 in a Brazilian Slum Helped Mitigate Rising Statistics, Heitor Evangelista, Sérgio J Gonçalves Junior , Eduardo Delfino Sodré , Juliana Nogueira , Rodrigo Goldenberg-Barbosa , Newton Magalhães , Angela MG dos Santos, Ricardo HM Godoi, Cesar Amaral , Marcio Cataldo G da Silva, Daniel A Junger de Oliveira and Luís Cristóvão Porto For many underdeveloped countries, strategies implemented by social communities allied to scientific knowledge may be a rote to attenuate the rapid spread of Covid-19 cases and allow services to the population. This work presents a joint effort collaboration between scientists and underserved community groups from a Brazilian slum/Santa Marta in Rio de Janeiro City in the fight against Covid-19. Measurements of contamination in the air near the ground and georeferencing of data of infected people were regressed with sanitization activities aiming at reducing the Covid-19 incidence. We monitored aerosol containing SARS-Cov-2 virus in outdoor ambient air using various virus collection mediums (solid, liquid, and gelatinous substrates) at different aerodynamic sizes. We implemented a local statistics survey for the Covid-19 database correlated with varying sanitization levels between April 2020 and June 2021 developed in the Santa Marta slum. We detected the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the air near the ground in diameters ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 μm, demonstrating that there is a circulation of the virus in the slum atmosphere. We demonstrate that Covid-19 cases for the Santa Marta slum were significatively lowered with improved sanitization levels (r = -0.74). Despite previous publications that discarded the use of sanitization as a relevant tool in the fight against Covid-19, our results suggest that profits can be achieved in mitigating Covid-19 in underserved community sites. Furthermore, a permanent sanitization activity may induce positive social behaviour to combat Covid-19
465 Emerging Threats to Community Due to Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanism and Facts, Monalisa Debbarma, Purabi Baral and Rajashree Panigrahy Due to emerging resistance mechanisms imposed by the microbes, antimicrobial resistance creates a danger to our ability to treat the prevalent infections. It is particularly concerning to see how the multi-drug resistant microorganisms which are also known as “superbugs,” are expanding across the globe and causing diseases that are drug resistant. Clinical trials for new antibiotics are increasingly running out. Out of thirty two antibiotics, six were classified as novel by WHO in 2019. The scarcity of top-notch antimicrobials continues to be a major problem. The lack of antibiotics is wreaking havoc on developing nations, especially for the healthcare industry. As drug resistance grows globally, antibiotics are becoming more and more valuable. Because AMR reduces the patient’s recovery or caregiver’s productivity by requiring longer hospital period for more intensive and expensive treatment affecting economic and health care cost. Therefore, there should be rationale use of antimicrobials and hence the antimicrobial prescription has to be updated periodically and followed
466 Microbiological Assessment and Antimicrobial Properties of Edible Clay (Nzu) Sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Aleruchi O, Ogbonna SI, Amadi E and Nnodim LC This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality and antimicrobial properties of microbes found in edible clay sold in Port Harcourt metropolis. Random purchase of Nzu was made, from various local markets: Creek-road, Mile 1, Mile 3, Navy and Ojoto markets in Port Harcourt. The samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for microbiological assessment and antimicrobial properties. The bacterial counts obtained from the various locations ranged between 8.0 × 10³ to 2.0 ×10⁴ CFU/g. The fungal counts, ranged between 0 to 3.0 × 10³ CFU/g. Bacteria isolated include Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli and fungi such as Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Candida sp. and Fusarium sp. Resistance to Cepftriaxone, cefuroxime, augmentin, and ceftazidime was found in Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus sp. was resistant to Ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, and augmentin. Streptococcus sp were resistant to Augmentin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and ceftazidime. Klebsiella sp showed some level of resistance to augmentin, ceftrazidime, and cefuroxime. Escherichia coli was resistant to cefixime, cefuroxime, and augmentin. Pseudomonas sp. was resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and augmentin. Fluconazole drug resistance was found in Fusarium sp.; however, fluconazole susceptibility was found in Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., and Candida sp. Except for Fusarium, which was intermediate, all of the fungal isolates were responsive to clotrimazole. Nystatin was resisted by Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Mucor sp., but susceptible by Candida and Fusarium. Mucor sp. and Fusarium sp. showed intermediate and resistant responses to ketoconazole, respectively: as other fungal isolates were susceptible. The level of resistance demonstrated by the microorganisms isolated from edible clay may pose a risk to the consumers and general public, with time.
467 A Review on Detoxification and Bioremediation of Antimony by Bacterial Species, Adrija Banerjee, Syed Krittika Tabassum, Debarpan Debnath, Debraj Hazra and Rajat Pal Rising pollution and heavy metal contamination is one of the most vital concerns across the globe. Presently, research on antimony pollution grabs the attention due to its application in industry. Heavy metal pollution and contamination needs proper regulation and monitoring. Hence, in this article we have encompassed the significant molecular mechanisms such as the operons and efflux transporters involved as well as biochemical processes like oxidation, reduction and biomethylation mediated by As and Sb resistant bacteria that considerably help in bioremediation. This article summarizes most of the common techniques employed by bacteria to combat Sb pollution
468 Optimization of the Growth Condition and Molecular Identification of Two Bacterial Isolates from Egyptian Agricultural Wastes, Khaled Abuelhaded , Mohamed Ahmed El Howeity , AM Nofal and Gehad H Zanoun Bacteria that produce cellulase were isolated from rice straw and sugarcane straw and screened using the Congo Red technique. 16S rDNA analysis was used to identify the highly cellulolytic isolates. CH1-Rice has homology with Brevibacillus sp., while CH5- Sugarcane has homology with Klebsiella variicol, according to phylogenetic tree analysis of their 16S rDNA gene sequencing information’s. Bacterial optimum growth conditions were adjusted by manipulating nutritional and environmental parameters as temperature, pH, cellulose concentration, incubation time, salinity, and different carbon sources. The activity was estimated by measuring the turbidity of bacteria with a spectrophotometer. In conclusion, Two different bacterial strains were discovered anad isolated, and the optimal growth conditions for each were identified. These strains might be employed to transform plant waste into more beneficial substances
469 Effect of Season on the Microbial Quality of Oilfield Wastewater and Receiving Pond, Aleruchi Owhonka The effect of season on the microbial quality of oilfield wastewater and the effluent receiving pond was investigated. Oilfield wastewater and the recipient pond samples were collected from the Ogbogu flow station, Rivers State, Nigeria for one year. The total heterotrophic bacteria, total heterotrophic fungi, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, and fungi of the samples were evaluated using standard microbiological methods. The mean range of the total heterotrophic bacterial, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial, total heterotrophic fungal, and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts of the oilfield wastewater effluents was 1.29×108-1.98×108, 1.22×104- 1.44×104, 1.5×104-1.8×104, and 1.3×103 -2.8×103 CFU/ml, respectively for the dry season and 3.1×107-3.6×107, 2.3×103 -2.8×103,1.5×104-1.6×104, and 1.2×103-1.5×103 CFU/ml, for the rainy season. The mean range of the total heterotrophic bacterial, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial, total heterotrophic fungal, and hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts of the pond effluents was 2.42×105-2.73×105, 2.01×105-2.11×105, 2.6×104-3.8×104, and 1.5×103-5.7×103 CFU/ml, respectively for dry season 4.6×104-5.0×104, 3.0×103 -3.3×103,1.5×104-2.8×104, and 1.4×103 -1.6×103 CFU/ml, respectively for the rainy season. Bacillus sp, Aeromonas sp, Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Chryseomonas sp, Proteus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Actinomyces sp, Enterobacter sp, Rhodococcus sp, and E. coli were isolated in both samples. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Geotricum, Fusarium, and Penicillium sp were also isolated from both samples. The HUB, THF, and HUF of the Pond effluent were significantly higher (P ≤ 00.5) than values obtained for the oilfield wastewater effluent. The microbial population in the pond samples was influenced by the seasons and drier months were characterized by higher microbial populations. These organisms would be very useful for bioremediation
470 A Recent Epidemiological Condition of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review, Samer Shamshad , Sanchita Srivastava and Senthilkumar Rajagopal The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has grappled the world with fear, infecting around 18.2 Cr people and resulting in the deaths of 39.5 L in the span of a mere eighteen months (until July 2021). First identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in 2019, Covid-19 is now proving to be a complex and long-lasting challenge for everyone. Just as any other virus, SARS-CoV-2 also mutates all the time, it has been acquiring minor random mutations ever since it jumped from animal (bat) to humans. These constant mutations are creating new variants and are posing a challengeto scientific efforts all over the globe. The aftermath is especially felt in the United Kingdom (with the B.1.1.7 variant), India (B.1.617), and Brazil (P1). Despite the extraordinary speed of vaccination and other drug discoveries against the novel corona virus, these variants continue to threaten mass destruction. This article describes SARS-CoV-2, its dominant variants (α, β, γ), associated mortality rate, epidemic, and prevalence factor, how immune system reacted to different variants and the current treatment available
471 Energy Consumption Increases the Comfort of Mankind, but Destroys the Climate, Khalidullin OH The main and largest in terms of number and volume of living beings on the planet is microscopic living creatures: “Biomass is the mass of microorganisms in terms of area or volume unit. More often it is expressed in tons per 1 ha and varies in the range from 0.5 to 20 t/ha. - https://veterinarua.ru/mikrobiologiya/452- mikrobiologicheskie-parametry-pochvy.html. This is the total mass of living individuals of one species, group of species or community as a whole (plants, animals, microorganisms) per unit surface or volume of habitat
472 Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Bodies and Drinking Water Supplies in and Around Bareilly, India, Bhoj R Singh, Ravichandran Karthikeyan, Dharmendra K Sinha, Vinodhkumar OR, Varsha Jaykumar, AkankshaYadav and Himani Agri The study was conducted to evaluate the microbial quality of water supplies in Bareilly city and nearby villages. A total of 111 samples comprising community pond water (45), drinking water (36), water tap handle swabs (city, 23) and sewage water (7, city) were analysed. Total of 363 bacterial isolates belonging to 25 genera were identified of which 71.3%, 47.7% and 30% isolates had multiple drug resistance, carbapenem resistance and produced extended spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL), respectively. Twenty of the 36 drinking water samples had coliforms and 33.3% were positive for Escherichia coli. Besides, 55 samples had ESKAPE bacteria, 43.24% were positive for carbapenem resistant bacteria (CRB) and 24.3% samples had carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). In drinking water samples 8.3 % had CRE and 33.3% had CRB. Two third (65.2%) of water faucet (tap) handles in public places had CRBs mostly belonging to ESKAPE group of pathogens, and 52.2% carried CRE. The community pond water was still the bigger health hazard since 64.4% and 44.4% of samples were positive for CRB and CRE, respectively. The study indicated that community water sources either for drinking or for other purposes in and around Bareilly city were potential source of MDR, CR and ESBL producing strains
473 Cardiopulmonary Metabolic Syndrome and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun A comprehensive search was carried out in mainstream bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings, including ScienDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. The search was applied to the articles that were published between January 1999 and July 2022. With strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 30 articles from 91 articles of initial literature database. Several previous studies hypothetically reported that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and obesity in persons older than 60 years were significantly rising. The effects of changes on the immune status and insulin secretion in patients with diabetes are still questionable, whereas several previous studies demonstrated trigger higher stress conditions of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) contributing to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes.
474 Modern Innovative Tools of Biotechnology for Improving Quality of Meat and Meat Products, Meena Goswami, Vikas Pathak, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Barkha Sharma, Parul, Sanjay Singh, Abhishek Mishra and Rishi Kumar Biotechnology is one of the leading areas in scientific development of the world today. Biotechnological advancement has spread nearly to all spheres of science viz. agriculture, animal sciences, environmental science, food-science, medicine etc. so as to improve the living standards of the globe. The meat processing is bridging the gap and is been proven as a promising pace in the developing world. This industry has been constantly upgraded by new technologies but the application of latest biotechnological methods is still hindered. The share of food processing market is largest in biotechnology despite the fact that the health care market is leading due to high valued end products. The link between biotechnology and food processing has been proved on different platforms and still explored by various researchers and organizations. During last few decades, the tools of biotechnology have proved a boon to improve the livestock products (milk, meat products etc.). The various fields of application of biotechnological tools are: increasing production of high yielding animals, quality control and improvement of products, production of hormones, designer food, functional food, enzymes, bio preservation and end-product utilization
475 Evolution of COVID-19 Practices and Overview of Current Variants of Concern, Robert W Buckingham and Brittany Adams COVID-19 is an ever-evolving virus. Quickly appearing and disappearing variants make it difficult to keep up with necessary changes in response. In 2021, WHO created a new naming system to help distinguish different variants. It has been crucial in identifying the many subvariants of Omicron, including the now majority BA.5. Vaccine manufacturers have been working to create boosters that are more effective against variants that have proven evasive of immunity provided by current vaccines. Scientists are divided about the best path forward for these new vaccines, especially concerning future unknown variants. It is impossible to know how long Omicron will be around or if, even in a few weeks, we will have a new variant taking its place
476 Role of Physical Activity in Severe COVID-19 Outcomes, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Prevalence of obesity, a marker of evolution of the world-population lifestyle and global prevalence of physical inactivity were greater than the prevalence of the worldwide prevalence of tobacco smokers with potentially being a greater mortality cause than tobacco smoking [1]. All COVID-19 patient cohorts demonstrated increase in severe-COVID-19 risk among persons with obesity by the index of adiposity (Body-Mass Index (BMI)) [2]. Regular physical activity decreases the risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetic mellitus
477 Antibacterial Activity of Probiotics Against Selected Human Pathogens, Jangbari NP, Rana AS and Tabani UR Probiotics are live bacteria that confer good health benefits to their host. Probiotics help in restoring the gut microbiota. A Probiotic bacterium inhibits the pathogen’s growth and their attachment to the intestine or gastrointestinal tract. They help in the permeability of the intestine and increase the production of mucosa and intestinal integrity. In this study, it is an attempt to analyze the antibacterial effect of probiotic bacteria against common human pathogens. Eleven probiotic isolates were isolated from three different natural samples and they were characterized based on Colony Characteristics, Cell morphology, Staining properties and catalase test. The antibacterial activity of the probiotic isolates was determined against four human pathogens through the agar well diffusion method. Almost all the probiotic samples exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria
478 Microalgae and its Potential to Touch Everyone’s Life, Ronak Chhaya and Debabrata Sarkar Microalgae have in recent times fascinated substantial attention worldwide, due to their massive application potential in the agriculture, animal nutrition, aqua culture, renewable energy, biopharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. For growth, microalgae utilize nitrates and phosphates from municipal wastewater and other industries. Microalgae have been consumed by humans since thousands of years. Microalgae are not fully studied crop to produce dietary foods. Microalgae can cultivate easily with limited resources as compared to the traditional crops and produce more yield compared to terrestrial crops. The enervation of renewable source of energy and wastewater treatment are one of the concerning issues for the growing population. Microalgae are wealthy supply of supermolecules called protein and bio-active components, provided one more health benefit. Microalgae has been constructed with an emerging next generation group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms with the ability to handle immediate industrial and agricultural challenges. The tremendous organic variety of microalgae may be leveraged to supply a large quantity of natural or genetically modified precious biomolecules. Microalgae moreover own a fixed of intrinsic advantages, along with low manufacturing costs, very little requirement for arable land, and fast cultivation capacity in both outside structure and with fully controlled photobioreactors. Microalgae have a sizable capacity to transform atmospheric carbon dioxide to valuable commodities such as lipids, carbohydrates, and other biologically active metabolites. The present review describes the potential use of microalgae for agricultural applications, human nutrition, animal nutrition and aqua cultures
479 High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Buffalo Beef Sold at Retail Butcheries in Northern India, Javed Ahamad Khan , Ram Swaroop Rathore , Iqbal Ahmad , Rubina Gill , Fohad Mabood Husain , Javeed Akhtar Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive cocci bacterium causes food poisoning in human population due to consumption of contaminated food. The bacterium may be part of the normal human microbiota which can cause wide range of diseases from skin and soft-tissue infections to severe invasive disease such as infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome. In past, the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus has increased manifolds due to the bacterial evolution and antibiotic exploitation of antibiotics. Therefore, screening of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus time to time can be useful enormously for the treating S. aureus associated infections. Hence, this study was intended to investigate the status of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in beef of buffalo origin. Fifty raw beef samples were randomly collected from different retail butcheries shops in Bareilly city, northern India and determined the load and prevalence of S. aureus. The mean values of S. aureus count were observed from log 10 1.0 cfu/g to log 3.6 cfu/g. Beef samples were also screened for the prevalence (36.0%) of the S. aureus following cultural methods of BAM/CFSAN and isolated eighteen S. aureus isolates. All isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (aPCR) targeting nuclease (nuc) gene. The isolates were scrutinized for antibiotic resistance. The utmost resistance were showed for penicillin (72.2%) and ampicillin (44.4%). The high prevalence (94.4%) of multidrug resistance (MDR) was monitored in S. aureus isolates. High prevalence of buffalo beef with antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus exhibits an alarming situation and obliges for specific utilization of antibiotics in buffaloes in the study area
480 The Single Biggest Threat to Man ́S Continued Dominance on the Planet is the Virus, Carlos Navarro Venegas Their characteristics have been spectacularly described since Wendell Stanley was able to crystallize them in 1935. They have subsequently been microphotographed and are currently being studied and detected thanks to the brilliant mind of Kary Mullis: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its variants Today, humanity is in check, as the movie Outbreak (1995) supposes, due to one of the existing viruses (SARS-CoV-2), but others that have been “eradicated” according to the WHO must not be forgotten. Hence, Joshua Lederberg’s sentence that titles this article and that will disturb the domain of man on the face of the Earth
481 Evaluation of NLR and PLR in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura; Is it Worth Doing?, Aisha Arshad , Samina Naz Mukry and Tahir Shamsi Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. The clinical biomarkers like Neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocytes ratio (PLR) can be used as differential diagnostic tool in ITP. The current study was planned to evaluate utility of NLR and PLR in ITP diagnosis and their association with disease prognosis and response to treatment. Methods: A case control study (1:1) was conducted from January 2015 to December 2017 with 111 ITP patients and 111 healthy controls. Peripheral blood was collected and CBC were recorded using Sysmex XN-1000.The calculation of NLR and PLR was done using absolute value of neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts. The significant difference (p =
482 Evaluation of Fifatrol, Septilin, Giloy (Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia) and Oils of Guggul (Balsamodendron mukul) and Holy Basil (Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum) for their Antimicrobial Potential, Bhoj R Singh, Akhilesh Kumar, Ravi Kant Agrawal, Ravichandran Karthikeyan, Dharmendra K Sinha, Vinodhkumar OR, Varsha Jaykumar, Akanksha Yadav and Himani Agri Many herbal antimicrobial drugs, a potential alternative to antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant pathogens, are commercially available in the market in India and abroad. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two most commonly prescribed herbal antimicrobial drugs in India, Fifatrol (Aimil Pharmaceuticals) and Septilin (The Himalaya Drug Company), along with extracts from stems of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) oil (HBO) and Guggul (Balsamodendron mukul) oil (GO) against 80 bacterial strains belonging to 22 species of 18 genera. None of the aqueous extracts (Fifatrol, Septilin and Giloy) had antimicrobial activity even at 12.8 mg mL-1 concentration. Ethanolic extracts of Fifatrol, Septilin and Giloy inhibited the growth of 33.75%, 26.25% and 13.75% of microbes, respectively, at 1.6 mg mL-1 concentration. However, HBO and GO inhibited 86.25% and 23.75% strains of microbes, respectively at the same concentration. Though Fifatrol ethanolic extract and HBO had better activity (p, 0.01) against vancomycin-resistant bacteria than on vancomycin sensitive strains, no such difference was evident on their activity on extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, carbapenem-resistant or methicillin-resistant bacteria and ESBL non-producers, carbapenem and methicillin-sensitive strains. The study indicated that Fifatrol and Septilin were not good antimicrobials on in-vitro testing; however, HBO may have potential antimicrobial utility. At 0.64% (6.4 mg mL-1) concentration, HBO inhibited the growth of 79 out of 80 microbial strains tested, indicating its potential in the development of topical antimicrobial ointments or inhalants
483 Microbial Activity in the Unequipped Municipal Solid Waste Landfills, Mikhail Krasnyansky The paper discusses a critical situation regarding unequipped municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. Emissions of toxic gases from a "close laboratory dump” and a real smoldering solid waste landfill have been measured. Special attention is given to such problems as bio-degradation and self-ignition of MSW dumps caused by bacterial activity in the body of the landfill. The paper describes the materials as well as techniques used for experiments and calculations of results. Dynamics of development of microorganism colonies within the body of MSW has been studied experimentally and a mathematical model of these processes was developed. A method for extinguishing a smoldering MSW landfill has been developed and tested.
484 Systematic Review of Human Brucellosis in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Acta Araig G Aljohani Background: The objectives of this systematic review were to assess prevalence of human brucellosis, in kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the past three decade. Methods: Two databases were searched, 1113 articles published between 1990-2022 identified as relating to human brucellosis. after duplicates removed, out of scope, not about Brucellosis in Saudi Arabia, we were left with 17 articles Conclusions: The risk for emergence and transmission of brucellosis is evident as a result of the co-existence of animal husbandry activities and social-cultural activities that promote brucellosis transmission. Well-designed countrywide awareness of brucellosis at the human/livestock/wildlife interface are needed. These could help to generate reliable frequency and potential impact estimates, to identify Brucella reservoirs, and to propose control strategies of proven efficacy
485 Factors Affecting Patients Test Results, Debadatta Panigrahi , Erum Khan , Yehia Saleh Ahmed Mohamed and Ashok Rattan Clinical diagnostic laboratory plays a very important role in safe delivery of quality service to the patient. Over 70 per cent of all management decisions in the clinics and hospitals are based on laboratory results. It is therefore of paramount importance that the laboratory issues out reports that are accurate, reliable and reproducible and available to clinicians in a clinically relevant time frame. The diagnostic cycle can be divided into three phases (which has been further divided into five) with the pre analytical phase being the most error prone. A number of variables effect the results and each variable has to be controlled if we wish to obtain reliable results. Sensitivity and specificity are inherent attributes of a test, but the positive and negative predictive value depends upon the prevalence of the disease in the community. We can increase the value of the test by considering the likelihood ratio and understanding the roc of the test
486 Study In Silico Pigment Derivative Compounds Monascus sp. As Anticorona Virus Candidates, Resha Resmawati Shaleha, Anna Yuliana and Septian Dwi Mulyana Background: Corona Virus is biggest family of viruses with causes of illness ranging from mild to severe symptoms. Monascus sp.is used to ferment which has the potential as a Nutraceutical. Studies on Monascus sp. developing rapidly, including the discovery of new pigments, namely 57 derivatives of the pigment Monascus sp. Codes 5LHD and 6VW1 were used as anticoronavirus receptors Material and Methods: Ols and SwissDock and then validated by performing Molecular Dynamic. The final conformational results were then visualized using the Biovia Discovery studio, analyzed the effectiveness of the docking program, pharmacokinetics, toxic- ity, and dynamic programming using the Ramachandran plot. Results: analysis showed that the compounds derived from Monascus sp. On average it has a small binding affinity value, but the Monankarin E compound has a so good binding affinity value (5LHD: -8.7). Conclusion: Monankarin E from the pigment derivative Monascus sp. can provide good potential to use as a candidate for the anti-corona virus
487 Something in an Average Between Living and Non-Living, Khalidullin OH The emergence and development of industrialization began to affect the circulation of chemical elements. Each of them and their combinations, after use, changes its state, structure, appearance. All items that are created in factories are used by humans and then become garbage. After using some products, substances can be converted into others. For example, glass and metals, paper, plastic are melted down to make other products, food waste and organic compounds are composted. However, collection and reuse processes require significant costs and effort. 90% of all waste goes to landfills and landfills. Only developed countries, such as Japan, Sweden, recycle all waste and do not have landfills. In underdeveloped countries, landfill areas are increasing day by day. Large volumes of waste during storage for a long time create an unprecedented problem for nature - a new phenomenon
488 Aging Adults with COVID-19 Infection and Alzheimer’s Disease, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) demonstrated decrease in the consciousness level [1]. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) experienced longer lockdown periods to protect themselves from being infected with COVID-19 or to recover from COVID-19 infection [2,3] that contributed to direct results (worse behavioral interferences and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms) [3]. People with the mid-60’s of ages frequently present the most frequent type of AD that is not produced one gene only (apolipoprotein E gene (APOE))
489 Implementation Dynamics Regarding TB Infection Prevention Strategies in Tshwane District Healthcare Facilities, WK Malebati and Thuledi Makua Background: Tuberculosis infection prevention and control remain the priority in prevent the risk of spread tuberculosis in the healthcare facilities. It is not yet known whether tuberculosis prevention strategies are protecting healthcare practitioners against tuberculosis infection in the healthcare facilities Aim: To explore the implementation dynamics of the tuberculosis (TB) infection prevention strategies amongst healthcare practitioner in Tshwane district, Gauteng province of South Africa Settings: Tshwane district healthcare facilities (4 district hospitals, 5 Community Health Centre (CHC) and 8 clinics.) caring for suspected or confirmed TB infected patients Method: Used a qualitative, descriptive and interpretive phenomenology, an exploratory research design was used to explore the implementation dynamics regarding the TB infection prevention and control strategies in Tshwane district Findings: Lack of support and involvement of management to deal with challenges faced by healthcare service professional in the implementation of TB prevention strategies; shortage of qualified socialised practitioners in the healthcare facilities, poor facility infrastructural design.
490 Assessment of Bacteraemia/Septicaemia in Paediatric Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Priyanka Dhyani , Rashmi , Priti Singh , AD Urhekar and Samir Pachpute Background: Septicaemia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and children. The detection of microorganisms in a patient’s blood has a great diagnostic and prognostic significance. Blood culture remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of sepsis. Objective: 1) To find out the incidence of positive blood culture in suspected cases of septicaemia in children (0-12 years) with antibiotic sensitivity. 2) To study the significance of CRP, and Absolute Neutrophil Count in diagnosis of paediatric bacteraemia/ septicaemia and correlation with blood culture results Methods: The study was carried out in MGM Medical college and Hospital, Kamothe and MGM hospital, Kalamboli, Navi Mumbai in the period of February 2021 - January 2022. 110 blood samples received in microbiology lab were processed for blood culture and antibiotic sensitivity. CRP test is done by slide agglutination method and Total leucocyte count was done in haematological blood cell counter. Inclusion criteria: Children below 12 years of age and with clinical features suggestive of Bacteraemia/Septicaemia
491 How to Convert Sahara Desert into Fertile Land, Rashmi Sharma Sahara is desert Africa Located North Africa Area 9.400 m km 2 Agriculture is not possible in high Temperature and water scarce areas specially during Summers Temperature reaches 49 - 50 degree centigrade. Pond development, interlinking of rivers, amrit sarovar yojana, Tank, iri, Jhalara, Talab, Tanka, Johad, Panam keni, Khadin dana, Dhora, Kund, Bawari, Baoli, Zing, Nadi, Bhandara, Phad, Bamboo drip irrigation, Ramtek, Jackwell tek, Eri, Tank, Khul, Zabo, Ruza are some traditional water conservation methods
492 Development of a Novel shRNA Construct pSh-IRAK-4 for Silencing of IRAK-4 Gene and Delineating TLR-Mediated Pathway in Penaeus monodon In-Vitro, Ranjeeta Kumari , Madhusudhana Rao B , Gulshan Kumar , Gireesh Babu P , Gayatri Tripathi , KV Rajendran and MKBedekar In order to understand the TLR pathway defence mechanism of Penaeus monodon, the essential molecule involved in the transduction of Toll-pathway, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) was investigated by the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) by silencing of the mRNA expression of IRAK-4 gene. In this study we have developed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) construct in pSUPER vector targeting IRAK-4 gene silencing of TLR pathway in P. monodon. The silencing efficiency of pSh-IRAK-4 construct was first confirmed in-vitro in primary haemocyte culture by transfection using pSh-IRAK-4 plasmid, followed by induction with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Loss of expression of IRAK-4 was studied by relative gene expression in pSH-IRAK-4 group compared to LPS induced group, the maximum suppression of IRAK-4 gene in cell culture was recorded as 96% at 12h and 93.5% at 24h post LPS induction in pSh-IRAK-4 group. After confirmation of silencing efficiency of construct, the expression of TLR genes of IRAK-4 mediated pathway, was studied post LPS induction both in vitro using real-time qRT-PCR with β-actin as the internal reference gene. For this IRAK-4 downstream genes TRAF6, Dorsal and 4 Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (ALF, PEN, AST, Crustin) molecules were studied. Significant downregulation of mRNA expression level in downstream molecules of TLR pathway below IRAK-4 gene viz., TRAF6, Dorsal, and 4 AMPs (ALF, PEN, AST, Crustin) compared to LPS group in response to LPS stimulation was observed in pSh- IRAK-4 group (P ≤ 0.05). Taking all these results together, it is confirmed that TLR pathway is governed by central mediator kinase molecule IRAK-4, when induced by LPS ligand, NF-kB activates the downstream cascades of AMPs of the Toll pathway in P. monodon. Our result confirms the designing of a novel pSh-IRAK-4 construct and its application in efficient silencing of IRAK-4 gene in P. monodon. Plasmid-based IRAK-4 knockdown approach would provide an insight to the role of IRAK-4 in shrimp immune system.
493 Histone Lysine Demethylase 5A Promotes the Proliferation and Inhibits the Apoptosis of B Cells in SLE, Jie Fan , Kaimin Zhang , Farooq Riaz , Yiping Hu , Jinjun Liu , Qinwen Wang and Fan Pan A classic autoimmune connective tissue disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), causes injury to multiple organ systems. It has been demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), typically represented as A20, is associated with the progression of SLE. However, it hasn’t been revealed how A20 is involved in modulating the role of A20 in SLE. In the current study, we determined that A20 was reduced in B cells collected from SLE patients, while the responsiveness of B cells was considerably elevated in SLE patients. Further investigation indicated overexpressing A20 in B cells restricted their proliferation and initiated their apoptosis. Moreover, trimethylation of histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4me3) was decreased in the A20 promoter of SLE B cells. Lysine demethylase 5A (Kdm5a) was significantly increased in B cells from SLE patients and negatively correlated with A20 expression. Further, Kdm5a knockdown increased the H3K4me3 level and A20 expression. More importantly, Kdm5a promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of B cells in SLE via downregulation of A20. In general, Kdm5a promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of B cells in SLE via downregulation of A20 by decreasing H3K4me3 enrichment level in the A20 promoter, suggesting a novel mechanism underlying SLE progression, and providing a promising therapeutic target for SLE
494 Seroepidemiological Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Immunity and Relationship with White Blood Cells and Haemoglobin Levels Among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Subjects in the North West Region of Cameroon, Oumar Mahamat, Nosimbang Golda Pingpoh, Lem Edith Abongwa and Ntonifor Helen Ngum Background: This study aimed at determining the impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on certain haematological indices in HIV-infected and non-infected persons Method: The cross-sectional study was carried out between January-June 2021 at the Bamenda Regional Hospital and Bambui District Hospital in Northwest Cameroon with 320 participants. Venous blood was collected to measure haemoglobin concentrations, leucocyte, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts and to determine the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM using Rapid anti-T. gondii test cassettes.
495 Comparative Analysis of Heat Shock Protein Genes Hsp70 and Hsp90 Expression by Live and Killed Edwardsiella tarda Challenge in Rohu, Labeo rohita, Akash Jayalakshmi Subramaniyan, Kurcheti Pani Prasad, Saurav Kumar, Nalini Poojary, Anisha Valsalam and Megha Kadam Bedekar An inclusive variety of biotic and abiotic pressures fuels specific intracellular stress responses characterized by a family of unique proteins referred to as heat shock proteins (HSP). The present study is an expression profiling of two significant heat shock protein genes, Hsp70 and Hsp90, during live (lethal, sublethal) and killed Edwardsiella tarda challenge in rohu, Labeo rohita. Thirty rohu juveniles were challenged with the lethal dose (LD50 ) of E. tarda 3.5×107 CFU, the sublethal dose of E. tarda 3.5×106 CFU, and formalin-killed E. tarda 3.5×107 CFU per 20g of body weight of fish, intraperitoneally. The genes’ (Hsp70 and Hsp90) expressions were studied in the liver, kidney, spleen, and gill tissues of rohu at different periods: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-challenge by qPCR. The Hsp gene modulation was more significant in the liver and spleen than in kidney and gill tissues. Among the three treatments, the killed E. tarda showed more expression of Hsp70 production followed by the lethal dose. High Hsp90 expression was observed in fishes challenged with live E. tarda than killed bacteria. Further, the highest activity of glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase was found in all the treatments. The study indicated the critical role of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in live infection compared to killed bacterial administration.
496 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Overlooked Enemy Disguised as a Friend, Himani Agri, Ravichandran Karthikeyan, Bhimavarapu Kiranmayee, Varsha Jayakumar, Akanksha Yadav, Vinodh Kumar OR, Dharmendra K Sinha and Bhoj R Singh Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one of the most common emerging nosocomial pathogenic non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNBs). The genus Stenotrophomonas comprises 19 validly published species. The bacteria in the genus are environmental commensals, especially in close association with plants. They are auspicious agents for biotechnological applications in agriculture. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is the most predominant species known to cause disease in humans and animals. It was once considered a pathogen of low virulence but now emerged as an important nosocomial opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia and bacteraemia in immunocompromised individuals. The plasticity to various niches and hosts of this pathogen is primarily attributed to the mutation rate and intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics. The advent of various diagnostic methods increased the reporting of these pathogens from different clinical and non-clinical environments in recent years. In the past two decades, this pathogen caused various clinical conditions in animals. Frequent reports of this pathogen in hospital environments, animals, and foods of animal origin, suggest their possible role as important reservoirs for human infections and challenges for the future. Here we discuss the different microbial characteristics, epidemiology, and emerging concerns of this complex group of organisms with special reference to S. maltophilia.
497 Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Approved by FDA in 2021, Henry Hongrong Cai and Ayesha Pandit Despite the impact of covid-19, FDA approved 13 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, compared with the annual record high, 17 therapeutic antibodies approved in 2017. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) technique was created by Georges Köhler, César Milstein, and Niels Kaj Jerne in 1975 by using a mouse x mouse hybridoma. In 1984 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery. Eight years later, in 1992 US FDA approved the first therapeutic mAb muromonab-CD3 (trade name Orthoclone OKT3) to reduce acute rejection in patients with organ transplants. Since then, as of December 31, 2021, FDA has approved 136 therapeutic mAbs (not including two diagnostic mAb
498 Machine Learning in Microbiology, Fatemeh Yousefsaber Microbiology is defined as a scientific major focusing on small living creatures like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Considering the fact that industrial manufacturing of essential products like enzymes, hormones, and medicines has attracted enormous attention, scientists are seeking the solution to develop sustainable approaches. Among all proposed green synthesis methods, microbial production seems to be the best option due to its fast, simple, and environmentally friendly production mechanisms
499 Phytochemical and In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Methanolic Extract of Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Ramesh Londonkar and Maithilee Kesralikar In therapeutic plants, phytochemicals are found in abundance. A family of verbena known as vervain (verbenaceae) consists of over 100 genera and nearly 2600 species. Among the Verbenaceae family is Stachytarpheta, a green perennial herb. This species is being examined in this study for its phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Stachytarpheta mutabilis methanol extracts were studied for their phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous effects in the current study. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, and saponins, among other phytoconstituents. One fungus, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, as well as four gram (+) pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and two gram (-) pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were performed by disc diffusion tested for antibacterial activity .The nitric oxide scavenging assay was used to test for anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro
500 Lentil Lectin, A Molecularly Engineered from Lens culinaris: A Broad-Spectrum Activities Against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Recently, a study demonstrated an engineered banana lectin (BanLec, Lens culinaris) that importantly decreased mitogenicity by replacing histidine 84 with a threonine (H84T-BanLec) and introduction of a single amino acid substitution [1]. H84T-Banlec demonstrated potent broad-spectrum against viruses high- mannose N-glycans (particularly oligomannose-type glycans and GlcNAC at the non-reducing end terminus and artificial mutants at N-/O-linked glycosylation with most potent and broad antiviral activity against the epidemic variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 [2]), such as severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)) and middle-east-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in vitro and in vivo, in addition to Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, hepatitis C virus, and influenza viruses A and B, via highly-glycosylated-viral proteins for blocking the cell attachment, cell entry, fusion of membrane, and coronavirus replication [1,3-5]
501 Assessment of Farmers Knowledge and Attitude on Vaccination of Livestock and its Implications in Ejere District of West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, Adugna Girma , Chimdesa Workineh , Ararsa Bekele , Dekeba Tefera , Habte Gelana , Diriba Gebisa , Tesfaye Chalchisa and Mahendra Pal Vaccine is one of the major ways of preventing and controlling infectious diseases of humans and animals including birds. The questioner survey was conducted purposively in three selected kebeles, namely Kimmoye, Damotu, and Amaro of Ejere district West Shewa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia from July 2021 to September 2021 in order to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the farmers on the livestock vaccination. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed for this study and face-to-face semi-structured questionnaire survey was employed to collect required data on the livestock vaccination. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square (χ2) were used for the data analyses. In present study, the highest numbers of the farmers (79%) were found to use antibiotics as primary choice to prevent and control livestock diseases. Whereas 21% of the farmers replied on the use of vaccines. Large numbers (45%) of the farmers reared animals both for income and cultural purpose. However, 12% and 43% of the farmers were holding the animals only for culture and income issues, respectively. Additionally, 79% of the farmers in the study area did not take any training on the animal diseases and vaccinations. More than 50% of the farmers did not have good knowledge and positive attitudes toward animal vaccination. Finally, this study revealed, there was lack of awareness among the community about animal diseases and vaccination. Therefore, creating awareness concerning animal diseases and vaccination in the study area is imperative
502 Biochemical Composition and Effects of Aqueous Extracts of the Leaf, Stem and Root of Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Violet Tree) on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats, Ogbonna AI, Madu JM , Onyimba IA , Ogbonna USA , Ejembi EP , Nwibari BMW , Tanko JS , Peter MK , Ogbonna CIC , Azi S and Damen MT Studies were carried out on the effects of aqueous leaf, stem bark and root extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata. Fresen (violet tree) on diabetic albino rats. The powdered plant parts were extracted using water as solvent and using maceration method. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biochemical components of the plant parts were carried out using standard methods. The acute toxicity study was conducted using 24 albino rats for each plant part. The effects of aqueous leaf, stem bark and root extracts of S. longipedunculata (200 mg/kg) on blood glucose in normoglycemic and alloxan diabetic rats were also investigated using 25 albino wistar rats. Two mls of each of the extracts were administered orally twice daily for 3 weeks after diabetic induction and the blood glucose level was measured on daily basis using On-call-plus glucometer. The hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by comparing the initial blood glucose level with that of the treated and standard. The screening of the aqueous extracts of the plant parts for biochemical composition revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites of pharmacological significance including alkaloids (15-18.40 mg/kg), cardiac glycosides (23.30-26.10 mg/kg), flavonoids (23.58-31.05 mg/kg), saponins (215.60-270.59 mg/kg) and tannins (314.76-339.75 mg/kg) with tannins and saponins in larger quantities. The leaf, stem and root extracts were found to have LD50 value of 490 mg/kg, 693 mg/kg and 693 mg/kg body weight respectively. The plant part extracts showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction of Blood Glucose Concentration (BGC) of 3.47, 3.96 and 4.03 mmol/dl for leaf, stem bark and root extracts respectively after the treatment period indicating that S. longipedunculata has hypoglycemic activity.
503 A Third Wakeup Call for Innovative Research: Importance of Simple Observation, Applying thought and Using Available Knowledge, SS Nair Health research has made tremendous progress over the years due to use of technological developments. But, sad to say, swept away by these developments, scientists have overlooked some basic aspects of research. If these mistakes are corrected, health research will become more comprehensive and will produce unexpected solutions and benefit more people
504 Microbial Etiopathogenesis of Gastric Malignancy, Amresh Kumar Singh, Vivek Gaur and Yogendra Singh Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common disease and fifth most common cancer among male and seventh most common cancer among female in India. It is the most frequent causes of majority of deaths among non-communicable diseases in the world. The incidence of GC is higher in developed Asian countries like Republic of Korea, China, India and Japan. This review summarizes the newer concepts of microbial etiopathogenesis and molecular or recent diagnostic tools of GC and the new important recommendations for the management of patient with GC.
505 Seasonal Variation of Diatom Community in Some Freshwater Ponds of Kolkata, Bipasa Das , Joydeep Mukherjee and Satadal Das The water quality of different natural water bodies is now monitored in many countries by the diatom population. Thus a study on the diatom population in water bodies of a city is important and a study on the seasonal variation of such species in small water bodies like ponds may help us to find out which diatom species are related to polluted water. In this study, we selected six ponds located in the city of Kolkata, three ponds located in the slum area, and three ponds located in the non-slum area. Monthly five observations of diatom species in each pond were done from January 2018 to December 2019. After obtaining the raw data Shannon diversity index was calculated and compared. Most diatom species were found in the rainy and autumn season; however, in other months particularly when rainfall is very low only one or two species were found indicating their activities in polluted water. The isolates were Navicula radiosa, Synendra ulna, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia stagnorum, Navicula gracilis, Navicula viridula, Others (occasionally found) [Navicula protracta, Cymbella tumida, Gomphonema vibrio, Grammatophora undulata, Aulacoseira granulata; Navicula reinhardtii, Achnanthes subsessilis, Cocconeis pediculus]. Synendra ulna, Cyclotella meneghiniana were particularly found in polluted water.
506 In silico Analysis of the N-terminal Region of Lepidopteran Cadherins, Mendoza-Osorno A , Olguín-Ruiz GE , Sánchez-Vallejo CJ , Pérez-Díaz JM and Guerrero GG Cadherins are distributed in metazoans. In vertebrates, the most common along with protocadherins are, the classical cadherins, type I and type II. In invertebrates, type III and IV ab cadherins. Here, we focused on the lepidopteran epithelial classical DE-cadherins because they function as a protein-like receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins. Alignment and blasting of protein sequences retrieved from NCBI and a phylogenetic tree was built. A common ancestor and several clades were formed among the different lepidopteran cadherins. The most common are Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Remarkably, lepidopteran cadherins (DE-Cad) from Spodoptera frugiperda (n = 20) matched human E-cadherins with an E value of 1.06 e-47 and a bit score of 177). This data indicate that genes that encode the classical cadherins, present in both, the epithelial midgut of lepidopterans (i.e. Spodoptera frugiperda) and/or the epithelial in mammals, are homologous (around 50%) in the N-terminal region ectodomains, including the conserved free-linkers calcium binding sites. This could have an impact in the diversity of the functionality of these proteins.
507 Biodegradation Ability of Yeast Isolate AB – 01 on Engine Oil Polluted Soils in Jos Metropolis, JM Madu, AI Ogbonna , BO Ojiego , F Dantanko and AI Njoku The degradation of crude oil by yeasts and bacteria has recently developed become an important beneficial effect in connection with marine pollution. This has helped in the reduction in the dangers of spraying large quantities of toxic chemical detergents and emulsifying agents on the soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of already isolated indigenous yeast AB-01 on engine oil polluted soil samples for its biodegradation
508 Autophagy Inducing Capacities of a Commercial Preparation Based on of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A-Cr2A Autophagy-Inducing Properties Toxins in Human Macrophages: Implication Against Mycobacterial Infections, Ruiz DH Andy , Juárez Esmeralda , González Yolanda , Favela-Hernández Juan Manuel and Guerrero G Gloria Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative and recycling program to maintain homeostasis. In particular, it plays an important role in the innate immune response against intracellular pathogens. Several studies have shown that BCG and/or M. tuberculosis block autophagosome formation, inhibiting thus, activation of the autophagy machinery, and survival of mycobacteria. Human macrophages preparation from Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (buffy coats of the healthy donor) (blood bank of INER. MX). Monocytes were further isolated by CD14 positive selection and differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages. Infection of macrophages with M. bovis BCG vaccine (ATCC, Manassas, VA, US) at MOI 1:5. Stimulation with Cry1A-Cr2A (5 μg/ml Rapamycin (250 μg/ml) and/or Wortmannin (100 nM). Autophagy detection and fluorescence microscopy were made in the uninfected well and the infected-stimulated cells were stained with rabbit anti-LC3B coupled to Alexa Fluor 488. The percentage of cells with more than 5 LC3+ puncta (autophagosomes) was calculated as well as the percentage of bacteria co-localizing with LC3. The percentage of mycobacteria BCG co-localizing with light chain 3 (LC3-II) in human macrophages is greater in infected and stimulated human macrophages with the commercial preparation based on Cry1A-Cry2A Bt proteins versus rapamycin and/or Wortmannin. The commercial preparation of Cry1A-Cry2A in combination with the BCG vaccine represents a potential alternative to enhance the autophagy-mediated elimination of intracellular pathogens such as M. tuberculosis
509 Expression of Leukotriene A4 Hydroxylase (LTA4H) Gene and their Association with Tuberculous Meningitis in the North India Population: A Pilot Study, Pooja Singh Gaur , Surya Kant , Anil Kumar Mavi , Ajay Kumar Verma and Rachna Chaturvedi Background: Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the lethal and disabling form of tuberculosis, resulting in increased death and disability rates. The expression of the Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase (LTA4H) gene in TBM helps in the inflammatory pathogenesis of the disease Aim: This study aimed to investigate the expression of the LTA4H gene and its association with TBM in the North Indian population. Methods: This Case-control study was conducted in the Department of Respiratory Medicine in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry at KGMU, Lucknow, which includes 50 TBM cases and 50 control. LTA4H gene expression was analyzed by using quantitative(q) RT-PCR Result: No significant difference in age and gender between case and control group showed adequate (p = 0.61 and p = 0.41). The expression of LTA4H was twofold higher in TBM patients as compared to the control (p < 0.002). White blood cells were elevated in TBM patients as compared to control (19.2 ± 15.7 vs. 8.7 ± 4.2, p
510 Evaluation of Hemodynamics and Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of L-NAME Induced Preeclampsia in Rats, Huma Quasimi , Shazli Naaz , Neha Dhyani , Saumya Bhagat , GA Khan , Mairaj Ansari and Md Iqbal Alam Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy disorder that accounts for 4-5% of fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is imperative to understand the pathophysiology of PE to devise an effective therapy or cure for PE. In this study, we aim to characterize an animal model of PE and evaluate the hemodynamic changes and oxidative stress in PE. Methods: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded invasively along with proteinuria on the 21 st day of gestation in an NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) induced animal model and by phenotypic characteristics were accounted for. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured. Cardiac abnormalities were confirmed by electrocardiography and creatinine-kinase (CK) levels. Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants were measured Results: The hemodynamic parameters and proteinuria were found to be elevated in the PE group as compared to the other groups. The animal model was validated by phenotype characterization. We observed ST elevation and increased p-wave dispersion (Pd) and CK-MB levels. In PE groups, plasma levels of AST, ALT, and ALP were significantly higher. Significantly increased levels of ROS and decreased levels of antioxidants were observed. The results are significant with a p-value
511 Optimization of Physical Parameters for Bioconversion of Glycyrrhizin into 18α-glycyrrhetinic Acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid Using Response Surface Methodology, Makhmur Ahmad , Ambika Chamoli and Bibhu Prasad Panda Therapeutic constituents in the medicinal plants have always been copious in nature that yield useful phytomolecules. One such plant is licorice which is scientifically known as Glycyrrhiza glabra and belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is interesting to note that Glycyrrhiza has been traditionally utilized in a variety of polyherbal formulations in Japan, known as Kampo medicine. Glycyrrhizin is one of the main constituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra which can be biotransformed into biologically and pharmacologically active 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid simultaneously. Different levels of physical parameters (temperature, pH and time) was optimized by central composite design (central rotatory) of response surface methodology for the production of hydrolytic unit. Maximum hydrolytic unit of 15.678 HU/ml was predicted at an optimum value of temperature 35ºC, pH 7.8 and time 45 min using response surface plots and point prediction tool of software Design Expert 8.0.1.3 (Stat-Ease Inc., USA).
512 Fourth Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Transplant Recipients, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Due to immunosuppression, lung or solid-organ-transplant (SOT) patients are at increased risk of infection-related morbidity and mortality, particularly SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection [1-4]. Dramatically, COVID-19 vaccination changed both immunocompetent- and immunosuppressed-persons landscape [5]. A recent study revealed that SOT recipients with receiving a third dose of COVID-19 vaccination demonstrated improvement of humoral-immune response, compared to patients with receiving two doses [6].
513 Prevalence and Distribution of High-risk Human Papilloma Virus in Cervical Lesions and Asymptomatic Healthy Subjects of Central India, Debjani Taraphdar , Ranjana Hawaldar and Sadhna Sodani Background: Detection of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and its genotype distribution are much-needed parameters to judge the risk of cervical cancer among females. However, due to less availability of data on HPV burden in Central part of India makes cervical cancer screening difficult Methods: A total of 270 participants had been tested for abnormalities in cytology (Pap smear) and real-time PCR was performed for HPV DNA detection Result: The most common cytological finding among HPV positive patients was found to be of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy NILM (93.7%), followed by atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (5.2%), low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (0.7%) and high-grade intraepithelial lesion (0.35%) cases. HPV DNA was detected in (8.1%) patients. Highest positivity was seen in the age group of 30-39 years followed by age group of 20-29 years. The most common HPV type in our study was HPV 16 (45.4%) followed by HPV 31 infection (27.2%). Other genotypes of HPV found were HPV18 (13.6%), HPV 51 (2;9%), HPV 58 (2; 9%), and HPV 39 or 68∗ (9%). Conclusion: It is evident from our study that HPV DNA infection was observed with normal cervical cytology. For early detection both Pap smear and HPV DNA genotype detection should be the choice for preventing cervical cancer in women.
514 Isolation and Identification of Common Food-borne Pathogens from Honey and Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Honey in Greater Dhaka Region, Bangladesh, Mahmudul Hasan Masud , Md Rezaul Alam , Md Aoulad Hosen , Md Shajadur Rahman , Nusrat Jahan , Md Hasibul Hasan , Raisa Rafia , Sohel Miah , Mohammad Shariful Islam and Nazmi Ara Rumi The world’s oldest medical texts have described the medicinal value of honey, and they also note that it contains antibacterial and wound-healing properties. Although honey has antibacterial properties, different microbes can contaminate it at different phases of production. Therefore, this research aimed to identify and antimicrobial activity of foodborne pathogens isolated from raw and processed honey from different supper shops in Dhaka. In this study total of 6 honey samples were collected from different sources, including three raw and three processed samples. Out of 3 processed honey samples, no pathogenic bacteria was detected, whereas Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. were detected from a raw honey sample from samples 2 and 3, located in Gazipur and Pollibidduth. All isolates were confirmed by using cultural and A set of biochemical tests. Additionally, five indicator isolates, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp., and Candida albicans, were selected for the antimicrobial activity of honey. In this study, Ten commercially available antibiotic discs were applied for the zone of inhibition against test organisms and isolated bacteria. Different concentrations of raw and processed honey were applied for the growth of inhibition of indicator strain. Out of 6 samples, processed sample 1 had the highest zone of inhibition (23mm) and was sensitive to Candida albicans, followed by Pseudomonas spp., (21mm) and Bacillus cereus (18mm), respectively. In the case of raw sample 1, E. coli gives the highest sensitivity (20mm), whereas Candida albicans give a (19 mm) zone. The results indicate that the quality of processed honey is better than raw honey. Based on the result of this research, it is concluded that the antimicrobial activity of honey is comparatively good, along with commercial antibiotics. Natural honey and processed honey can be used to treat several infections.
515 Distribution and Species Composition of Phytoplankton Community in the Coastal Water Off Porbandar - North-Eastern Arabian Sea During Winter Season, Anima Tirkey and Histesh Solanki Phytoplankton are free floating, unicellular, photosynthetic micro-organism, which form the base of the marine food web, providing a vital biological function for all marine life. They live in well illuminated water column (euphotic zone) as they require light for performing photosynthesis. Phytoplankton in the marine ecosystem are composed of several taxonomic groups which together determine total production and their interaction at different trophic levels and also the flux of particulate carbon from the euphotic zone. Composition and distribution of phytoplankton vary from coast to coast according to their respective hydro-biological environmental. Present study aims to understand the composition and distribution of phytoplankton communities during onset of winter in coast of India. Total 144 species of phytoplankton were identified using microscope technique during study period. Diatoms presented the greatest diversity with 105 species, followed by Dinoflagellates with 25 species and other algae with 13 species. Diatoms were observed to be dominant phytoplankton group in term of percent contribution throughout the study period, contributing 60-86% of the total phytoplankton population followed by other algae (11-32%) except at station 6 and dinoflagellate (3-16%). Near shore station showed the high cell density compared to the off shore station (Figure 3) value ranging from 9.54 x 104 to 46.90 x 104 cell/l and 76. 60 x 10 3 to 95.10 x 103 cells/l respectively, which could be probably because of fact that the coastal areas are usually high productive.
516 Microbiota Alterations in Non-Critically-Ill and Critically-Ill COVID-19 Patients, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun The microbiota are related to several human diseases and influence human health [1], figure 1-4. Critical functions of microbiota are decomposition of indigestible proteins, carbohydrates, digestion and absorption of nutrients, host immunity induction, function, and instruction, including vitamin biosynthesis [2-6]. A recent study revealed that gut microbiota (GM) were stratified by occurrence of bloodstream infection (BSI) and intensive-care-unit (ICU) admission (p < 0.05) [7]. ICU patients and those developing BSI were specifically characterized by the over-representation of Enterococcus compared to the respective counterparts (p < 0.001), whereas Clostridiales, Streptococcus, Blautia, Oscillospira, Lachnospiraceae, and other Ruminococcaceae taxa were related to non-ICU-admitted-COVID-19 and non-BSI patients (p < 0.001)
517 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Haemoparasites Prevalence, Ahmed A Elwethenani, Abdullah S Al-Ghamdi , Abdel-Wahab M , Abdulaziz HS Alkhamash , Majed H Alsofyani 4 , Khadiga H Khan , Mohammed B Bokhary 4 , Fahad S Al-Ghamdi , Al Alfahmy Sharifah Atiah R , Althobaiti Naif Saad M , Mohammed M Alfaridi , Manal A Alkhaldi , Majidah M Alfahmi , Amal A Alkhaldi and Wedad S Althobaiti This study has been done to propose the cause of shift regarding prevalence of haemoparasite infections. Overall,15.2% of samples were parasites positives; 17% before and 8% during the pandemic, with 60% reduction. Most of parasitic cases were in males (p < 0.001) showing a significant difference regarding gender between the two periods. The frequency of Infections were in patients aged 15-44 years before (15.5%) and during (8%) the Covid -19 pandemic, with significant difference observed (p < 0.002). Moreover, a significant difference in nationality reported, (p = 0.024) as the majority of patients with parasitism were non-Saudi (89.5%). Plasmodium falciparum was identified in 24(63.2%)) out of positive samples, Plasmodium vivax in 13(34.2%), Plasmodium ovale 1(2.6%). In coordinate with our research hypothesis, a considerable decrease in the load of haemoparasitic infections was documented with the quarantine measures taken during the Covid-19 pandemic.
518 Phylogenomics analysis of Mycobacterium bovis strains from Mexico: Insight report on its Phylogeography, Rebeca Blancas Landeros , Gabriela E Olguín-Ruiz , Carlos J Sánchez-Vallejo and Gloria G Guerrero M Bovine Tuberculosis caused by M. bovis represents an economic and animal health problem worldwide. In Mexico, the biogeography of M. bovis stemmed from studies using genotyping through several genetic markers obtained from SNPs, RFLPs, VNTRs, and Spoligotyping. More recent studies worldwide have used a combination of genotying and whole genome sequencing, in order to cover evolutive history, behavior, phylogeography of the strains. Not whole genome studies in M. bovis from Mexico have been made in detail since in SRA Genbank are deposited only the “reads” of the sequences of the M. bovis isolates. Therefore, in the present study, we focused to carried out the genome assembly of the reads from the SRA database. Phylogenomic analysis show that different isolates of M. bovis strains cluster in the same clade independent of the region, suggesting a close relationship between them. Collectively the data provide an update in the M. bovis phylogeography in Mexico.
519 Positivity Comparison Between Test Results for Covid-19 During Voc - (Variants of Concern) in a Laboratory of Ribeirão Preto, Marjuriquelli de Souza, The disease caused by (SARS-CoV-2), had a devastating effect on the world population. The study aims to analyze the number of positive tests compared to periods other than the Covid-19 correspondent pandemic to the periods of VOCs declared by the WHO. Using observational analytical methodology, through reports from a laboratory of the private health network located in the interior of São Paulo, from December/2020 to March/2022 with the data organized and statistically analyzed, the percentage of positivity of the tests was evaluated of covid with the periods of the VOC’s. According to data from Fiocruz, from December 2020 to July 2021 in the state of São Paulo, there was a predominance of the gamma line (P1 R1). In this period, 12,982 exams were performed with an average positivity of 21.66%. In the period of prevalence of the delta lineage, there were a total of 3803 exams with an average positivity of 8.72%. In view of the emergence of the new Omicron variant, a total of 9107 tests were carried out from December 2021 to March 2022. The average positivity of the tests, 26.51%, however in January the record was recorded 46.67% of positive tests out of a total of 4905 tests.
520 Current Cyanobacteria Metabolites Application in, Agricultures, Medicine and Environment, Tefera Tadesse, Cyanobacteria are considered as one of the important group of organisms having significant ecological, industrial, and biotechnological importance. Cyanobacteria have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. This review presents an overview of uses of Cyanobacteria in industry agriculture, environment pharmaceutical and medicinal roles and to provide future prospects of the field of Cyanobacteria biotechnology.
521 Bacteriological Profile and Proximate Composition of Raw Milk from Different Cow Breeds in Amansea Cow Market, Anambra State, Nigeria, Douglas Salome Ibietela, Sampson Tonye and Onwufor Chizoba Raw cow milk, once it is produced from the udder is vulnerable to contamination from spoilage bacteria and food-borne diseases. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological profile and proximate composition of raw milk from different cow breeds in Amansea Cow Market, Anambra State. A total of 27 raw cow milk samples from three different breeds of cow which include Bokolo, Chekpe, and Turuku breeds were collected for this study and were subjected to standard Microbiological and laboratory procedures to analyze the samples. The results revealed that the highest mean for Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts was observed in the Turuku breed as 8.06 ± 1.9x106 cfu/ml, while the lowest mean for Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts was observed in the Chekpe breed as 5.46 ± 0.12x106cfu/ml. Total Coliform Count had the highest value recorded for the Bukulo breed as 6.73 ± 1.11x106cfu/ml, while the lowest Total Coliform Count was recorded for the Chekpe breed as 4.43 ± 0.25x106cfu/ml. The Feacal Coliform Count had the highest value recorded for the Turuku breed as 17.0 ± 3.9x104 cfu/ml, while the lowest mean for Feacal Coliform Count was recorded for the Chekpe breed with a value of 15.58 ± 4.70x104 cfu/ml. Four (4) bacterial isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization, which include Staphylococcus aureus (48.1%), Escherichia coli (48.1%), Klebsiella spp. (44.4%) and Bacillus spp. (18.5%). The identification of these bacterial isolates indicates microbiological contamination and the likely presence of pathogens that are harmful to human health. Results of the proximate analysis showed that parameters such as moisture content ranged from 83.72% to 85.22%, 1.85% to 2.47% for fat content, 6.43% to 7.95% for carbohydrate content, 4.62% to 5.19% for crude protein and 1.01% to 1.21% for ash content.
522 Molecular Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its CagA Gene in Upper Gastrointestinal Disease Suspected Patients Living in Shendi Locality, Sudan, Amel Abd Elhafeez S Ali , Hadia Abass Altaib , Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf , Mazin Babekir Musa Bashir and Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish Over half of the world’s population are chronically infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the only bacterium that the WHO has classified as a carcinogen due to its connection to the emergence of gastric cancer. The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the frequency of H. pylori in a patient suspected with upper gastrointestinal (UGIT) disease using ICT and nested PCR as well as detection of the CagA gene in the Shendi locality. A total of 100 stool samples were collected from patients with UGIT symptoms (60% males and 40% females) with a mean age of 37.2 11.8. Samples were analyzed for the presence of H. pylori antigen by using rapid ICT test , while nested PCR was used to detect H. pylori and its associated CagA gene. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, and the results were analyzed using (SPSS version 22). Our findings show that the frequency of H. pylori among patients is 89% by ICT and 65% by PCR, respectively. However, the frequency of CagA gene among positive PCR patients was 58.5%. We conclude that there was a high prevalence of H. pylori infection with a high CagA gene producing strain among Sudanese patients in the Shendi locality.
523 Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Parasite Diseases New Status, Abdel-Wahab M, Ahmed A Elwethenani , Abdullah S Al-Ghamdi , Abdulaziz HS Alkhamash , Majed H Alsofyani , Khadiga H Khan , Abdullah A Alqahtani and Nourah M Alghashmari This study has been done to estimate the reason of shift of incidence of intestinal and blood parasite infections. At the King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC) Parasitology department in Taif, Saudi Arabi 500 stool samples received for examination during the Covid-19 pandemic (January-december 2020) and 1068 samples submitted during the same months of the following year (January-December 2021) were subjected to dataset analysis. Thorough, 12.8% (201/1568) of samples were parasites- positives; 12% (60/500) during the pandemic and 13.5% (141/1068) after, with increase of 81%. A significant difference in gender between the two periods (p < 0.001)as the majority of parasitism were in males. Patients aged 15-44 years Infections were frequent in both during (19/500; 3.8%) and after the pandemic (75/1068; 7%), with observed significant difference (p < 0.002). Moreover, non-Saudi (62.2%; 125/201)were more infected with a reported significant difference in nationality, (p = 0.024). Protozoa were identified in 8.1% (127) of all processed samples, of which, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium species were identified in 6.3% (53), 6% (49) 5.3% (47), 3.3% (21), and 2.1% (12), respectively while Helminths were diagnosed in 1.9% (19) of samples. Hookworm eggs, Ascaris egg, Taenia spp egg, and Hymenolepis nana egg, Trichuris trichiura egg and Strongyloide stercoralis larvae were detected in 0.9% (4), 0.3% (3), 0.3% (3), 0.4% (4), 0.3% (3) and 0.2% (2) respectively. Overall, 12.6% of blood samples were malaria positive; 1.3% during the pandemic and 11.3% after it.
524 Level Differences of Plasma, Nasal, and Salivary Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) During Natural Infection and After COVID-19 Vaccination, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Cellular or antibody responses is measured in the most studies of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [1]. Nevertheless, if ever SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) present in the plasma, the infectious virus is rarely infects the nasal and conjunctival mucosal surfaces [1]. In COVID-19-infected-unvaccinated and unvaccinated-COVID-19- uninfected individuals, the levels of nasal and salivary anti-spike antibody correlated significantly with plasma antibody [1,2]. The reported mean correlations for titers in plasma and saliva for IgG and IgA were moderate (p = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.38-9.73) and weak (p = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.12-0.44), respectively [2]. A previous systematic review demonstrated that previous-COVID-19-infected-vaccinated individuals demonstrated boosting anti-spike antibody levels in the nose or saliva less than in plasma
525 Antimicrobial Activity of Sugarcane Vinegar with Eatables Against Selected Food Borne Pathogens, Jyotsana Singh and Amar P Garg Natural vinegar is a fermented product of two successive biochemical processes. Primary fermentation of sugar to ethanol is followed by its secondary fermentation to acetic acid. Sugarcane having high content of sugar, is a potential substrate for making vinegar through alcoholic and acetous fermentation. In daily routine, we use sugar cane vinegar (SCV) with different eatables such as ginger, garlic, onion, raw papaya, white radish and green chilli. These eatables have well known beneficial effects. In present study, we used sugarcane vinegar (SCV) with selected eatables such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Alliumcepa), raw papaya (Carica papaya), white radish (Raphanus sativus) and green chilli (Capsicum annuum) for assessment of their antimicrobial activities against food borne pathogens - Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Bcillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6539), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802), V. cholera (ATCC 3906) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also analyzed the phytochemical that are present in eatables and sugarcane vinegar. The study revealed the differences between various phytochemicals that are present in vinegar and different eatables. Alkaloids are not present in sugarcane vinegar but when the eatables are soaked with SCV for 7 days it showed the presence of alkaloid. SCV treated green chili and raw papaya generally enhanced antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, but only raw papaya did not exhibit any effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or showed very little antimicrobial activity.
526 Towards SARS-COV-2 Effects on the Genetic Apparatus of Target Cells, Zinaida Klestova Integrity of a cellular genome is under constant attack from DNA-damaging agents. These include endogenous cellular compounds, as well as exogenous agents such as RNA viruses. The latter can cause significant DNA damage, even if viral replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm. The DNA damage response (DDR) comprises sensors, transducers and effectors, which together form a signaling cascade involving complex protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. Initiation of this cascade leads to cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair pathways. For example, the kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) are primarily activated by double-strand breaks (DSBs), whereas ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is stimulated at regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that arise at DSBs or stalled replication forks
527 Detection of Panton – Valentine Leukocidin Toxin by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal aureus Isolates, Krithikaa Sekar Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing a diversity of life–threatening systemic infections. The MRSA is known to have high probability of PVL toxin gene. The frequency of PVL-producing MRSA in various clinical samples were detected by PCR Methods: 218 MRSA isolates from heterogeneous clinical samples received in microbiology laboratory were processed to detect mecA and PVL gene by PCR Results: In the present study, out of 218 isolates, 192 were mecA positive by PCR. Of the 192 mecA positive isolates, 104 (54.16%) samples were positive for PVL toxin. Conclusion: The PCR system used in the study is specific for the mec A and PVL. This may lead to specific therapeutic approaches targeting PVL in severe PVL-related staphylococcal syndromes
528 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Biofilm Production of Burkholderia cepacia Complex Organisms from Ultrasound Gels in India, Ravichandran Karthikeyan, Bhoj R Singh, Akanksha Yadav, Himani Agri, Varsha Jayakumar, Vinodhkumar OR, Dharmendra K Sinha Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) bacteria are versatile difficult to treat pathogens with extraordinary metabolic diversity. They are important nosocomial pathogens having multi-drug resistant potential. Contamination and biofilm formation on medical devices and equipment are the important reasons for the multiple outbreaks in recent decades. In this study, we subjected 32 isolates of Bcc to the two important virulent traits such as antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm producing ability with and without different stress conditions. All the isolates were susceptible to co-trimoxazole (TMP-SMX) (100%) suggesting it as the preferred drug or the drug of the first choice for treating Bcc from ultrasound gels infections. The isolates showed the varied degree of susceptibility to meropenem (91%), doxycycline (85%), gatifloxacin (85%), piperacillin+ tazobactam (82%), ceftazidime (79%), and levofloxacin (71%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices for all the isolates were >0.2 and three isolates had >0.5. Most of the Bcc isolates (81.25%) were weak biofilm producers, while three strains each of B.cepacia, B. cenocepacia and B. pseudomultivorans produced moderate and strong types of biofilms under standard laboratory conditions. The combination of change in pH with other stress conditions significantly increased the biofilm formation. This study found the difference in the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Bcc isolates from ultrasound gels and the adaptability to in-vitro stress conditions explaining the variability of virulence among Bcc species.
529 Review on Uterine Cervix Cancer, Moneira A Mansour Cervical cancer is abnormal growth of cells in the uterine cervix generally at the district of the uterus that joins the vagina. It can be spread to other organs in the human body if untreated. Previously it ranked the second cancer affecting ladies worldwide after breast cancer and second causing cancer death among women. Recently, it is the fourth-most common cancer worldwide and the fourth-most common cause of cancer death in women. The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinoma, while other type is less in number. This paper focusing on a major type; squamous cell carcinoma.
530 Biodegradation of Phenol by Local Strain of Bacteria Isolated from Crude Oil Contaminated Soil, Otman Ermithi, Abdurrezg Elfahem, Abdul Ghaffar Elosta, Saad Belaid, Ahmed Agha, Tarek Abukreba, Najah Errhel, Abdurraof Habibi, Khalid Naffati and Hatem Salem Phenol is one of the major organic pollutant, which present in numerous industrial wastewater products, including oil refineries and petrochemical. Phenol can be removed by biological treatment using microorganisms which may solve this problem completely. In this study we sought to use some local bacterial strains to investigate their ability to treat industrial wastewater and remove phenolic compounds from it. This study was carried out using nine local bacterial strains isolated from crude oil contaminated soil from Alzawia oil refining company in Libya. The strains were cultivated in minimal salt medium with 200 mg/l phenol concentration as the sole carbon source. Bacterial growth was measured by the optical density at (OD600 nm) and phenol percentage. Among all strains used Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found the best strain has phenol removal 88% within 24h at37 C in the initial concentration of phenol (200 mg/l) and 97% within 48h. The local isolated strain can lead to a good application for bioremediation of pollutants phenolic compounds.
531 Preliminary Screening of Biosurfactants Produced by a Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from Mud Drill Cuttings, Onwuka IB , Ibiene AA , Eresia-Eke R , Dirisu CG and Nwogbidi K Biosurfactants are a group of surface-active molecules synthesized by microorganisms. They either adhere to cell surfaces or are excreted extracellularly into the growth medium. A bacterial isolate identified as Pseudomonas sp. was cultured in a synthetic medium adjusted to varying acidic to alkaline conditions with varying concentrations of sodium chloride. Screening tests were carried out on the bacterial isolate to verify its ability to produce biosurfactants. The effect of the media on the emulsification index and surface tension of the free product showed that although the isolate was found to be osmotolerant, withstanding and growing in media containing high sodium chloride concentration, biosurfactant was produced optimally at pH 7.2 and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of 3%. The cell-free media recorded optimum emulsification index of 66.5% and reduced the surface tension of the culture media from 59.7 mN/m2 to 28.1 mN/m2
532 Predictive Microbiology and Machine Learning by Optimization Productive Process: Metanalysis, Verónica Yepes Medina Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemicals can cause more than 200 different illnesses, from diarrhea to cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 600 million (nearly 1 in 10 people) fall ill each year after eating contaminated food, resulting in 420.000 deaths and the loss of 33 million years of healthy life. Therefore, it is necessary to detect and respond to public health threats associated with unsafe food with enabling technologies or tools. Predictive microbiology is concerned with preventing, controlling or limiting the existence of microorganisms by mapping their potential responses to particular environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, nutrients (protein and fat), water activity (aw) and others. And machine learning as a branch or artificial intelligence learns from these data, identifying patterns for decision making. Recent studies are based in the use of supervised machine learning models to predict the presence of a foodborne pathogenic microorganism at any stage of the production chain, the most commonly used models include Random Forest and support vector machine with rating metrics for accuracy and sensitivity >80%. The main evaluation metrics of the algorithms are: accuracy, F1 score, confusion matrix, sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (ROC-AUC, Receiver-Operating-Characteristic). Studies have shown that Random Forest was the best model, exhibiting an accuracy of 95% and a F1 score of 98%. Here were evaluated seventeen (17) articles with library meta for of R studio version 4.2.1 and this information provides new opportunities to explore non-destructive models for rapid detection of microorganisms in the production chain
533 A.paniculata extracts reverse LPS induced inflammation Via Suppression of Serum Amyloid A and NLRP3 Mediated Inflammasome Pathway, Pawan Kumar Anoor , Aare Nichita , Karthik Rajkumar , K Srinivas Naik and Sandeepta Burgula Serum amyloid A (SAA) is known to be one of the earliest acute phase response proteins to be elevated in infections. Its role in LPS induced inflammatory conditions is being studied for devising strategies to modulate acute phase response. Present study involves analyzing the effect of Gram negative bacterial LPS on the expression of SAA and role of a traditional herb Andrographis paniculata on this expression. Plant extracts have been traditionally used since centuries as a means of treating infections. A. paniculata is one such herb extensively utilized in multiple continents for treating inflammatory conditions, infections and even cancer. While testing LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, it was observed that K. pneumoniae LPS showed maximum induction of SAA expression. On screening of patients suffering with bacterial sepsis, a general trend of high SAA expression was observed in patients showing poor outcome. K. pneumoniae LPS induced SAA levels were observed to be reversed by A. paniculata (Ap) methanolic extracts. Interestingly, the extracts also reduced LPS induced inflammatory cytokines- TNF, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and Caspase-8 activation, indicating, reversal of apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death. The extracts also reduced the expression of the inflammatory enzyme Cyclooxygenase-2. Upon immunoblotting, it was observed that activation of NFκB and phosphorylation of ERK were significantly inhibited by Ap extracts, indicating that this might be the mechanism of reversal of pyroptosis and apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings are useful to state the importance of A. paniculata extracts in alleviating adverse effects of the immune response and host survival
534 Involvement of Microorganisms in the Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes of Textile Waste, Nityanand Upadhyay Due to its overall environmental impact, the residual dye in the wastewater from the synthetic dye manufacturing and textile industries is a global concern. The discharge is heavily pigmented and contains various chemicals with intricate structures. The dyestuff in the effluent is less sensitive to acids, bases, and oxygen as required for dyed garments. As a result, the degradation of the dyes is not always effective using traditional physical and chemical approaches. Some microbes can use the dyes as a source of carbon, nitrogen, or both when they are developing in a region that has been exposed to textile effluent. Using these bacteria for bioremediation of textile effluent has become increasingly popular as a very clean, affordable, and sufficient option. This review was focused on the role that bacteria play in this industry and the isolation of those bacteria from textile wastewater and data were searched from Scopus. PubMed, Medline, and various reputed platforms. Discussion of the variables that affect how well various bacteria perform is a secondary concern. In conclusion, it is envisaged that the removal of hazardous substances and pigments from textile wastewater will primarily be accomplished through microbial treatment.
535 Clinical Evolution of Carbapenemase Producing Gram-negative Bacteria Infections Treated by Monotherapy Versus Dual Therapy, Abbas Samaha, Jacques Choucair, Gebrayel Saliba, Nabil Chehata, Marie Chedid and Racha Ibrahim Introduction: During the last few years, the emergence of carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria infections has been reported worldwide. These infections are very difficult to treat since there is no consensus on the antibiotic treatment modalities Methods: This study is an observational, retrospective study reviewing the clinical course and prognosis of patients treated for carbapenemase secreting Enterobacteriaceae infection, according to different antibiotic treatment protocols. The population consists of all patients infected by enterobacteriaceae with a decreased sensitivity to carbapenems, between September 2014 and January 2016. The primary objective of this study is to compare the recurrence and mortality rates between the group of patients treated with a monotherapy and the one receiving a combination antibiotic therapy Results: Amongst the 29 patients that received a monotherapy, 15 patients (51.7%) had a recurrent infection compared to 9 patients (33.3%) out of 27 that received a combination therapy without a statistically significant difference between these 2 groups. The interval of trust is [0,16- 1,38] (p-value at 0.467 > 0.05). 10 patients (34.5%) out of the 29 patients who received a single antibiotic died compared to 14 (51.9%) of the 27 patients who received a combined antibiotherapy. There was no statistical significant difference between these 2 groups: [0,7-6] is the interval of trust for this analysis with a p-value at 2.046 > 0.05 Conclusions: The number of antibiotics used, whether one or more, does not influence the recurrence rate of carbapenemase- secreting enterobacteriaceae. And the type of therapy used, has no effect on the mortality rate, following a carbapenemase-secreting enterobacteriaceae
536 Biofilm Formation in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci aureus at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Oshin Oluwaseyi Babatunde, Adejuyigbe Zacchaeus and Prof Charles Nwabuisi Biofilm is a structural community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix which could adhere to inert or living surfaces. It has also been discovered that 99.0% of bacteria exist in this community, with only 1.0% living in planktonic state and that 65.0% of microbial infections are associated with biofilms. Microorganisms that grow within the biofilm state possess several mechanisms that increase resistance to external antimicrobial treatments. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of biofilm forming ability amongst Methicillin resistance Staphylococci aureus at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. One hundred and sixty eight (168) staphylococcal isolates from different clinical specimens were collected from the Microbiology Laboratory of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH). The isolates were collected into 20% glycerol-brain heart infusion broth in vials and stored at -20oC for further processing. The isolates were re characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Biofilm detection and quantification was carried out using modified Christensen’s Microtitre plate method and the optical density determined at 450 nm
537 Asymmetry Synthesis: Powerful Tool for The Pharmaceutical Industry, Gabrielle Pedroso da Silva , Leonardo Pizol Ferreira , Gustavo Elias Arten Isaac and Renan Marcel Bonilha Tens The understanding of how a chemical substance, used as a drug, exerts its activity within the body, it must be taken into account that the three-dimensional structure of this drug has fundamental importance in the biological receptor, because the format of a drug molecule must be complementary to its receptor site, just as a key is complementary to the lock, so that, through chemical bonds, they bind properly and generate the expected biological response
538 A Questionnaire to Study the Extent of Worry and Fear of the Syrian Community About the Spread of Monkeypox Globally, Ali L Alhouri , Shahm L Alhouri and Rim M Harfouch Background: The world witnessed an unprecedented spread of monkeypoxin May 2022, which is a viral disease caused by Monkeypox virus, and rumors spread about it in the social media and news Methods: This study is conducted to show the attitude of the Syrian society against the monkeypox virus by spreading an online questionnaire to study the percentage of Syrians’ concern and worries about this disease globally and locally. The online questionnaire questions were based on a similar article, which is for a study conducted in South Nigeria to study the extent to which people know about monkeypox Then we used Google Form to create and distribute the questionnaire to a range of the Syrian population, then the results were analyzed and a descriptive statistic was conducted for them, then the data charts were made by using Excel Microsoft Office 2013. Results: The results of the questionnaire were discussed from the following points of view: Percentage of people afraid of monkeypox spreading, reasons why people are afraid of monkeypox, The percentage of people who expect monkeypox to become a pandemic, The percentage of people who think that the Syrian health system will be able to deal with this disease, and source of information about monkeypox. Discussion: There is a good percentage of Syrians worried and afraid of the turning of the smallpox into a pandemic and its spread in Syria. Therefore, several steps should be taken in order to prevent the outbreak of monkeypox in Syria, and the role of the public health profession in Syria must be empowered in order to facing this disease.
539 Prevalence, Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Serotypes of Streptococcus b Carriage in Pregnant Women in Algiers, S Mahrane, H Riad and Z Ghechi Objective: The objective of this work is to determine the carriage rate of Streptococcus b in pregnant women in the last trimester, to specify the serotypes, to assess the antibiotic sensitivity of the carried strains and to determine the support of the resistance to macrolides and aminoglycosides Material and Methods: This was a prospective study from March 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015, which included 389 of patients consulting at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Nafissa Hamoud university hospital Hussein Dey Algiers, Algeria, it has been carried out according to the recommendations of the CDC The harvested strains benefited from a study of antibiotic sensitivity, a search of resistance gene to macrolide (ermA, erm B and Mef A) and aminoglycosides aad6 and Aph3 and serotyping were detected by multiplex PCR. Results: The carriage rate found was 22.6%. All strains were sensitive to betalactamines, 50% were resistant to macrolides and 25% to aminoglycosides. A predominance of the ermb gene and the aph3 gene was found; with predominance of the serotype Ib.
540 Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccines, Attapon Cheepsattayakorn , Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn and Porntep Siriwanarangsun Particularly, the Omicron and its subvariants [1], such as BA.4, BA.5, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BF.7, XBB, and XBB.1 [2] have triggered COVID-19 pandemic waves around the world [1]. In January and February 2022, a containing 15 μg of mRNA directed against the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ancestral strain and 15 μg directed against BA.1 bivalent COVID-19 vaccine was produced by Pfizer- BioNTech, whereas 25 μg of mRNA directed against the same two strains was produced by Moderna [2].
541 Impact of Substrate pH and Enzyme Substrate Incubation Time on Protease from a New Halo-tolerant Bor S17B13 Found in the Mangroves of Western India, Priyanka Sawant and Jignasha Thumar Since enzymes are bioactive chemicals, they are of interest to scientists all over the world. Demand for microbial enzymes is rising rapidly across a wide range of sectors as their importance in ensuring the security, sustainability and efficiency of biotech processes becomes more widely recognised. Media optimization is a powerful tool to enhance production capacity from biological sources (microorganisms). In this present study, samples were collected from mangrove-rich sources such as Borivali Monari Creek and Jhow Island, Maharashtra, western India. Samples collected were mangrove-associated soil, mangrove root, and sea water. The type of sampling was random. Samples were collected with prior permission from the mangrove cell maharashtra government.
542 Explosive Volcanism Periodicity Past Cycles Record within the Last 0.8 Mya Evidenced by Tephra and Benthic Foraminifera of IODP Hole U1485AA (Exp. 363 WPWP), Patricia Beck Eichler-Barker Volcanic eruptions with increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and other gases are responsible for the extinction of many species because of decreased pH and carbonate availability which creates ocean acidification. Here we show how benthic foraminifera have evolved, by studying sediments from U1485A (1145 m water depth) core in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) collected during IODP Expedition 363 in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), one of the warmest marine waters of the world. High- stressed environments dominated by low diversity of opportunistic species after volcanic activity was detected by the presence of tephra and volcanic ashes within the last 0.8 Mya. The decrease in the diversity patterns show an inverse correlation to the presence of tephra and ash right after Pleistocene volcanic eruptions in the past
543 An Exploration into the Novel Synthesis of Gluconate Nano NPK Agricultural Fertilizers and its Consumptions in from Various Perspective, BR Saikishore Kumar , Jagadeesh Kumar Ega and Suma Sanikommu Aim: The present study aimed to synthesize the novel Gluconate nano NPK agricultural fertilizers and evaluate its efficacy in increasing soil’s nutrient parameters Material and Method: Nano composites of nano Gluconate and chitosan with NPK source were prepared. Using X-Ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy, the stability and interaction of Gluc-NP/CS NP suspensions containing fertilizers were assessed. An experiment involving laboratory incubation was used to measure the release of nutrients Result: The components were aggregated and loaded on the surface of biofertilizers, as shown by the mean diameter increase of the nano Gluconate nanoparticles/Chitosan nanoparticles in suspension with fertilizer addition. In the first four weeks, NPK composite loaded biofertilizer was found to have a significantly greater percentage of mineral nitrogen (MN) than the control. Less fluctuation was seen for exchangeable K during incubation, indicating a rapid release.
544 Ayurveda Management in Prodromal Ocular Manifestations: Case Series - A Solution to Antimicrobial Resistance, Shantala Priyadarshini , Sushma and Pooja Background: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has been declared by WHO as one of the top 10 global health threats facing humanity and it becomes pertinent to find solutions to combat it. Drug resistant pathogens become rampant due to overuse or misuse of antimicrobials. Ayurveda has solutions for this above issue to prevent theuse of antimicrobials. Conjunctivitis could manifest due to viral or bacterial or allergic etiology but Ayurveda always considered methods to enhance immunity tocontrol these conditions in early stages. Starting early management in the prodromal stage described in Ayurveda, facilitates quick, inexpensive management and could be a solution to preventprescribing antimicrobials
545 The Challenges During the COVID-19 Waves in India – from an Intensivists Experience, Wadhawan S , Husain F , Sonkar SC , Koner BC The unprecedented rise in cases during the second wave of COVID-19 in India unembellished life-threatening consequences as demand-supply gaps were increased many folds. It led to a significant constraint on the existing medical supplies. Additionally, an unprecedented rise in mortality was observed in the unvaccinated young and middle-aged population. An evidence-based observation and experience including the challenges faced by intensivists as to why the second wave was more dangerous than the first one, could help in identifying the potential areas to target with future control strategies
546 Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Profile of Surface Water in Borikiri Wetlands, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Benibo N, Obire O, Douglas SI and Nrior RR The presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in territorial water is of great concern due to the carcinogenicity. In this study, monthly collection of surface water from four artisanal petroleum marketing points was made from November 2019 - October 2020 using standard methods. Hydrocarbon utilizing (Hydrocarbonoclastic) bacteria were isolated by vapour phase transfer method using mineral salts medium, isolates were identified based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The mean HUB count was 1.2 x 104 cfuml -1 . The HUB isolates were Pseudomonas, 12.4%; Chromobacterium, 1.8%; Serratia, 5.3%; Corynebacterium, 6.25%; Escherichia, 12.1%; Bacillus, 12.4%; Staphylococcus, 10.6%; Micrococcus, 3.5%; Citrobacter, 7.1%; Enterobacter, 3.5%; Acinetobacter, 3.5%; Alcaligens, 4.4%; Nocardia, 3.5%; Streptococcus, 6.2%; and Shigella. 6.2%.
547 A Short Review of Gold-Alkane Thiolate Nanoclusters: Functionalizations, Properties, and Biomedical Applications, Tatenda Justice Gunda , Bachir Yaou Balarabe and Irédon Adjama A brand-new class of nanoclusters based on thiolates is emerging with fascinating properties as well as behavior (e.g. dispersibility, surface functionalization, color, etc.). Such nanoclusters can be defined as small nanoparticles with properties similar to those of molecules, and thus can be considered to bridge the gap between the nanoparticle and the atom by combining their properties. There are a number of applications where thiols can be used as protective ligands for the stabilization and functionalization of metal nanoparticles, such as silver and gold. Nanoclusters (NCs) have a core-shell structure where the core is made up of a few Metal Oxide (MO) atoms, but it’s surrounded by M-thiolate molecules that form a shell(s) around the core in order to prevent particle aggregation. Therefore, thiolate molecules serve as capping agents on particle surfaces to prevent particle aggregation. As well as being used for drug delivery, alkane thiolate NCs can also be used for photobacterial activity, photodynamic therapy delivery of DNA plasmids into target cells, as well as for increasing magnetic resonance imaging through photodynamic therapy.
548 Molecular Profile and Antibiogram of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Domestic Dogs in Port Harcourt: A Public Health Concern, Ibira RD , Nwokah EG , Onwuli D , Reuben E , Orabueze IC , Azuonwu G , Poplong AN and Azuonwu O Objective: Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial zoonotic infectious agent that is transmitted to humans by dog. This study was carried out to determine the potentials of domestic dogs to act as reservoirs for transmission of MRSA in Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria and to possibly x-ray it’s potential public health implication Methods: 210 swab samples from the mouth, nose and skin of 70 dogs (from private residences, dog farms, and private veterinary clinics) were collected and cultured for the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus using standard microbiological procedures. PCR assay were used to detect the presence of mecA genes and confirmed the identity of S. aureus isolates. Disk diffusion technique was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility against 8 antimicrobial agents.
549 Consistency between Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C Genome Scale Models (iND750 and iMM904), Kwok Ming Wong, Bryan JH Sim and Maurice HT Ling Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important experimental organism for industrial and scientific research with S. cerevisiae S288C as the first eukaryote genome sequenced. Genome-scale metabolic models (GSMs) are computational tools to explore metabolic engineering requirements. Currently, there are 2 major GSMs of S. cerevisiae S288C, iND750 and iMM904, which raises the question of whether they are consistent to each other. Here, we compare iND750 and iMM904 by examining the fluxomic changes resulting from single reaction knockouts. 40.5% to 50.3% (n = 637) of the reactions are common in both GSMs. Of which, 64 (10.0% of common reactions, or between 4.1% and 5.2% of the total reactions in each GSM) reaction knockouts resulted in significant fluxomic changes. This is significantly lower (t = -15.882, df = 30, p-value = 3.82E-16) from expected using randomization test, suggesting that iND750 and iMM904 are likely to be consistent with each other from the perspective of common reactions
550 A Review - Anticancer and Antidiabetic Activity of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit, Sanobar Moh Uzer Shaikh, Harsh Ghevariya and Nilofar Shaikh Traditional medicine has utilised Morinda citrifolia, often known as Noni or Indian mulberry, to cure variety of ailments. Noni is evergreen shrub with strong butyric acid odour and smell, as well as astringent taste, in its mature fruit and leaves. Crude extracts of M. citrifolia (Rubiaceae) produced from leaves and fruit using various solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and water and subjected to phytochemical analysis. M. citrifolia phytochemical investigations reveal wide range of secondary metabolites. Fruit and leaves of this traditional medicinal plant are used by many communities across world for their various therapeutic qualities. Individual components of M. citrifolia, including its fruits, seeds, barks, leaves, and flowers, are used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, but its fruit is thought to contain most important chemical compounds. Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antihelmintics, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immunological boosting properties have been discovered in Morinda citrifolia
551 In-house Assembled Protective Devices in Laboratory Safety in Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of a COVID-19 Dedicated Hospital, Abhishek Dubey , Aastha Bansal , Subash Chandra Sonkar , Binita Goswami , Naina Makwane , Vikas Manchanda and Bidhan Chandra Koner Staff of diagnostic laboratory handling COVID positive samples is at risk and need to take recommended protective measures. Many protective materials were not available in diagnostic laboratories in India when the pandemic reached the country before it was prepared adequately, forcing laboratory managers to take innovative measures to protect the laboratory personnel. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of standard operating procedure (SOP) using innovative protective devices such as face shield made from OHP sheets and cardboard boxes fitted with hypochlorite spraying device as alternative to biosafety cabinet on contamination of laboratory surfaces and rate of infection among laboratory staff with virus causing COVID-19. These were used for 14 days along with other routine safety measures like use of gloves, surgical masks, OT gowns etc. before PPE and biosafety cabinet were made available in Clinical biochemistry lab of a dedicated COVID hospital in the national capital region of Delhi, India. Laboratory technicians, residents and nursing orderlies posted in clinical biochemistry laboratory were checked regularly for signs and symptoms of COVID 19 during these 14 days and tested for virus causing COVID 19 from their nasal and throat swab by RT-PCR on 14th day.
552 Epidemiological, Clinical and Microbiological Profile of Bone and Joint Infections in a Sub-Saharan Centre, Ngo Yamben Marie-Ange , Tsiagadigui Jean Gustave , Nana Chunteng Theophile , Nseme Etouckey Eric , Batchom Daudet , Muluem Kennedy , Nnane Tony , Manga Alexandre and Ibrahima Farikou Introduction: Bone and Joint infections (BJI) are a real obsession for the orthopedic surgeon. Their clinical polymorphism and the relative unavailability of means of paraclinical exploration make their early diagnosis difficult in our context. Objective: The objective of our work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and microobiologic aspects of BJI in a Sub-Saharan Center in order to improve diagnosis Patients and Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study over a period of 15 years at the National Center for the Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities in Yaoundé. All patients aged 0 to 17 years with BJI, whether primary or secondary, with or without the presence of orthopaedic implants and regardless of the site, were included.

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